Telecommunications Technology Handbook

Transcription

1 Telecommunications Technology Handbook Second Edition Daniel Minoli Artech House Boston London www. artechhouse. com

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments xiii xv 1 Introduction and Overview Introduction Segmentation Our Investigation Protocol Model Baseline Protocol Framework Some Notable Trends Some Modeling Considerations Size of U.S. Industry Growth of the Internet During the Late 1990s into the Early 2000s Growth of Wireless During the Late 1990s and Early 2000s Wireless Internet Rest of the Book 34 Endnotes 34 Appendix 1A: One View on Regulation 38 2 Optics Technologies Transmission Systems Optical Fibers Fiber-Optic Medium Performance Dispersion Compensation Approaches Fiber Products Fiber-Optic Elements Optical Transmitters Fiber-Optic Receivers WDM Elements Regenerators and Optical Amplifiers Optical Network Elements in Common Use 59 VII

3 viii CONTENTS Applications 66 Endnotes 68 3 All-Optical Networks Introduction Motivations, Goals, and Approaches OTN Standards Support Introductory Concepts Evolutionary Approach Framework Basic OTN Technical Concepts Implementations Other Developments 95 Endnotes 96 4 Intelligent Optical Networks and GMPLS ION Overview Framework 1 Of) Positioning of GMPLS in ASTN/ASON 11 () 4.2 ION Concepts Introduction ASON Architecture Principles ASON Control Plane Requirements ASON Functional Architecture ASON Reference Points and GMPLS Protocols ASON/ASTN CP Transport Network (Signaling Network) Transport Network Survivability and Protection Relationship to GMPLS Architecture Other ASON/ASTN-Related ITU Activities Deployment Status 129 Endnotes Dense and Coarse W D M Introduction to the Technology How Does WDM Work? Enabling Technologies Technical Details Operation of a Transponder-Based DWDM System Network Design Evolutions Long-Haul Application Scope Metro Access/Metro Core Application Scope CWDM 170 Endnotes 172

4 ix 6 SONET and SDH Introduction to SONET/SDH SONET/SDH Interleaving Detail of the Transport Overhead Payload Pointer Processing Payload Overhead Concatenated Payloads Mapping of SONET/SDH Payloads Virtual Tributaries Support of DS-3 Signals Support of ATM, POS, and GFP Automatic Protection Switching 208 Endnotes 214 Bibliography 21 5 Appendix 6A: SDH 216 Endnote Next Generation SONET, GFP, and Ethernet over SONET GFP Introduction Transparent GFP Description Potential Extensions to Transparent GFP Conclusions Ethernet over SONET Introduction Virtual Concatenation GFP for Ethernet Applications What New Services Are Enabled? What Products Use These Techniques? 241 Endnotes Wireless Technologies: WPAN.WLAN, and WWAN Overview Standards Overview IEEE Family of Wireless Standards WWAN Standardization Activities Technology Basics WLAN Technologies Security Considerations for WLANs IEEE a Details WPAN Technologies WMAN Technologies 31 1

5 8.3.6 WWAN Technologies: 2.5G and 3G 328 Endnotes - 9 WAN Data Services and Technologies: FR, ATM, and MPLS Recent Advances in FR Introduction and Scope Basic FR Concepts Key FRF Implementation Agreements CIR Considerations Service Level Metrics Other Services, Capabilities, and Features European Outlook Recent Advances in ATM Overview and Scope Applications ATM Overview ATM Standardization Interworking MPLS Technology Overview Key Elements MPLS Architecture Overview MPLS Basics Some Applications of MPLS Label Hop-by-Hop Distribution Procedures Security Considerations Encoding the Label Stack Introduction The Label Stack Fragmentation and Path MTU Discovery Transporting Labeled Packets over PPP Transporting Labeled Packets over LAN Media I AN A Considerations Security Considerations FR and MPLS 476 Endnotes Moving Beyond TV. Multilink FR and Other Approaches Motivations and Scope MFR Comparing Alternatives IMA MLPPP MFR 493 Endnotes 496

6 11 Broadband LAN Technologies; GbE and 10GbE LAN Introduction Standards Key Concepts MAC Frame Format CSMA/CD MAC Method Allowable Implementations Gigabit Ethernet/IEEE 802.3z Motivations and Goals Compatibility with IEEE Standard GbE Standard Details PMD Sublayer and Baseband Medium, Type 1000BASE-LX (Long-Wavelength Laser) and 1000BASE-SX (Short-Wavelength Laser) PMD Sublayer and Baseband Medium, Type 1000BASE-CX (Short-Haul Copper) PCS, PMA Sublayer, and Baseband Medium, Type 1000BASE-T Network Diameter KJGbE Overview Snapshot of Technical Details Applications WIS, Type 10GBASE-W PMD Sublayers Other Work, Copper PMD ANSI 10GFC ESCON/FICON Gigabit Ethernet Alliance 578 Endnotes Transparent LAN Services Architectures TLS Deliver)- over SONET-Based Private Lines TLS Deliver)-with logbe TLS Deliver)- via MPLS MPLS-Based Transparent LAN Services Conceptual Highlights Technical Details VPLS Solution Using GRE-Based IP Tunnels Architectural Alternatives (>I Commonalities and Differences Between Decoupled and Hierarchical Architectures Endnotes (i4( ) d36

7 13 Digital Video and Multimedia Technologies and Applications Introduction Technical Essentials Corporate Applications and QoS Support ITU-T H.320/H H H H SIP H Basic Compression Concepts and the MPEG Family Digital Video Compression Overview JPEG and Motion JPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG Endnotes 754 About the Author 759 Index 761