Direct Energy Use in Agriculture and the Food Sectors - Separation by Farm Type and Location. A Report to Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

Transcription

1 Direct Energy Use in Agriculture and the Food Sectors - Separation by Farm Type and Location A Report to Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) by The Canadian Agricultural Energy End Use Data and Analysis Centre (CAEEDAC) Final Report February 2000

2 Table of Contents 1 Farm Energy Consumption Objective of Report Energy Use in Canadian Agricultural Sector Agricultural Energy Consumption Expenditures on Farm Energy Direct Energy Used in Farm Production Indirect Energy Energy Used in Fertilizers Energy Used in Pesticide Production Energy Sequestered in Farm Machinery and Buildings Energy Use by Type and Sector Energy Used in Agricultural Sector of Canadian Provinces in Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Alberta Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of British Columbia Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Manitoba Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Newfoundland Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Ontario Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Quebec Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Saskatchewan Focus of Section Scope of the Report Food and Beverage Processing Energy Use Residential Energy Use Commercial Energy Use Transportation Food and Beverage Processing Energy Use Expenditures on Energy in Food and Beverage Processing Quantities of Energy Consumed in Food and Beverage Processing Summary Conclusion

3 List of Tables Table 1: Total Expenditures on Farm Operations in Canada (in Billions of 1992 dollars)... 8 Table 2: Expenditures on Direct and Indirect Energy as a Percent of Total Farm Expenditures... 9 Table 3: Direct Agricultural Energy Used in Canada and Provinces Table 4: Direct Energy Consumed on Farms by Energy Type and Region, 1995 (PJ) Table 5: Percentage Direct Energy Used for Farm Business Activities by Energy Source for Canada Table 6: Total Direct Farm Energy Used for Farm Business Activities in Canada (in PJ) Table 7: Percentage Distribution of Direct Farm Energy Demand by Energy Type for Canada Table 8: Quantities of Fertilizer Sold in Canada (thousands of tonnes) Table 9: Calculated Quantities of Energy Used in the Production and Transportation of Fertilizer Sold in Canada (in PJ) Table 10: Average Energy Used in Fertilizer Production (GJ/thousands tonnes) Table 11: Reduced Average Energy Used in Fertilizer Production (GJ / thousand tonnes) Table 12: Estimates of Energy Used in Fertilizer Production in Canada (PJ) Table 13: Estimated Quantities of Energy Used in Pesticide Production, Packaging, Transportation and Application in Canada (PJ) Table 14: Energy Used in Manufacturing Farm Machinery (MJ/kg) Table 15: Energy Sequestered in Farm Machinery in Canada (PJ) Table 16: Energy Sequestered in Farm Buildings in Canada (PJ) Table 17. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Canadian Provinces in 1997 (TJ) Table 18. Energy Consumption by Usage Type in Canadian Provinces in 1997 (TJ) Table 19. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Canada in 1997 (TJ) Table 20. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ) Table 21. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ) Table 22. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ) Table 23. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in BC in 1997 (TJ) Table 24. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage Type in BC in 1997 (TJ) Table 25. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in BC in 1997 (TJ) Table 26. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ) Table 27. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ) Table 28. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ) Table 29. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Newfoundland in 1997 (TJ) Table 30. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Newfoundland in 1997 (TJ) Table 31. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Newfoundland in 1997 (TJ) Table 32. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Ontario in 1997 (TJ) Table 33. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Ontario in 1997 (TJ) Table 34. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Ontario in 1997 (TJ) Table 35. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Quebec in 1997 (TJ) Table 36. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Quebec in 1997 (TJ) Table 37. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Quebec in 1997 (TJ) Table 38. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Saskatchewan in 1997 (TJ) Table 39. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Saskatchewan in 1997 (TJ) Table 40. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Saskatchewan in 1997 (TJ) Table 41: Number of Food Processing Establishments by Province in Table 42: Estimated Quantities of Energy Consumed by the Food and Beverage Processing Industry in Canada (in PJ) Table 43: Percentage Distribution of Energy Use by Energy Type for Selected Food Processing Industries in the United States in Table 44: Total Energy Used at the Farm Level in Canada (in PJ) Table 45: Total Expenses on Direct and Indirect Farm Energy in Canada ($ millions) Table 46: Quantity and Dollar Value of Energy Used in Food and Beverage Processing in Canada Table 47: Quantity of Energy Used in Home, Restaurant, and Hotel Food Preparation in Canada (in PJ).. 46 Table 48: Percentage of the Total Canadian Energy Used by the Canadian Food System, Excluding the Energy in Farm Machinery and Buildings

