Otázky a zápory: Pri tvorbe otázok a záporov používame pomocné sloveso do: does pre tretiu osobu jednotného čísla a do pre ostatné osoby.

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1 PREHĽAD GRAMATIKY 1 PRÍTOMNÝ JEDNODUCHÝ ČAS (lekcia 1 a 3) Prítomný jednoduchý čas používame keď hovoríme o: Veciach, ktoré robíme pravidelne: I play tennis every weekend. Hrám tenis každý víkend He works in a restaurant. On pracuje v reštaurácii. Faktoch a veciach, ktoré sú všeobecne pravdivé: I like music. Mám rád hudbu. We live next to Monica and Rachel. Bývame vedľa Moniky a Ráchel. Insects have six legs. Hmyz má šesť nôh. Prehlásenia: Pri tretej osobe jednotného čísla he/she/it pripájame k slovesám s alebo es: He/She sings. It sleeps on the bed. Pri slovesách, ktoré končia y nastáva zmena z y na ies: I carry; he carries. Otázky a zápory: Pri tvorbe otázok a záporov používame pomocné sloveso do: does pre tretiu osobu jednotného čísla a do pre ostatné osoby. I You like milk. We don t like They He likes She doesn t like milk. It I Yes, I/you/we/they do. Do you like milk? No, I/you/we/they don t. we they he Yes, he/she/it does. Does she like milk? No, he/she/it doesn t. it Príslovky času: S prítomným jednoduchým časom používame: vždy (always), obyčajne (usually), často (often), niekedy (sometimes), nikdy (never).

2 I always play tennis on Sunday afternoon. Ja vždy hrám tenis v nedeľu poobede. He is never late. On nikdy nemešká. He isn t often late. On často nemešká. Is he often late? On často mešká? We usually go out with friends on Saturdays. My obyčajne chodievame von s priateľmi v soboty. We sometimes go to the cinema on Sundays. My niekedy chodievame do kina v nedele. Vo vete ich používame za podmetom a pred prísudkom, ale za slovesom be. 2 There is / there are (lekcia 5) There is / are používame keď sa niečo nachádza na určitom mieste: There is an old castle in my town. V mojom meste je starý zámok. There isn t a disco in my village. V mojej dedine nie je diskotéka. There are twelve students in my class. V mojej triede je dvanásť študentov. There aren t computers in my school. V mojej škole nie sú počítače. There is (There s) an old church. There are people in the street. There isn t There aren t a disco! a lot of flowers in the park. Is there a cinema near here Yes, there is. a supermarket in town? No, there isn t. Are there many people here? Yes, there are. there are children in your family? No, there aren t. Pozri tiež Language Problem Solving 6: it/there, str PRIVLASTŇOVACIE FORMY (lekcia 7) Privlastňovacie prídavné mená a zámená

3 Privlastňovacie prídavné mená používame pred podstatnými menami: Our son, Mike, loves football. Náš syn Mike miluje futbal. My sister, travels a lot for her work. Moja sestra veľa pracuje pre jej prácu. Privalstňovacie zámená používame bez podstatného mena: The glasses are ours. Tie poháre sú naše. These match tickets are mine. Tieto lístky na zápas sú moje. Personal pronoun Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun Osobné zámeno Privlastňovacie prídav. meno Privlastňovacie zámeno I ja my môj, moja, moje mine môj, moja, moje you ty your tvoj, tvoja, tvoje yours tvoj, tvoja, tvoje he on his jeho his jeho she ona her jej hers jej it to it toho its toho we my our náš, naše ours náš, naše you vy your váš, vaše yours váš, vaše they oni, ony their ich theirs ich s genitív s pridávame ku podstatnému menu keď chceme povedať, že niečo patrí tej osobe: Ben s book = tá kniha patrí Benovi. s pridávame ku všetkým podstatným menám v jednotnom aj množnom čísle, ktoré nekončia na s (napr. men): Mike s T-shirt Mikeovo tričko. Chris s collection. Chrisova zbierka. the childrens s ball detská lopta pri podstatných menách v množnom čísle, ktoré končia na s (mapr. the boys), pridávame len apostrof: my parents tickets lístky mojich rodičov her brothers bedroom spálňa jej brata 4 MINULÝ JEDNODUCHÝ ČAS (lekcia 9 a 11)

