TALLINNA PEDAGOOGIKAÜLIKOOL HUMANITAARTEADUSTE DISSERTATSIOONID : TALLINN 2004
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1 TALLINNA PEDAGOOGIKAÜLIKOOL HUMANITAARTEADUSTE DISSERTATSIOONID 11 : TALLINN 2004
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5 / 3 &")-3!(3()/ &" & 1 )-', '"./!"+!"+" ("'3 &" «(.!(3()/», 0/ 0, '" 0>(."340, "'" )-'9,0 /"!")-/0!(3()0 43 0" )-'9,0!(3()/0 %)(&&0 (,(9 "-0">/ &)1"/ "", 9, )-(3"0 )%"%"!(3()"-")'!"%" )-. ",# ).",!! =" ( - -, (.!(3(), - '0 " 9, ""." &) 9 (,/# ). )%), " - &)/1 )"&""%"!(3()""%" &" 4 "9 ('(9 3"3 -('9!1 (.!(3(), 1" - 1 ""."# / ) &!(3()/!!!""# -0" " &"". &)' $")0+ &"$%()(9, %, &)> %", (' ( "1 &)4!",!"$%()(9, % -)"/ (' ( )!", &)$%()(9, % -)"/ ('!> ( "1 #. "# )." «(3() &)0"3. "!"$! 0>( &"!" 0» " &4: «)0/ ".,, 03! )%"-/ ""%'!!/ %/0 ".)-"0 &"$%()/, ""/ "9 3 &)"4"0.! +-+, &" ".1"0" )-)."4 &)"+()/ ) "4, ".),9!!!0-" $")00!"$%()"%" ".(' ( )!", "),# &" %)0, ( "1!"% &" ('. )((. &)3 > 0/ (&0 &)", "/# "),!"% 0"">3 &)$%()/0 1/0, -"%".((,%" "/0 &)0» ( 1988: 323).!(3() 0">./3 (" &"".-("", &"="0( &""./ ""'" %!" &)"3 ".,!(3()/ 9."%" &, "3!" "'! -) ".('. "$%()!(3() - " )3"%" &)( "., &)# )1 &"!"#. "="0( ""." 3"# & 1)!) %)+""3. 9'/0 "1) 9."# &"$%()"#!(3()/ "( "0# "( ""-".!" &" 0!"!" &"$%()/0!(3()0 ((0/ 0"%( &"!3 "9!(3()( &)0/!3! )(%"#. "$%()!(3() ="!(3(),!"")"# &)".9,# 0"39 &" 9#, &)>,1! "0( ".,(, "!-/ &" 1 ")0!".!" ".,, %!"$%()+./ "# $")0"# &)'!(3()/, 0", -" "",!"")"0 &)" > >-!"3!1 &"!"# "1) 3./ "3!" = 0"3. "$%()+ ' 0, % (&!)- &"$%()"# 0/. *"!)- 0"> "-!(3 )-/0 &( 0, "0 ' )-(3 ".), "(9 )( > «"% 0), "-3" "(,/1!!"#-.(3 )"9+#, ()>9,#. 0 "/1 /1 # >- 0"">» ( 1988: 343). " &)1"!!"$%()"0( &(!(3()/ " "".".%"&) /0 &" "-!" "%", '0 &)>, "., "- "-0">"3 &) 0 ""%" "., &"!")3, &)"3 ".)3 "9 )( &)# )(%1 ".,!")")"3 > &) 3 &" 041 &"!"#. ", "!",!"$%()+!! 3!(3()/ "3!" '!)!"%" )0. 5
6 !"# (+ 0""/1, 9 " &)/0 &" &)( )"> &) 0 ""%" )%"-"%"!(3 > «&)/0 &"!"0, "&/0 %)(&&"# &".41 )"9+")", 1 )" 0"%( (>3 0 >/0 &)0)"0 &", &"".9,%" 1 "-)(. "">3 0 "> /)./3 (. "/ &" (>3 ".)-+"0 "1 )!"»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«0&")(»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