4 Table 49: Percentage of the Total Energy Used by the Canadian Food System, Including Farm Machinery and Buildings, Table 50: Farming and Food Processing Energy Consumption (Excluding Energy in Farm Machinery and Buildings) in PJ, the Corresponding GDP (in Billions of Dollars) and Energy to GDP Ratio Table 51: Total Exports and Imports of Agriculture and Food Products in Canada Table 52: Total Energy Used by Canadians on Nutrition (Excluding the Energy in Farm Machinery and Buildings) Table 53: Total Energy Used by Canadians on Nutrition Including Farm Machinery and Buildings

5 List of Figures Figure 1: Percentage Distribution of Total Farm Operating Expenses by Province in 1995 (Statistics Canada)... 8 Figure 2: Percentage Distribution of the Quantities of Fertilizer Sold by province in Canada, 1995 (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1996) Figure 3. Energy Consumption in Agriculture by Province in 1997 (TJ) Figure 4. Energy Consumption in Agriculture by Usage Type in Canadian Provinces in 1997 (TJ) Figure 5. Energy Consumption by Farm Type by Province in 1997 (TJ) Figure 6. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Canada (sum of seven provinces) in Figure 7. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ) Figure 8. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Alberta in 1997 (%) Figure 9. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage n Alberta in 1997 (TJ) Figure 10. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ) Figure 11. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in BC in 1997 (TJ) Figure 12. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in BC in 1997 (Percentage) Figure 13. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage Type in BC in 1997 (TJ) Figure 14. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in BC in 1997 (TJ) Figure 15. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ) Figure 16. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Manitoba in 1997 (%) Figure 17. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ) Figure 18. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ) Figure 19. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Newfoundland in 1997 (TJ) Figure 20. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Newfoundland in 1997 (%) Figure 21. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Newfoundland in 1997 (TJ) Figure 22. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Newfoundland in 1997 (TJ) Figure 23. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Ontario in 1997 (TJ).... Figure 24. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Ontario in 1997 (%) Figure 25. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Ontario in 1997 (TJ) Figure 26. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage Type in Ontario in 1997 (TJ) Figure 27. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Quebec in 1997 (TJ) Figure 28. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Quebec in 1997 (%) Figure 29. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Quebec in 1997 (TJ) Figure 30. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage Type in Quebec in 1997 (TJ) Figure 31. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Saskatchewan in 1997 (TJ) Figure 32. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Saskatchewan in 1997 (%) Figure 33. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Saskatchewan in 1997 (TJ) Figure 34. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Saskatchewan in 1997 (TJ) Figure 35: Percentage Distribution of Expenses on Energy by Industry in 1995 (Statistics Canada) Figure 36: Percentage Distribution of Expenses on Energy for the Processing Food Industry in 1995 (Statistics Canada) Figure 37: Percentage Distribution of Spending on Energy in the Beverage Industry in 1995 (Statistics Canada)

6 This report consists of two sections: Section 1 deals with energy use in primary production (agriculture) and section 2 deals with energy use in the food sector. Section 1: Energy Use in Agriculture 1 Farm Energy Consumption Both direct and indirect energy (refined petroleum products, natural gas, coal, steam and electricity) are consumed during various farming operations. For example, direct energy is consumed by: Crop production: crops include cereal grains, oilseeds, pulses, fruits, vegetables and forage production; Livestock production: cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, and exotic animals; Poultry production: hens, chickens, turkeys, and exotic birds; Animal products production: milk, cream, eggs, wool, furs, and meat; Other farm products production: greenhouse and nursery products, Christmas trees, mushrooms, sod, honey and maple syrup products; Transportation of farm products. Indirect energy consists of the energy used in the manufacture, packaging and transport of fertilizers, pesticides, and farm machinery. Some studies have also included the energy used in farm buildings (Stirling and Kun, 1995; Coxworth, 1997), machine repairs, manpower and animal power (Bowers, 1992). This report used estimates of energy consumed in farm machinery and buildings reported by Coxworth (1997). Energy consumed in fertilizer production was estimated using the results from Mudahar et al, (1982). Coxworth (1997) and Green (1987) also reported estimates of energy used in fertilizer and pesticide production based on methods and effects described later by Bhat et al., (1994). 2 Objective of Report The objective of this report is to provide a descriptive analysis of on-farm energy use: by farm type, by energy type, and by usage type in Canada in The analysis will discuss the relation of farm types to the energy type and to usage type in Canada in total and in each province. Comparisons will be made throughout the report which will describe energy use in the different sectors of agriculture and where and what energy is used. Farm types for this report represent different sectors of the agricultural industry and include: grain and oilseed, dairy, cattle, hog, poultry and eggs, fruit and vegetables, greenhouse and nursery, and other. This report makes use of data obtained from Statistics Canada and it makes extensive used of percentages calculated from the 1997 Farm Energy Use Survey, a telephone survey conducted by Statistics Canada. The tables describing energy use by farm type include a category referred to as other. As this 6