4 Minulý jednoduchý čas používame keď hovoríme o ukončených dejoch a minulých situáciách: Last year I worked on a farm during the holidays. Minulý rok som pracoval na farme počas prázdnin. I saw the Loch Ness monster when I was in Scotland. Keď som bol v Škótsku, videl som Lochneskú príšeru. He died in France in On zomrel vo Francúzsku v It was hot yesterday. Včera bolo horúco. Pravidelné slovesá: V minulom jednoduchom čase pridávame ed ku neurčitku slovesa: Pri slovesách, ktoré končia na y, -y sa mení na ied: I carried. Pri otázkach a záporoch používame pomocné did alebo didn t + neurčitok bez to: I didn t see her. Nevidel som ju. Did you go to school yesterday? Išiel si včera do školy? Nepravidelné slovesá: Pozri Tabuľku nepravidelných slovies v Mini-slovníku. I/You/He/She/It/We/They lived in Paris. saw a ghost. I/You/He/She/It/We/They (didn't) did not live inparis. see a ghost. Did to be I/You/He/She/ It/We/They live in Paris? see a ghost? Yes, I/you/he/she/ it/we/you/they did. No, I/you/he/she/ it/we/you/they didn't. I/He/She/It You/We/They was (wasn't) was not were (weren't) were not afraid. tired. afraid. tired. Was I/he/she/it afraid? Were you/we/they tired? 5 POČÍTATEĽNÉ A NEPOČÍTATEĽNÉ PODSTATNÉ MENÁ (lekcia 13)

5 Podstatné mená v angličtine môžu byť počítateľné (a man, a table) a nepočítateľné (milk, money). Počítateľné podstatné mená: Môžu byť v jednotnom aj množnom čísle: (flower flowers) (kvet kvety) Môžu sa pred nimi nachádzať čísla: I have two cats. Mám dve mačky. There are six men in the team. V tíme je šesť mužov. Nepočítateľné podstatné mená: Nemajú množné číslo a vždy sa objavujú so slovesom v jednotnom čísle: Money isn t everything. Peniaze nie sú všetko. Nemôžu sa pred nimi nachádzať čísla: I ve got some/a lot of time. Mám trochu/veľa času. Nemôže sa pred nimi nachádzať neurčitý člen a: I bought bread and milk. Kúpil som chlieb a mlieko. Pred nimi sa objavujú takéto slová: some, any, a little, a lot of: There is a little water in the fridge. V chladničke je trošku vody. I need some paper. Potrebujem nejaký (trochu) papiera. some / any Some a any používame pred nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami alebo podstatnými menami v množnom čísle. Some obyčajne používame v kladných vetách a any pri otázkach a záporných vetách. We ve got some apples. Máme niekoľko jabĺk. Did you by any meat? Kúpil si nejaké mäso? There isn t any Coke. Nie je tam žiadna kola. a lot of A lot of používame s podstatnými menami v množnom čísle a nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami. They earn a lot of money. Oni zarábajú veľa peňazí. We ve got a lot of friends. My máme veľa priateľov. 6 MODÁLNE SLOVESÁ: can / can n, have to / don t have to (lekcia 15) Can používame keď chceme povedať, že niečo je možné/dovolené: In football, you can touch the ball with your head. Vo futbale sa hlavou môžeš dotknúť lopty. We can do our homework tomorrow.

6 Našu domácu úlohu môžeme robiť zajtra. Can môžeme používať keď hovoríme o schopnostiach. I can swim. Viem plávať He can cook very well. On vie variť veľmi dobre. Can t používame keď niečo nie je možné alebo dovolené: You can t run far if you are not fit. Nemôžeš behať daľeko ak nie si fit. In football, you can t touch the ball with your hands. Vo futbale sa nemôžes dotknúť lopty rukami. Can t používame aj keď hovoríme o schopnostiach, ktoré nám chýbajú. I can t drive. Neviem šoférovať. We can t speak French. My nevieme hovoriť po Francúzsky. Have to používame keď hovoríme o povinnosti, keď hovoríme, že niečo je potrebné: You have to use stick in hockey. V hokeji musíš používať hokejku. I have to wash up at home. Doma sa musím umyť. Not have to používame keď hovoríme, že niečo nie je potrebné, nie je povinnosť urobiť niečo: You don t have to wear gloves when you play hockey. Nemusíš mať rukavice keď hráš hokej. We don t have to get up early at the weekend. Cez víkend nemusíme vstávať skoro. Po can a can t používame sloveso v neurčitku bez to: You can t go out tonight. Dnes večer nemôžeš ísť von. She can swim well. Ona vie dobre plávať. 7 PRÍTOMNÝ PRIEBEHOVÝ ČAS (lekcia 17) Prítomný priebehový čas používame keď hovoríme o aktivitách, ktoré sa dejú teraz alebo počas času keď o nich hovoríme: We can t go out now, it s raining. Nemôžme ísť teraz von, prší. We re having a good time. Zabávame sa dobre. I can t speak to you now, I m having lunch.

