BASt-study: Definitions of Automation and Legal Issues in Germany
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1 - Road Vehicle Automation Workshop - BASt-study: Definitions of Automation and Legal Issues in Germany 25 th July 2012 Tom M. Gasser / Daniel Westhoff German Federal Highway Research Institute
2 Orientation: Source: Steven E. Shladover University of California PATH Program Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 2 /20
3 BASt-Expert-Group definitions of vehicle automation-degrees: Full automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control completely and permanently. In case of a takeover request that is not followed, the system will return to the minimal risk condition by itself. High automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control; the driver is no longer required * to permanently monitor the system. In case of a take-over request, the driver must take-over control with a certain time buffer. Partial automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control, the driver shall permanently monitor the system and shall be prepared to take over control at any time. Driver Assistance: The driver permanently controls either longitudinal or lateral control. The other task can be automated to a certain extent by the assistance system. Driver Only: Human driver executes manual driving task Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 *Due to editorial error on this slide the wording must no longer has been replaced by is no longer required degree of automation slide No. 3 /20
4 Further dimensions: Source: BASt Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 4 /20
5 Further dimensions: slide No. 5 /20
6 Further dimensions: slide No. 6 /20
7 Further dimensions: slide No. 7 /20
8 Further dimensions: slide No. 8 /20
9 Criticism: Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 9 /20
10 Legal evaluation: Consistency with Regulatory Law Regulatory Law = National Road Traffic Codes ( danger defence -law in traffic) Addressee is the (human) driver, drivers Duties: Source: SARTRE-Project, press Release National Road Traffic Codes Vienna Convention Source: DVR Drivers obligation is to permanently: monitor surrounding traffic and status of the vehicle readiness to override/ oversteer in case system control seems inadequate Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 10 /20
11 Legal evaluation: Consistency with Regulatory Law Relevant step: taking the driver out of the loop Going beyond partial automation (that is still permanently monitored by the driver)... Source: HAVE-it Project, press Release...would definitely require a new approach to legal framework in road traffic: Otherwise drivers would be breaching their legal obligations Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 Source: SARTRE-Project, press Release slide No. 11 /20
12 BASt-Expert-Group definitions of vehicle automation-degrees: Full automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control completely and permanently. In case of a takeover request that is not carried out, the system will return to the minimal risk condition by itself. High automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control; the driver is no longer required * to permanently monitor the system. In case of a take-over request, the driver must take-over control with a certain time buffer. Partial automation: The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control, the driver shall permanently monitor the system and shall be prepared to take over control at any time. Driver Assistance: The driver permanently controls either longitudinal or lateral control. The other task can be automated to a certain extent by the assistance system. Driver Only: Human driver executes manual driving task Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 *Due to editorial error on this slide the wording must no longer has been replaced by is no longer required in future possible today slide No. 12 /20
13 Legal evaluation: Automation: Product Liability partial automation: o Defectiveness : Decisive are user instructions o Risk of the manufacturer: Is it possible to sufficiently differentiate between: reasonably foreseeable misuse system abuse? Source: DVR Additionally for high and full automation: Damages during highly and fully automated operation mode lead to manufacturers liability (in case the accident is not solely caused by ill-driving on the side of a third party or an override by the driver). Source: SARTRE-Project, press Release Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 13 /20
14 Platooning keeping in line with individual mobility? Specific legal consequences of platooning: = Individual vehicle? Source: SARTRE-Project, press Release Source: SARTRE-Project, press Release (with modifications by author) Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 14 /20
15 Differences in point of view: Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 Source: Steven E. Shladover University of California PATH Program slide No. 15 /20
16 Indirect function of V2X-technology: (V2V orv2i, same effect!) X Information Tom M. Gasser/ Daniel Westhoff 25 th July 2012 slide No. 16
17 Indirect function of V2X-technology: (V2V orv2i: same effect!) Tom M. Gasser/ Daniel Westhoff 25 th July 2012 slide No. 17 /20
18 Realistic view on V2X: 20xx 20xx 201x 201x Aut tomation ADAS Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 18 /20