7 category represents a large portion of the total energy use, it can be inferred that it captures a considerable amount of energy use. It is important to specify that, depending on the province, the category other can incorporate energy used in the following: The cultivation of specialty crops such as pulses, forages, and spices The baling of hay and straw The personal use of trucks and vans The heating of farm houses and barns The drying of grain The irrigation of field crops The report will review five energy types including gasoline, diesel, natural gas, electricity, and liquid petroleum gas or propane (LPG). The unit of energy types has been converted to a uniform unit of terajoules. Usage types are represented by energy use in different farming activities: truck and automobiles, heat and light, farm machinery, other, and includes a category for non-farm use. A descriptive analysis of energy use for farm and non-farm purposes from 1990 to 1998 in Canada and in the provinces studied is available in the attached CD. The data for the year 1998 includes only the first three Quarters of that year (January to September). The first part of the report provides a descriptive analysis of energy use in the Canadian agricultural sector. This general overview of energy use includes the agricultural sector of seven provinces of Canada. As data was as yet unavailable for three of the Maritime Provinces - Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island - only Newfoundland is included. The three other provinces will be incorporated in the next version of the report. Then, a detailed study of energy use in agricultural sectors of these seven provinces is provided in the second part of the study. It should be noted that while reading the report, it is important that the magnitude of energy used be considered when tables and figures are compared among provinces. 3 Energy Use in Canadian Agricultural Sector 4 Agricultural Energy Consumption The energy consumed in agriculture consists of all direct and indirect energy used on the farm. Direct energy includes electricity, heating fuel and machinery fuel used in crop production, grain drying, animal and animal product production, poultry, transportation of farm products and personal energy use (for example, heating farmhouse and driving to town). The Farm Energy Use Survey conducted by Statistics Canada in 1997 estimated that the following percentages were used for farm business purpose on energy: 74.1% of total gasoline, 88.4% of total diesel, 48.4% of total liquid petroleum gas (LPG), 57.3% of total natural gas and 66.1% of total electricity. The remainder was used for non-farm activities such as leisure, home heating and lighting. Indirect energy consists of the energy consumed in the production, packaging and transport to the farm gate of fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery and buildings. 7

8 5 Expenditures on Farm Energy Total farm operating expenses in constant 1992 dollars increased steadily from 1990 to 1996 (Table 1 1 ). Total operating expenses in nominal dollars were $24.89 billion in Expenses on direct energy amounted to 8.5% of total operating expenses, whereas expenses on indirect energy amounted to 26.1% (fertilizers 7.8%, pesticides 4.3%, machinery depreciation charges 11.4% and building depreciation charges 2.6%). Expenses for machinery fuel represented 68% of the total expenses of direct energy use (Statistics Canada, ). Figure 1 indicates that Ontario spent the most on farm operations, followed by Alberta, Saskatchewan and Quebec. Table 1: Total Expenditures on Farm Operations in Canada (in Billions of 1992 dollars) Expenditures Operating Expenses after Rebates Total Rebates Operating Expenses * *FIPI (1992=100) Operating Expenses * Total operating expenses =Total operating expenses after rebates + Total rebates. * FIPI = Farm Input Price Index. Source: Statistics Canada. ALBERTA 21% B.C. 6% ATLANTIC 4% QUEBEC 16% SASKATCHEWAN 19% MANITOBA 9% ONTARIO 25% Figure 1: Percentage Distribution of Total Farm Operating Expenses by Province in 1995 (Statistics Canada) 1 For example, total nominal farm operating expenses in 1996 was $26.23 billion and the farm inputs price index was Therefore total farm operating expenses in constant 1992 dollars was $ / or $22.28 billion. 8

9 Table 2: Expenditures on Direct and Indirect Energy as a Percent of Total Farm Expenditures Direct Energy Region Total Expenses Electricity Heating Fuel Machinery Fuel Total ($ million) Nfld P. E. I N. S N.B Que Ont Man Sask Alta B. C Canada Source: Statistics Canada The direct energy component of Tables 2 indicates that expenses on direct energy, as a percent of total expenses, were highest in Saskatchewan (11.8%) followed by Manitoba (9.2%), Alberta (8.5%) and Ontario (7.7%). Indirect Energy Fertilizer Pesticides Machinery Dep. Building Dep. Total Nfld P. E. I N. S N.B Que Ont Man Sask Alta B. C Canada The indirect energy component indicates that this type of energy, as a percent of total farm expenses, was also highest in Saskatchewan (36.1%), followed by Manitoba (33.8%), P.E.I (28.8%), Alberta (28.3%) and Ontario (22.2%). 5.1 Direct Energy Used in Farm Production Table 3 indicates the quantities of energy used on the farm from 1990 to 1996 (in Petajoules). In 1995 and 1996, the energy consumed on farm operations was highest in Saskatchewan, followed by Ontario and Alberta. Table 4 indicates the amount of direct energy consumed on farms by energy type (NG, NGL, Elec., RPP and Steam) and by 9