7 Nemôžem teraz s tebou hovoriť, obedujem. I He She It We You They am ('m) am not is ('s) is not (isn't) are ('re) are not (aren't) having lunch. having lunch. ;lkjljlkjjlkjlkjll;k;lk snowing. having a good time. Am I he Is she it we Are you they having lunch? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn't. having lunch? raining? having lunch? Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/you/they are't. 8 PRÍTOMNÝ JEDNODUCHÝ A PRÍTOMNÝ PRIEBEHOVÝ ČAS (lekcia 19) Prítomný jednoduchý čas používame keď hovoríme o veciach, ktoré sa stávajú pravidelne alebo sú všeobecnou pravdou. Prítomný priebehový čas používame keď hovoríme o veciach, ktoré sa dejú teraz. I usually cook chicken with spices. Obyčajne varím kurča s korením. (deje sa to pravidelne) They don t know how to drive. Oni nevedia ako sa šoféruje. (je to všeobecne pravda) The men are playing basketball. Muži hrajú basketbal. (teraz) The friends are watching the sun go down and listening to rock music on the beach. Priatelia sledujú západ slnka a počúvajú rokovú hudbu na pláži. (práve teraz) 9 STUPŇOVANIE PRÍDAVNÝCH MIEN (lekcia 21 a 23)

8 Pri provnávaní ľudí alebo vecí používame druhý stupeň prídavných mien: taller (vyššsí), bigger(väčší), more attractive (atraktívnejší), less fashionable (menej módny) Who is taller, you or your brother? Kto je vyšší, ty alebo tvoj brat? Keď chceme povedať, že osoba alebo vec je z nejakej skupiny naj, používame tretí stupeň prídavných mien: the tallest (najvyšší), the biggest (najväčší), the most attractive (najatraktívnejší), the least fashionable (najmenej módny). Ewa is the cleverest student in our class. Eva je najmúdrejší študent v našej triede. Pri porovnávaní dvoch alebo viacerých ľudí/vecí, používame druhý stupeň prídavných mien + than + podstatné meno. My sister is older than me. Moja sestra je staršia ako ja. She is taller than him. Ona je vyššia ako on. Adjective Prídav. meno jednoslabičné cheap old jednoslabičné končiace na -e nice white jednoslabičné s krátkou fat samohláskou + jedna spoluhláska sad dvojslabičné končiace na -y pretty trendy dvoj a viacslabičné attractive comfortable nepravidelné good bad too and not enough Comparative Druhý Stupeň cheaper older nicer whiter fatter sadder prettier trendier more attractive less comfortable better worse Superlative Tretí Stupeň the cheapest the oldest the nicest the whitest the fattest the saddest the prettiest the trendiest the most attractive the least comfortable the best the worst too + prídavné meno keď chceme povedať, že niečo má väčšiu kvalitu ako je potrebné: She is too tall. Ona je príliš vysoká. The water is too cold for us to swim. Voda je príliš studená pre nás na plávanie. Používame not + prídavné meno keď hovoríme, že niečo je menej kvalitnejšie ako je potrebné: The food wasn t warm enough. Jedlo nebolo dosť teplé. Mary isn t tall enough to play basketball. Mary nie je dosť vysoká aby mohla hrať basketbal. Joe isn t fit enough to play in the team. Joe nie je dostatočne fit aby mohol hrať v tíme.

9 10 BUDÚCNOSŤ: be going to (lekcia 25) Be going to + neurčitok slovesa bez to používame keď hovoríme o plánoch a zámeroch: I am going to study very hard. Plánujem študovať veľmi usilovne. What are you going to do next year? Čo plánuješ robiť budúci rok? I am ('m) am not ('m not) He She It We You They is ('s) is not (isn't) are ('re) are not (aren't) going to study medicine. get married. watch TV. Am I study medicine? Yes, I am. No, I am not. he Is she it going to get married? Are we you they watch TV? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn't. Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/you/they aren't. 11 BUDÚCNOSŤ: will (lekcia 27) Will a won t používame na vyjadrenie predpovedí o budúcnosti: We will all use computers at work. Všetci budeme používať počítače v práci. Cars won t use petrol. Autá nebudú používať benzín. Po will a won t vždy používame neurčitok slovesa bez to: In the future, shopping malls will be more fun than now. V budúcnosti nákupné strediská budú viac zábavné ako teraz.