19 Theoretical potential of vehicle automation for traffic safety (not quantified): [blue & green] Total number of driver only - accidents today [green] thereof: Accidents avoidable by means of automation [yellow] Accidents due to the (new) risk of automation Source: Report of the BASt Expert Group Tom M. Gasser 25 th July 2012 slide No. 19 /20
20 Research: four clusters Cluster: Human-Machine-Interaction Driver-Feedback/ Driver in the loop Stabilization at system limits/ Driver takeover Cluster: functional safety Requirements according to ISO Application to vehicle automation Cluster: Societal acceptance Benefits for traffic safety Societal acceptance of the automation risk Tom M. Gasser
21 Federal Highway Research Institute Tom Michael Gasser Co-operative Traffic and Driver Assistance Systems Brüderstraße 53 D Bergisch Gladbach Phone + 49 (0) Fax + 49 (0) gasser@bast.de German Federal Highway Research Institute
22 Description and categorization of automated driving functions (not exhaustive) Nomenclature Description of automation level according to drivers expectations Exemplary systems Driver Only Assisted Partially automated Highly automated The driver continuously (throughout the complete trip) accomplishes longitudinal (accelerating /braking) and lateral (steering) control. The driver continuously accomplishes either lateral or longitudinal control. The other/ remaining task is accomplished by the automating system to a certain level only. The Driver must permanently monitor the system The Driver must at any time be prepared to take over complete control of the vehicle The system takes over lateral and longitudinal control (for a certain amount of time and/ or in specific situations). The driver must permanently monitor the system The Driver must at any time be prepared to take over complete control of the vehicle The system takes over lateral and longitudinal control for a certain amount of time in specific situations. The Driver need not permanently monitor the system as long as it is active If necessary, the driver is requested to take over control by the system with a certain time buffer. All system limits are detected by the system. The system is not capable of re-establishing the minimal risk condition from every initial state. No (driver assistance) system active that intervenes into longitudinal and lateral control Adaptive Cruise Control: - Longitudinal control with adaptive distance and speed control -Parking assistance: Lateral control is accomplished by the parking assistance (automatic steering into a parking space. The Driver accomplishes longitudinal control).- Motorway assistant: - Automatic longitudinal and lateral control - On motorways up to an upper speed limit - The driver must permanently monitor and take over immediately in case of takeover request by the system. Motorway-chauffeur: - Automatic longitudinal and lateral control - On motorways up to an upper speed limit -The driver need not permanently monitor. In case of a take over request, the driver must react with a certain time buffer. Fully automated The system takes over lateral and longitudinal control completely within the individual specification of the application. The driver need not monitor the system Before the specified limits of the application are reached, the system requests the driver to take over with sufficient time buffer. In absence of a takeover, the system will return to the minimal risk condition by itself All system limits are detected by the system, the system is capable to return to the minimum risk condition in all situations. Motorway-pilot: - Automatic longitudinal and lateral control -On motorways up to an upper speed limit -The driver need not monitor. - In case the driver does not react to a take over request, the system will brake down to standstill Source: Report of the BASt Expert Group
23 Nomenclature Fully automated Highly automated Partially automated Task of the driver according to automation level The system takes over lateral and longitudinal control completely within the individual specification of the application. The driver need not monitor the system Before the specified limits of the application are reached, the system requests the driver to take over with sufficient time buffer. In absence of a takeover, the system will return to the minimal risk condition by itself All system limits are detected by the system, the system is capable to return to the minimum risk condition in all situations. The system takes over lateral and longitudinal control for a certain amount of time in specific situations. The Driver need not permanently monitor the system as long as it is active If necessary, the driver is requested to take over control by the system with a certain time buffer. All system limits are detected by the system. The system is not capable of re-establishing the minimal risk condition from every initial state. The system takes over lateral and longitudinal control (for a certain amount of time and/ or in specific situations). The driver must permanently monitor the system The Driver must at any time be prepared to take over complete control of the vehicle degreeofau utomation Assisted The driver continuously accomplishes either lateral or longitudinal control. The other/ remaining task is accomplished by the automating system to a certain level only. The Driver must permanently monitor the system The Driver must at any time be prepared to take over complete control of the vehicle Driver only The driver continuously (throughout the complete trip) accomplishes longitudinal (accelerating /braking) and lateral (steering) control. Source: BASt
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