10 province in It can be seen that Saskatchewan, Ontario and Alberta farmers used the most energy in 1995 and that direct energy use was highest in 1992 and Table 3: Direct Agricultural Energy Used in Canada and Provinces Nfld P.E.I N.S N.B Que Ont Man Sask Alta B.C Canada Source: Statistics Canada. Table 4: Direct Energy Consumed on Farms by Energy Type and Region, 1995 (PJ) Ng Ngl Electricity RPP Steam Total Hydro N & T Nfld P. E. I N. S N. B Que Ont Man Sask Alta B. C Canada Source: Statistics Canada. Note: Ng = natural gas, Ngl = natural gas liquids (include LPG), RPP = Refined Petroleum Products.Electricity is divided into Hydro and Nuclear & Thermal (N & T). To obtain the estimates of Hydro electricity, it is assumed that the percentage of hydro electricity consumed by province is proportional to the percentage of hydro electricity produced in each province (e.g., in Quebec, hydro = 97%, N & T =3%). To obtain the estimates of energy consumed for farm business only, the percentages given in the Farm Energy Use Surveys of 1981 and 1997 were used. It was assumed that farm business energy use was linear (Coxworth, 1997). The difference between farm business energy use in 1997 and 1981 was divided by 15 to obtain the average annual rate of change. The annual rate of change was added to each subsequent year. The resulting percentages of energy used for farm business are displayed in Table 5. 10

11 Table 5: % Direct Energy Used for Farm Business Activities by Energy Source for Canada Energy Type Ng Ngl Electricity RPP* Steam * RPP= Average (% Diesel + % Gasoline). Ng= natural gas, Ngl= natural gas liquids (include LPG), RPP= Refined petroleum products. The percentages of farm energy consumed for farm business only, by province are different from those in Table 13. However, provincial percentages were not used because most of them have a large Coefficient of Variation number (CV). To obtain the estimates of direct energy used for farm business only for the period, the percentages given in Table 5 were multiplied by the total quantity of each energy type consumed on the farm (Table 6). The calculated estimates are shown in Table 7. Energy use was highest in 1992 because of an increase in RPP during Table 6: Total Direct Farm Energy Used for Farm Business Activities in Canada (in PJ) Energy Type Ng Ngl Hydro N & T RPP Steam Canada Note: Electricity = 60.6% Hydro and 39.4% Nuclear and Thermal. Table 7: Percentage Distribution of Direct Farm Energy Demand by Energy Type for Canada Energy Type Ng Ngl Elec RPP Others The above % were derived from total direct farm energy (including personal use). May not add to 100% due to rounding. Source: Statistics Canada 11

12 Table 7 indicates that Refined Petroleum Products represents about two third of the total direct energy used on the farm. However, these percentages vary among provinces. For example, in the Atlantic Provinces natural gas was not used on farms from 1990 to Indirect Energy Energy Used in Fertilizers According to Mudahar et al, (1987), energy used in the production of fertilizers accounts for about 40% of total energy used in agricultural production in developed countries. Most of this energy was consumed in the production of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers. The Canadian fertilizer consumption, shipments, and trade data 2 consist of the quantities of all fertilizer sold annually in Canada. This includes fertilizer used for purposes other than farming (e.g. fertilizer used on lawns and home gardening). Assuming that the quantities of fertilizer used for purposes other than farming are negligible, Coxworth (1997) estimated the energy consumed in the production and transportation of fertilizer. The method used was based on the report by Bhat et al. (1994). To estimate the energy consumed in fertilizer production, the total quantity of each fertilizer nutrient was multiplied by the corresponding energy used per tonne of nutrient. For example since the production of ammonia required GJ of energy per tonne of nutrient, the total quantity (in tonnes) of ammonia sold was multiplied by Gigajoules (GJ). The quantities of fertilizers sold in Canada from 1990 to 1996 are shown in Table 8. Table 8: Quantities of Fertilizer Sold in Canada (thousands of tonnes) Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium Source: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Table 9: Quantities of Energy Used in the Production and Transportation of Fertilizer Sold in Canada (in PJ) Nutrient Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium Total Source: Coxworth (1997). 2 Canadian Fertilizer Consumption, Shipments, and Trade data were collected by Maurice Korol and Gina Rattray, on behalf of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Policy Branch. See Korol, M., and Rattray, G for further references. 12

