Chapter 14 Section 1 Church Reform & Crusades

Transcription

1 Chapter 14 Section 1 Church Reform & Crusades Main Idea: The Catholic Church underwent reforms and launched the Crusades against the Muslims to gain control of the Holy Land. Although the Crusades were not successful, trade and exploration between the Christians and Muslims increased. Key Points: Church is reformed to eliminate prior issues Cathedrals are built Four Crusades are led by Christians to get back the holy land The Spanish led the Reconquista and the Inquisition The Crusades affect both sides involved

2 1. The Age of Faith A spiritual revival across Europe led by the Monasteries Goal: return to basic Christian principles New religious orders were founded and popes began to reform the Church The new age of religious feeling was born A painting of Medieval Monks praying

3 2. Main Problems in the Church in the 1000s Main problems in the Church Priests married and had families Against the Church rulings Simony Bishops selling Church positions Lay investiture Kings in control of bishops Reformers wanted Church to control bishops

4 This is Gustave Doré's wood engraving made in 1861 in Paris. In the image Dante speaks to Pope Nicholas III, committed to the Inferno for his simony. Pope Nicholas III was put in the 8th ring of Hell for this act. Simony was a serious crime and one of the biggest issues that the Church was experiencing in the 1000s.

5 3. Cluny and the Cistercians French Monasteries began Church reform by returning to strict following of Benedictine rule and Christian values/way of life Cluny est. in 910 Cistercian est. in 1098 Both influenced Papacy to reform A page of an 8th century copy of Saint Benedict's Rules written in Latin. Painting of the Cluny Monastery at its height in the 11th Century.

6 4. Church Reform and Reorganization 1100s-1200s Pope Leo IX ( ) enforces laws against simony and for clerical celibacy Pope Gregory VII ( ) prohibits lay investiture & continues enforcing Pope Leo s reforms Church reorganized to resemble a kingdom Pope - King of Kingdom Papal Curia - Advisors/Court, developed Canon Law Diplomats - extend Pope's power Collected Tithes = 1/10 Tax

7 5. Friars vs. Monks, The Dominicans & The Franciscans Friars travel as preachers Monks live apart from world to dedicate themselves to God Both took vows of chastity, poverty, & obedience Both mendicant orders of Friars Dominicans: est. by Spanish Priest Dominic, scholars, women joined Franciscans: est. By Saint Francis of Assisi, less focus on scholarship more on spiritual respect Poor Clares: est. by Saint Clare in 1212 Franciscan order for Women As depicted here, Saint Francis is often shown around animals because he viewed all creatures as equals.

8 Primary Source #1 Saint Francis of Assisi s Sermon to the Birds (c 1220) My little sisters, the birds, much bounden are ye unto God, your Creator, and always in every place ought ye to praise Him, for that He hath given you liberty to fly about everywhere, and hath also given you double and triple rainment; moreover He preserved your seed in the ark of Noah, that your race might not perish out of the world; still more are ye beholden to Him for the element of the air which He hath appointed for you; beyond all this, ye sow not, neither do you reap; and God feedeth you, and giveth you the streams and fountains for your drink; the mountains and valleys for your refuge and the high trees whereon to make your nests; and because ye know not how to spin or sow, God clotheth you, you and your children; wherefore your Creator loveth you much, seeing that He hath bestowed on you so many benefits; This is a painting of Saint Francis preaching and therefore, my little sisters, beware of the sin of ingratitude, and study always to give praises unto God. to the birds, it was created by Giotto, an Italian Artist in 1299.

9 Primary Source #1 C) This is one of Saint Francis of Assisi s famous sermons called Sermon to the Birds. Saint Francis was born in 1182 and died in 1226, he lived in Assisi Italy. This sermon is believed to have been written circa A) Saint Francis of Assisi preached this sermon to a flock of birds who gathered around him. Most christians believe the listening birds were sent by God as a sign to friars to continue their work. P) Saint Francis preached this sermon because he noticed the birds were watching him and he believed they were expecting something from him. Christians can learn values from this sermon. P) Saint Francis was a friar, and he believed that all creatures were spiritually equal and deserved the same respect. As if the birds were a crowd of interested humans, he preached them a sermon. The main value Christians can learn from this sermon is that God will bless everyone who is grateful for him and praises him for the blessings he shares. T) Saint Francis s sermon connects to the theme of Europeans valuing subjective interpretations. Christians value Saint Francis s religious interpretations, like the ones in this sermon.

10 6. Gothic Cathedrals Reach upwards toward heaven Different from heavy, dark Romanesque cathedrals Stained glass windows let light in Represented City of God Decorated w/ riches, sculptures & woodworking Developed b/c of common architectural problems This is the Chartres cathedral which is located in a small town near Paris. It is considered by many as a great example of gothic cathedrals. It is almost perfectly preserved. Most of the stained glass windows are the originals and it has only needed small architectural changes.