10 We won t need to move from the sofa in our stting room. Nebudeme sa musieť premiestniť z pohovky v našej izbe. Will shopping on the Internet become more popular? Stane sa nakupovanie na internete populárnejšie? 12 PREDPRÍTOMNÝ ČAS (lekcia 29 a 31) Predprítomný čas používame keď hovoríme o udalostiach v minulosti, ale nevieme alebo nás to nezaujíma kedy sa presne stali: I haven t been to Paris. Ešte som nebol v Paríži. She has written three books about aliens. Napísala tri knihy o mimozemšťanoch. Have you tidied your room? Upratal si si izbu? Používame have / has + third form (tretí stĺpec) slovies. I We You They He She It have ('ve) have not (haven't) has ('s) has not (hasn't) seen a UFO. tried bungee jumping. Have Has I we you they he she it seen a UFO? talked to an alien? Yes, I/we/you/they have. No, I/we/you/they haven't. Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't. Prílovky času: S predprítomným časom používame ever (iba v otázkach), never (nikdy), just (práve), already (už) a yet (ešte)

11 Ever, never a just používame pred prísudkom. Have you ever been to Italy? Bol si niekedy v Taliansku? They have never visited us. Oni nás nikdy nenavštívili. She has just finished her homework. Ona práve dokončila jej domácu úlohu. The train has probably left already. Vlak už pravdepodobne odišiel. JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 1 (str. 24) Členy Neurčité členy an / a používame pred počítateľnými podstatnými menami v jednotnom čísle. Nerčitý člen an používame pred podstatnými menami, ktoré sa začínajú samohláskou. a book a window an actress an exam Neručité členy an / a používame keď nehovoríme o špecifickej osobe alebo veci: Our television didn t work so we called an electrician. Naša televízia nefungovala, tak sme zavolali elektrikára. (jedného z mnohých, nie špecifického) We need a car. Potrebujeme auto. (nemyslíme na špecifické auto) Určitý člen the používame, keď hovoríme o špecifickej osobe alebo veci a ľudia ktorým to hovoríme vedia, o kom alebo o čom hovoríme: I can t open the door. Nemôžem otvoriť tie dvere. (dvere na našom dome) The dog is hungry. Pes je hladný. (náš pes) Porovnaj vety: Please open a window, it s hot in here. (v miestnosti je viacero okien) Please open the window, it s hot in here. (v miestnosti je iba jedno okno) JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 2 (str. 38) Genitívy: apostrof + s alebo of Apostrof + s používame, keď niečo patrí nejakej osobe: Peter s car s + apostrof používame, keď niečo patrí viacerým ľuďom: my firends address Of používame, keď niečo patrí veci alebo miestu: The name of the/our hotel is The Hilton.

12 Meno nášho hotela je Hilton. The bridges of Prague are beautiful. Mosty Prahy sú nádherné. Pražské mosty sú nádherné. JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 3 (str. 52) Otázky V angličtine poznáme Yes / No otázky a Wh- otázky. Yes / No otázky obyčajne začínajú pomocnými slovesami (do, be, have) alebo modálnym slovesom ( napr. can). Do you like popcorn? Máš rád pukance? Have you seen the latest Julia Roberts film? Videl si posledný film s Júliou Robertsovou? Can I have a Coke, please? Možem si dať kolu? Are you Czech? Si Čech? Wh- otázky začínajú Who(Kto), What (Čo), When (Kedy), Where (Kde), Why (Prečo), What time (O koľkej), How (Ako), How many (Koľko), atď. Where do you come from? Odkiaľ pochádzaš? How tall is he? Aký je vysoký? What do you usually have for breakfast? Čo obyčajne raňajkuješ? Otázky na podmet začínajú Who alebo What, ale javia sa ako výroky: Who bought this cake? Kto kúpil tento koláč? What happened to you? Čo sa ti stalo? Porovnaj otázky na podmet s otázkami na predmet: Who likes Peter? Kto má rád Petra? (pýtame sa na podmet) John likes Peter. John má rád Petra. Who does Peter like? Koho má rád Peter? (pýtame sa na predmet) Peter likes Hannah and Mark. Peter má rád Hannah a Marka.