13 Table 9 indicates that most of the energy consumed in fertilizer production was consumed in the production of nitrogen fertilizers. According to Statistics Canada (1995), energy use in the chemical manufacturing industry (which includes fertilizer and pesticides industries) declined by about 34.5 % over the past decade. Therefore, the quantities in Table 9 probably over-estimate the amount of energy used in fertilizer production. Mudahar et al. (1982) estimated the average energy requirement for the production, packaging, transportation and application of fertilizers (Table 10). Since the energy used in fertilizer production has decreased over the past decade, the average energy used in producing fertilizers in Table 10 was reduced by 34.5%. The results are shown in Table 11. Table 10: Average Energy Used in Fertilizer Production (GJ/thousands tonnes) Nutrient Production PTA Total Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium PTA = Packaging, Transportation and Application. Source: Mudahar et al., Table 11: Reduced Average Energy Used in Fertilizer Production (GJ / thousand tonnes) Nutrient Production PTA Total Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium The quantities of energy consumed in fertilizer production (Table 12) were obtained by multiplying the total averages in Table 10 by the total quantities of fertilizer sold (Table 11). Figure 2 indicates that Saskatchewan and Alberta were the largest users of fertilizers in Canada in Table 12: Estimates of Energy Used in Fertilizer Production in Canada (PJ) Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Total

14 ALBERTA 24% ATLANTIC & B.C. QUEBEC 6% 9% ONTARIO 17% SASKATCHEWAN 26% MANITOBA 18% Figure 2: Percentage Distribution of the Quantities of Fertilizer Sold by province in Canada, 1995 (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1996) Energy Used in Pesticide Production The most frequently used pesticides in Canada are herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and fumigants. To estimate the total energy used in the production of farm inputs, the quantities of each type of pesticide needs to be known. Coxworth (1997) asserted that data on the quantities of pesticides used in Canada were difficult to obtain. He therefore used the estimated quantities of a 1991 Pesticides Registrant Survey in his calculations. Green (1987) estimated that the average energy input in the production, transportation and application of pesticides was 6.6% of the total energy used in the production of fertilizers in the United States in 1980 (the energy input in fertilizer production was 518 PJ and the energy input in pesticide production was 34 PJ.) The methods of production, packaging, transportation and application of pesticides were assumed the same in Canada as in the United States. The estimates of energy used in pesticide production in Canada were obtained by taking 6.6% of the data given in Table 12. The results are shown in Table 13. These values are similar to those reported by Coxworth (1997). Because of technological improvements, these estimates should be further reduced by 34.5%, making the amount of energy expended on pesticide production small compared to fertilizer production. Table 13: Estimated Quantities of Energy Used in Pesticide Production, Packaging, Transportation and Application in Canada (PJ) Energy There were 149 agricultural chemical establishments in Canada in 1995 (15 chemical fertilizer, 123 mixed fertilizer and 11 other agricultural chemical). These establishments spent $121.4 million on fuel and electricity. The percentage distribution of energy spending by this industry was as follows: chemical fertilizer establishments 92%, mixed fertilizer establishments 7% and other agricultural chemical establishments 1% (Statistics Canada ). 14

15 5.2.3 Energy Sequestered in Farm Machinery and Buildings The amount of energy consumed in the manufacturing of farm machinery consists of the energy used in extracting, transporting and refining the raw materials and the energy used in the manufacturing, maintaining and repairing processes. Bowers (1992) estimated that the energy sequestered in the manufacturing of farm machinery was only about 2.4 % of the total energy consumed in agricultural production in the United States. Fluck et al. (1980) suggested that one method of measuring the energy requirement in farm machinery was to multiply the cost of the machine by the energy consumption to GDP ratio. Doering et al. (1977) estimated the energy consumed in farm machinery based on value-added. This method excluded the energy sequestered in metals. Table 14 displays the results by Doering et al (1997). Table 14: Energy Used in Manufacturing Farm Machinery (MJ/kg) Equipment Energy Used Tractor Combine Plow Disc 9.96 Applicator Planter Rotary Hoe Tires Source: Doering et al. (1977) Table 14 indicates that tire manufacturing requires the most energy in its production. The total quantity of energy used in the manufacture of all farm machinery could be estimated if the total number of each equipment type was known. Coxworth (1997) estimated the energy sequestered in farm machinery via the depreciation and repair charges, based on methods used by Stirling and Kun (1995). The depreciation and repair charges were converted to constant 1990 dollars, then multiplied by PJ (the estimated amount of energy in farm machinery in 1990 for Canada). Similarly, Coxworth estimated the energy sequestered in farm buildings. The results are shown in Table 15 and Table 16. Table 15: Energy Sequestered in Farm Machinery in Canada (PJ) Year Energy Source: Coxworth (1997). Table 16: Energy Sequestered in Farm Buildings in Canada (PJ) Year Energy Source: Coxworth (1997). 15