11 Primary Source #2 C) A stained glass window of the Chartres Cathedral built in Created during Age of Faith so author influenced by religion while making this. This makes it reliable in showing scenes from the Bible. A) Made for public consumption, to represent Bible stories in pictures because some of anticipated audience couldn't read. The audience probably found it very helpful because many couldn't read the Bible. They would have found it reliable. P) Made at the time because wanted to allow more light into churches and allow peasants that couldn't read to know stories of Bible. The purpose proves that it is very useful. P)The author was an artist that was combining their craft with their faith. They were motivated to make this by their religion. They are trying to show scenes from the life of Jesus. T) This image of the stain glass window can be connected to the theme of individual and society because they were created so everyone in society can understand the Christian religion.

12 7. What were the Crusades? What role did Pope Urban II play in launching them? Crusades: series of holy wars against Muslim Turks to control the Holy Land Pope Urban II s role: Issued call for Holy War Said those who died on Crusade would go to Heaven promised forgiveness of sins for those who died Pope Urban II made an influential speech which helped lead to the Crusades. He called all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land. He said Deus vult! or God wills it! To make the effect of his call better he exaggerated stories of Muslims and their anti-christian acts.

13 8. Causes of Crusading Spirit Pope Urban II created religious motivation Kings and Church saw it as way to rid of quarrelsome knights Land and position in society for knights who were successful Merchants profited by loaning money to finance Crusades

14 Primary Source #3: Pope Urban s Speech to Launch the First Crusade "All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor. Behold! on this side will be the sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let hem eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide."

15 CAPPT for Pope Urban s Speech C: This was produced in 1095 CE, Pope Urban gave this speech in Clermont, France to launch the crusading spirit in Christians.This is an extremely reliable source because it is a direct excerpt from the original speech A: This source was created to convince the Christians to participate in a Holy War. The anticipated audience would have took action right away because of this speech. Many people were extremely religious at that time so they believed what the Pope told them. After hearing this speech many people wanted to fight in the Crusade and receive money and status, or they wanted to die a hero. P: Pope Urban said this speech to convince the men to gain back the Holy Land. He wanted men to fight so they can obtain the eternal reward. P: Because the Pope said this speech, he convinced the Christians to fight in the Crusades with a religious motivation. The influence to write this was also religious, because the Pope Urban states This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. He grants the Crusaders remission of sins. T: I would connect this passage to the theme States and Other Institutions of Power because the speech shows how much influence the Church held. When Pope Urban made this speech, thousands of men fought in the Crusades, not knowing if they were going to live, but knowing that they would be sent to heaven if they died in battle.

16 9. The First and Second Crusades 12,000 unprepared men with no strategy, supply plan or leader went to Jerusalem to gain Holy Land back. Built 3 large siege towers and made it over Jerusalem s walls and slaughtered many people living there. 1099: captured narrow strip of land was turned into four feudal crusader states; Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem. 1144: Edessa was reconquered by Muslims and goal of second Crusade was to recapture.

17 Map of the Crusades In the top right corner is the land that was captured by the first Crusade. (Edessa, Antioch, Acre and Jerusalem)

18 10. The Third and Fourth Crusades Goal of third Crusade: recapture Jerusalem, led by King Philip Augustus (French), Frederick I Barbarossa (German) and Richard the Lion-Hearted (English). Just Richard the Lion-Hearted was left to fight Saladin and they ended with truce in 1192 Jerusalem remained under Muslim control and Christians could visit the Holy places. The goal of the fourth crusade was to reconquer Jerusalem Jerusalem at all

19 11. The Reconquista and the Inquisition Spanish effort to drive out Muslims (Moors) during medieval ages Inquisition was one of these efforts Enforced by Spain s Catholic monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, in 1498 Prosecuted those suspected of heresy Suspects were questioned, tortured and often killed Many Jewish and Muslim converts were suspected of heresy and faced inquisition : All practicing Muslims and Jews expelled from Spain

20 Ecclesiastical reorganization following the Spanish conquest of Spain. The burning of Heretics at the stake was an extreme part of the Inquisition. The church targeted groups that didn t directly follow their authority.

21 12.Effects of the Crusades Pope became less powerful and feudal nobility was weakened Many lives and fortunes were lost Trade between Europe and Southwest Asia flourished Religious intolerance Trade in Holy land became important Trade, towns and universities grew List of the causes and effects of the Crusades

22 Conclusion Between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1000, Vikings attacked, looted and destroyed Monasteries and learning centers Church suffered from immorality After Reforms in the Church and cathedrals Europe makes progress in trade, agriculture, and finance Population and area increase Growth of learning and the university is born