7 "%!"$%()+ ) )!" (+"-)(!(3()"#, 0/!0 0 0"">"#!(3()/. ", ()4 %"&"(9, &"">, "9 )4 /)."! )" &" "!(& 0,!! =" &)"1"" " (0/# &)". "" (!(3()"# )+ (," &"".( +/#!"0&! $")0 &", 09,1 )-'/# %-, " &")-3" 1"/1 &" )-(30. '3 " &)"+1! -/0"# )(-+. '"'!"#!(3() 3 $(!+, /&" 0/ )-'/0 "-)/0 %)(&&0 "%'"0 )- )(. ' 0" "."# )-(09,0, '" )4 "./'"!")/, 04 )0! "40.!)'!"# )- 9"4 "&)0 )"3! $")0/ &"!! &"4/, ()/!('/. -&" " &)" %"""3 &) 3 '(>, "!" 9, " )"3!1 )/, "./' -% /, &) ="0 /.") ""# )+ >", '"./ " ")> /, -!"")/ 0">".")"3. " ="# &)' =0"+"3" &""+/ 9"4 '" &)0/!9!!"")"0( 034(,!"")" "'/0 ".)-"0 &")% &)"0( ".),9 -!"")",!! 0!>, ".")"3. ")-3"./)" &)"! ""#!(3()"# %)(&&, $!+!"!"!"%" =(--0 ""0 ".?! 09 ')/, 30 &"09, -/# 0) >"/1 &)"+ $!+ ".?!, 0(0/# -&'0 (imprinting) (0. ")+ 1998: 444). " 1 &") ) ('/1 &""%" "% $+ «(.!(3()/», "."34" > "%/ 4)"!"# )!"!"# ="%" &", &")-(09,# &" (.!(3()0 %)(&&/ 9#, -/!!0-." ".,0 )0, &)".00, - 0, ".)-"0 >-, "&0, '" "")0" / 1 ) )(%1 "+3/1 %)(&& (0. Thornton 1997). (, "!", &)03 " 0, '" «if the divisions between social groups were important, so also were the inconsistencies within values of specific groups themselves < > Coexisting alongside the overt or official values of society are a series of subterranian values»(«"+3/ %)(&&/ >", " 0 (," )- &)1!>"# "+3"# %)(&&/ - &)"")' 0 ""3" 0/ +"# < > ) ( "'/0 "$+3/0 +" 0 "., (,(9 ''&"-0/''») (Young 1997: 72). 1 '" "., /)."" "&)" ""4! =0 «&"-0/0», «&"&(/0» +" 0.." &)09,." ")%9 : '3 ).( 3 1 "$+3" &)-0/0, '3.") 0!! "&(0/0. ", ('"# &)!! )-'/ " ('/ 4!"/ 0"%( &"3-"3 /# )0 "."-'." &""%" 0/""0 ""4 "")0"." 0 -)""%". (.-, &"!(3()/ " &")- 9 &" 0/0 )-/0 &)-!0. 3 =1 (.!(3() "!)/ 1, '3 #/0.!"")/ ".""./ &" &)"$"3"0( &)-!(, )(% &" ))")3"0(, )3 &" &"""0(, "-)"0(.&. (,(9 (.!(3()/!"$"3/, +"3/, &"'!,!"/.. (0. Clarke 1997; &)!'! 3.")! «Resistance Through Rituals» 1982; Arnold 1970; Wolfgang 1970, Cohen Ph.1997; McRobbie 1997; Hebdige 1997; Hebdige 1999 ).). «Each age, sex, racial and ethnic category, each occupation, economic stratum and social class consists of people who have been equipped by their society with frames of reference and 7
8 confronted by their society with situation which are not characteristic of other roles» («9."# "-), &", )"/ ='!!%"), 9."# - ", =!""0'!"%" &""> "+3/1!" "" - 9#,!"")/0 ".," "-" ="/- )0!, )-(3 '%" / )" 1 &" &"1"» (Cohen 1997: 46). 9."0 (' &"". )"3 &")-(0 $(!+")" "&)/1 " 3" (.>#.!" % &"(&! '" ""%", ".?, %)(&&/ "&) !! /"!" 0")3" #, " () %)(&&/, ".?, ""4 % "., "".)3". ""." &)" %)(&&"/1 )" )- 0/1 ""4# 3 &)" (.!(3()/ - ="0!(3()""% =""% /. *" (.!(3()/ &""0(, '" ""4! ")0, ")0(, )( )- "3!" 0 #(9,0 +0,!" &"3-( 0!" 1" "('! # &"0!" ""4, '" &"-" =0 ")00 "1) 3 &)"+3 (0. Wooden 1996).!0 ".)-"0,!(3().