16 Tables 15 and 16 indicate that the energy sequestered in farm machinery and buildings is significant. Measuring the energy used in farm machinery and buildings via the depreciation and repair charges involves making a strong assumption since depreciation charges may not be a function of the amount of energy used in the production of farm machinery and buildings. 6 Energy Use by Type and Sector Table 17 and Figure 3 provide energy use data for agricultural sectors of Canadian provinces in Energy used in the agricultural sector of each province is segregated by energy type. Saskatchewan and Alberta together consumed more than 50 percent of the total agricultural energy used in Canada. The Saskatchewan agricultural sector is the main user of energy in Canada with TJ of energy or 27% of total consumption. Alberta is a close second at TJ and Ontario s use is also high at TJ. Since Saskatchewan and Alberta have the majority of agricultural land in Canada, this is not surprising. Their production is aimed at the export market and since they are a long distance from those markets, transportation costs add to the total energy use. As farm size increases and number of farms decreases, land owned is often broken into different quarters and section, which means more travel with farm machinery between fields. Ontario s total amount of energy use is high due to the fact that its agriculture production is more intensive. Cropping practices include use of more chemicals, fertilizer, and tillage practices and there are more intensive livestock operations (ILOs), such as dairies, and poultry and hog barns. Overall, diesel is the main energy type used in the Canadian agricultural sector, followed by gasoline. Primary farm machinery, such as tractors and combines, is powered by diesel engines and increasingly farm trucks are diesel powered as well. Smaller farm equipment is gasoline powered, such as some tractors and trucks, and swathers. Table 17. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Canadian Provinces in 1997 (TJ). Provinces Total Gasoline Diesel Natural Gas Electricity LPG Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Newfoundland Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan

17 SK 26% Alb 27% Que 8% Ont 23% Nfld 0% BC 5% Man. 11% Figure 3. Energy Consumption in Agriculture by Province in 1997 (TJ). Table 18 and Figure 4 illustrate energy use in agricultural sector of each province in Canada, by usage type. The agricultural uses are divided into five categories which include trucking and auto uses, heating and lighting uses, other uses, farm machinery uses, and non-farm uses. As Table 18 and Figure 4 indicate, farm machinery is the main energy usage type in all provinces in Canada. It is noteworthy to mention that energy used for non-farm purposes is a significant part of agricultural energy use in most provinces. Energy consumed for trucking uses and for heating and lighting uses are other important usage types in Canada. However, one important result of Table 18 is that in the Prairie Provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba), where farm production can be a long distance from elevators and export destinations, energy used for trucking purposes plays an important role in the overall use of energy in agriculture. This usage type is less important in agricultural sectors of other provinces such as Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia, where energy used for heating and lighting is the second highest usage type. These provinces have more intensive agricultural operation such as dairies, poultry and egg production, and hog barns. Table 18. Energy Consumption by Usage Type in Canadian Provinces in 1997 (TJ). Provinces All usage For trucks and auto. For heat and light For other uses For farm machine For non-farm Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Newfoundland Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan

18 Energy Usage FOR TRUCKS AND AUTO. FOR HEAT AND LIGHT FOR OTHER USES FOR FARM MACHINE FOR NON FARM 0.0 Alb BC Man. Nfld Ont Que SK Provinces Figure 4. Energy Consumption in Agriculture by Usage Type in Canadian Provinces in 1997 (TJ). Table 19 and Figures 5 and 6 show energy use by farm type in Canada. The grain and oilseed sector is the main consumer of energy in Canada (30%) followed by the cattle industry (21%). The category other is the second highest user of energy at 25% and consists of energy used in specialty crop and hay production, irrigation, grain drying, heat of houses and barns, and personal use of vehicles. Other large energy users are the dairy (10%) and hog (6%) industries. The grain and oilseed sector in Saskatchewan consumes more energy than in other provinces, followed by Alberta and Ontario. For the dairy sector, Ontario and Quebec lead in energy consumption and these provinces contain the highest concentration of dairies. In the cattle industry, Alberta is by far first in terms of energy use in comparison with other provinces. In fact, it is four times as high as the second highest consumer - Saskatchewan. Ontario and Manitoba lead the energy consumption in the hog industry, followed by Quebec and Alberta. Poultry and egg production is localized in Ontario with Alberta, British Columbia, and Quebec next. Fruit and vegetable production and greenhouse and nursery industries are centered in Ontario and Quebec. Other farm types show Saskatchewan leading in energy use at almost half of the total, followed by Ontario. Table 19. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Canada in 1997 (TJ). Farm type Alberta BC Manitoba N'land Ontario Quebec Sask. Total Grain & oilseed Dairy Cattle Hog Poultry & eggs Fruit and veg Greenhouse and nurs Other Total