13 JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 4 (str. 66) Koľko? Pri otázkach o množstve používame How much pred nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami a How many pred počítateľnými podstatnými menami v množnom čísle. How much sugar do you put in your tea? Koľo cukru si dávaš do čaju? How much time do you need to do homework? Koľko času potrebuješ na domácu úlohu? How many subjects do you study at school? Koľko predmetov študuješ v škole? How many good friends do you have? Koľko máš dobrých priateľov? JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 5 (str. 80) Zámená someone (niekto), something (niečo), somewhere (niekde), anyone (hocikto), anything (hocičo), anwhere (hocikde), no one (nikto), nothing (nikde), nowhere (nikde), everyone (každý), everything (všetko), everwhere (všade) Someone, something, somewhere, anyone, anything, anywhere, no one, nothing, nowhere, everyone, everything, everywhere sa nazývajú neurčité zámená. Someone, something, somewhere používame v kladných vetách. I don t understand my homework. I need someone to help me. Nerozumiem mojej domácej úlohe. Potrebujem niekoho aby mi pomohol. The keys are somewhere in my bedroom. Tie kľúče sú niekde v mojej spálni. Do you have a pen or pencil? I need something to write with,. Máš pero alebo ceruzku? Potrebujem niečo na písanie. Anyone, anything, anywhere používame v otázkach a záporných vetách. I can t see anyone! Nevidím nikoho! Is there anything to eat? Je tam niečo na jedenie? She never goes anywhere without her hat. Ona nikde nechodí bez jej klobúka. No one, nothing, nowhere majú záporný význam nepoužívame iný zápor, ak sa nachádzajú vo vete. No one likes it. Nikto to nemá rád. There s nothing left. Nič tam neostalo. She said nothing = She didn t say anything. Nepovedala nič. Všetky neurčité zámená používame so slovesami v jednotnom čísle. Everyone is in the garden.

14 Každý je v záhrade. There is no one in the house. Nikto nie je v dome. JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 6 (str. 94) it/there There+is/are alebo was/were používame, keď chceme povedať, že niečo existuje alebo je prítomné niekde, existovalo alebo bolo prítomné. Po there+be vždy nasleduje podstatné meno: There was a good film on TV tonight. It was on channel one. Dnes večer bol dobrý film v televízii. Bol na prvom programe. There are a lot of people outside of cinema. They are waiting to buy tickets. Pred kinom je veľa ľudí. Čakajú na lístky. It+is/was + podstatné meno používame na identifikáciu niekoho alebo niečoho. It is a bird. To je vták. It s Peter on the phone. Volá Peter. It+is/was + prídavné meno používame pri opise niekoho alebo niečoho. It was nice and warm. Bolo pekne a teplo. Porovnaj použitie it a there v týchto vetách: There is a dog next door. It is very big but it is very friendly. Vedľa je nejaký pes. Je veľmi veľký, ale je veľmi priateľský. JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 7 (str. 108) Nulový kondicionál Nulový kondicionál používame pri opise pravidiel a situácií, kde jedna udalosť vždy nasleduje za druhou. Používame vzor If+prítomný jednoduchý čas, prítomný jednoduchý čas. If the weather is fine, we always go for a walk in the afternoon. Ak je dobré počasie, vždy chodievame poobede na prechádzku. Water freezes, if temperatures is below 0 C. Voda mrzne, ak je teplota pod 0 C. Children cry, if they are frightened. Deti plačú, keď sa boja.

15 V týchto vetách if = when. JAZYKOVÉ PROBLÉMY 8 (str. 122) Pomocné slovesá V angličtine používame pomocné slovesá (be, do, have) pri tvorení otázok, záporných viet, krátkych odpovedí, atď. I don t like tomato juice. Nemám rád paradajkový džús. Have you been to Paris? Yes, I have. / No, I haven t. Bol si v Paríži? Áno, bol. / Nie, nebol. Modálne pomocné slovesá (napr. can, will) používame na vyjadrenie schopnosti, dovolenia a predpovede. I can swim. Viem plávať. You can t go out. Nemôžeš ísť von. The Internet will become more popular. Internet sa stane populárnejším. Na vyjadrenie rovnakého názoru, pocitu alebo skúsenosti, atď., používame So+pomocné sloveso+i: A: Ilike coffee. B: So do I. A: Mám rád kávu. B: Aj ja. A: I have written a book. B: So have I. A: Napísal som knihu. B: Ja tiež. A: I m 16. B: So am I. A: Mám 16 rokov. B: Aj ja. Na vyjadrenie odlišného názoru, pocitu, skúsenosti, atď., používame I+pomocné sloveso+not: A: I like coffee. B: I don t. A: Mám rád kávu. B: Ja nie. A: I have written a book. B: I haven t. A: Napísal som knihu. B: Ja nie. A: I m 16. B: I m not. A: Mám 16 rokov. B: Ja nie.

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