19 Energy Consumption (TJ) Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Newfoundland Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan 0.0 GRAIN & OILSEED DAIRY CATTLE HOG POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. OTHER Figure 5. Energy Consumption by Farm Type by Province in 1997 (TJ). GRAIN & OILSEED 25% 30% DAIRY CATTLE HOG 4% 1% 3% 21% 10% POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. OTHER 6% Figure 6. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Canada (sum of seven provinces) in

20 7 Energy Used in Agricultural Sector of Canadian Provinces in 1997 Analysis of energy use in the agricultural sector of each Canadian province is provided in this section. A detailed analysis of energy use by farm type, usage type, and energy type for each province is discussed below. 7.1 Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Alberta Table 20 and Figures 7 and 8 provide detailed account of energy consumption in Alberta by farm type and energy type. The cattle industry is the main consumer of energy in the agricultural sector of Alberta, followed by the grain and oilseed sector, with other being third. In terms of energy type, the gasoline and diesel components make up 74% of the total energy use in this province. Use of diesel and gasoline account for 75% of energy type used. Farm machinery accounted for about half of the usage type (diesel and gasoline, respectively) with trucks and auto second (Table 20 and Figure 7). Energy (gasoline and diesel, respectively) used for trucking is ranked second among uses of energy in this province. Energy use for non-farm purposes ranked third among the usage type activities. Table 20. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ). Farm type Gasoline Diesel Natural Gas Electricity LPG Total Grain & oilseed Dairy Cattle Hog Poultry & eggs Fruit and veg Greenhouse and nursery Other Total Energy Consumption (TJ) GRAIN & OILSEED DAIRY CATTLE HOG POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. OTHER Figure 7. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ). 20

21 Electricity 12% LPG 1% Natural Gas 13% Gasoline 23% Diesel 51% Figure 8. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Alberta in 1997 (%). Table 21. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ). Energy consumption All usage For trucks For heat For other For farm For nonand auto. and light uses machine farm Alberta (Gasoline) Alberta (Diesel) Alberta (Natural Gas) Alberta (Electricity) Alberta (LPG) Total Energy Consumption in Alberta Energy Usage (TJ) FOR TRUCKS AND AUTO. FOR HEAT AND LIGHT FOR OTHER USES FOR FARM FOR NON MACHINE FARM AB (Gas.) AB (D.) AB (NG.) AB (Elec.) AB (LPG) Figure 9. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage n Alberta in 1997 (TJ). 21

22 Table 22 and Figure 10 illustrate energy consumption in Alberta agriculture by farm type and usage type in Farm machinery is the main use of energy in cattle, grain and oilseed, dairy, and hog activities. In other agricultural sub-sections, energy used for nonfarm purposes (followed by energy used for trucking and auto) is a relatively important component of usage type. Table 22. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ). Farm type All usage For trucks For heat For other For farm For nonand auto. and light uses machine farm Grain & oilseed Dairy Cattle Hog Poultry & eggs Fruit and veg Greenhouse and nurs Other Total Energy Usage (TJ) FOR TRUCKS AND AUTO. FOR HEAT AND LIGHT FOR OTHER USES FOR FARM MACHINE 0.0 FOR NON FARM GRAIN & OILSEED DAIRY CATTLE HOG POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. OTHER Figure 10. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage Type in Alberta in 1997 (TJ). 22

23 7.2 Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of British Columbia The cattle industry is also the main consumer of energy in British Columbia but much lower in terms of magnitude than energy used in the cattle industry of Alberta (Table 23 and Figure 11). Energy used for other agricultural activities is a significant part of the whole energy use in this province. Diesel and gasoline (respectively) make up 66% of total energy use in British Columbia agriculture, with natural gas (22%) a significant energy type used (Figure 12). Dairies are the second highest users of diesel and ranks third in overall energy use. Table 23. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in BC in 1997 (TJ). Farm type Gasoline Diesel Natural Gas Electricity LPG Total Grain & oilseed Dairy Cattle Hog Poultry & eggs Fruit and veg Greenhouse and nurs Other Total CATTLE OTHER Energy Consumption (TJ) GRAIN & OILSEED DAIRY HOG POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. Figure 11. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in BC in 1997 (TJ). 23

24 Natural Gas 22% Electricity 11% LPG 1% Gasoline 20% Diesel 46% Figure 12. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in BC in 1997 (Percentage). Similar to energy used in agricultural sector of Alberta, farm machinery is the main consumer of energy (mostly diesel) in British Columbia agriculture (Table 24 and Figure 13). Gasoline for trucks and autos and natural gas for heat and light are other high numbers. Table 24. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage Type in BC in 1997 (TJ). Energy consumption All usage For trucks For heat and auto. and light For other uses For farm machine For nonfarm BC (Gasoline) BC (Diesel) BC (Natural Gas) BC (Electricity) BC (LPG) Total Energy Consumption in BC Energy Usage (TJ) FOR TRUCKS AND AUTO. FOR HEAT AND LIGHT FOR OTHER USES FOR FARMFOR NON MACHINE FARM BC (Gas.) BC (D.) BC (NG.) BC (Elec.) BC (LPG) Figure 13. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage Type in BC in 1997 (TJ). 24

25 Table 25 and Figure 14 show energy used in agricultural sector in BC by farm type and usage type in Farm machinery used the most energy in the cattle, dairy, and other categories (respectively) is again the main consumer of energy. Energy used for heat and light was highest in the poultry and eggs and the greenhouse and nursery sectors. Table 25. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in BC in 1997 (TJ). Farm type All usage For trucks and auto. For heat and light For other uses For farm machine For nonfarm Grain & oilseed Dairy Cattle Hog Poultry & eggs Fruit and veg Greenhouse and nurs Other Total Energy Usage (TJ) GRAIN & OILSEED DAIRY CATTLE HOG POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. OTHER FOR TRUCKS AND AUTO. FOR HEAT AND LIGHT FOR OTHER USES FOR FARM MACHINE FOR NON FARM Figure 14. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in BC in 1997 (TJ). 25

26 7.3 Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Manitoba In Manitoba, 71% of the energy type used in agriculture is diesel and gasoline (47% and 24%, respectively). However, another important component of energy use in Manitoba agriculture is electricity (23%) (Table 26 and Figure 15). The grain and oilseed sector is the main consumer of energy (mainly diesel and gasoline) in Manitoba (Figure 16). The Manitoba hog industry is also an important part of agriculture in terms of energy use as this activity consumed TJ of energy or 13% of total energy consumption in Manitoba has a high concentration of intensive hog operations in its Interlake region and is a high consumer of electricity for heating purposes. Table 26. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ). Farm type Gasoline Diesel Natural Gas Electricity LPG Total Grain & oilseed Dairy Cattle Hog Poultry & eggs Fruit and veg Greenhouse and nurs Other Total Energy Consumption (TJ) GRAIN & OILSEED DAIRY CATTLE HOG POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. OTHER Figure 15. Energy Consumption by Farm Type in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ). 26

27 Electricity 23% LPG 4% Gasoline 24% Natural Gas 2% Diesel 47% Figure 16. Energy Consumption by Energy Type in Manitoba in 1997 (%). As Table 27 and Figure 17 indicate, similar to Alberta and British Columbia, farm machinery is the main user of energy in Manitoba. Farm machinery in the grain and oilseed sector is the main user of energy in Manitoba s agriculture followed by farm machinery in the cattle industry (Table 28 and figure 16). Farm type other is the second highest consumer of energy in Manitoba (Table 28). However, for heating purposes, electricity (not natural gas) is the main component of energy use. Table 27. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ). Energy consumption All usage For trucks For heat and auto. and light For other uses For farm machine For nonfarm Manitoba (Gasoline) Manitoba (Diesel) Manitoba (Natural Gas) Manitoba (Electricity) Manitoba (LPG) Total Energy Consumption in Manitoba Energy Usage (TJ) FOR TRUCKS AND AUTO. FOR HEAT AND LIGHT FOR OTHER USES FOR FARMFOR NON MACHINE FARM Man. (Gas.) Man. (D.) Man. (NG.) Man. (Elec.) Man. (LPG) Figure 17. Energy Consumption by Energy Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ). 27

28 Table 28. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ). Farm type All usage For trucks and auto. For heat and light For other uses For farm machine For nonfarm Grain & oilseed Dairy Cattle Hog Poultry & eggs Fruit and veg Greenhouse and nurs Other Total Energy Usage (TJ) GRAIN & OILSEED DAIRY CATTLE HOG POULTRY & EGGS FRUIT AND VEG. GREENHOUSE AND NURS. OTHER FOR TRUCKS AND AUTO. FOR HEAT AND LIGHT FOR OTHER USES FOR FARM MACHINE FOR NON FARM Figure 18. Energy Consumption by Farm Type and Usage in Manitoba in 1997 (TJ). 7.4 Energy Use in Agricultural Sector of Newfoundland Energy used in the agricultural sector of Newfoundland is the lowest in terms of magnitude among the provinces. Total energy consumption in the agricultural sector in Newfoundland was only 335 TJ in Of this total, dairy sector ranked first followed by the hog industry and grain and oilseed sectors (Table 29 and Figure 19). In terms of energy components, LPG is the main component (52%) of energy type used followed by gasoline (23%) and electricity (15%) (Figure 20). Diesel use is very low. 28