( &"" " "." 3, -0 3 "-3 " 1 &"), &"! ((0/.(( ",(,3.. &""./1 &").", &")">/ "%'/0 (" 0 )- 0/."!)(&"# "+3"# 0"#. " %)(&&, )-(0, (,( &""# -" + " ".,, &"="0( &" %" 0 )0!1 (.!(3()/ 0"> -)"3 ". ( "-!" 0"%(./3 "/! &"$%()/0,!!"$%()/0,! &)$%()/0, ",!! &)", " (.!(3()!"-)( "/ +" &)0!'!"/1 &)>.(. *" &)"+ "&)""> ()# ( "# )0!1 &)>#, )"# (.!(3()/, '" (!-/ &)".!"$%()+ &)$%()+ ".)-" (.!(3(). "&" &)" > 88! «subculture is becoming a conscious category at the folk level» («&" (.!(3()/ " ""-0"#!%")# 0""0 ()"») (Irwin 1997: 69). " 09 "#-!(3()""%", " 0"%1 )1 ".,( " (.!(3()/ ", (.!(3()/# ) -0 ". " &)"+!+&)" &" (.!(3()/!"3!" -0, '" &" " ( -")"" &)" >."34# ' 88!.."34 "&)" /-/ &)- (,"!"# 0"">"#, 9"4!"# (.!(3() ))") ": «< > + 0)""#!(3()/ "-!" 0"">"# (.!(3()/ &"(' ""."%" )- 4# )» ()!" 1998: 667). " 0"">/! (.!(3()/ $+)(9 "!"# &""!"# (! )-'/0 > 0 &.!", 1&&.&., ".? 0/0 0!(3()/.!" "! &")/!"0"0"3+/ )&)-)" ""(9, (.!(3()/,!!! 0"">3 "&",0.3", ("#'", "%" )" &)1"/0 0"0"0, &" /)>9 ), «somewhat fragile point of meditation between class located identity of the «parent culture» and the increasingly attractive commercialized world of mass culture») («'0-" )" 1)(&!"# "'! "-)+ 0>(!"" "&)"# '"39 ")"3!"#!(3()/"." &)!3/0!"00)+-"/0 0)"0 0""#!(3()/» (Gelder 1997: 84).! 9"4! (.!(3()/,!! &)", 9 &)"(!"0 ""- 0""/0 (," "&&"-+ «0/» «"», '( "."#", ")>", &"0 " ")"/ «)(%1»..,"3 > ""4#!!!0-." # 0 0, (," "%" )" %)(&&"/1 )" ()!"%", ".?, %)(&&/ 3 &)-! (," (.!(3()/. 8
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enneth 2000) %. " &),0 "!- )."'#!, 0( &)4"3 ""/3 "9!(3()(. "!(3() )(""%"!-&"., 0") 3"3 )"!(3, &)&"%!"%" ")"%" )-!1 " 9,1,!! )()!(", "3 '(!1! 0 )0 3/1 $) $")0)" 0)"&"0. "./ ".&'3 "&"3(9 &")>!( 3" ""%" &),%"! $")0)"9 «(>"%"» 0)""--), &)4"3 )0 &).%(3! -0"#9 &"'/0!"0 %"!(3()"#, '", ".",!)/"3. «(3() =" &)"" )".")3. ("!"% 0"+3). *" " 0)3" (,") (1"" ")(, /!"/!"")",!>/# "1",#! &)"% &) /4, &)3 " &""%" ')& -' "%" "). /&" &",! ( + ) "1" ")"( "."34"%" )"3 >-, > " "0) ("0)9, 0)/!(3()/), %" 0", "% "'3 >", -0 "/#, 0"""#, &).((,#!, &)"+ &)"> -!)& "%" %"&", "./ "/ "/ ) (..!(3()(), 0( 43 (>/, %" "3!" (1"" 0)3" &"!"/9,, %" "!)/ 9,» ((>! 1921: 53). ""'" &)&!/0./" "'" -0"# ".!"# 9"4!"# (.!(3(), 1", ", = ".3 %"/!0 )0"0 "."-' %%., 0") &".( )"9+ %)>!"# "#!")"3 &)!'! # %%!"# ))")# )/, % -' &)), ")"9+""# «.()>(-"#»!(3()/ "+3/1 ""4# "/ "+'! $")0/ &" )/ -,./ )4. 4, 0""" &"!"./" '39 ".,,!"")" 0"%"./ /) "."/0 " ")"9+"/1 #. 0"">3 0"% '3 %)#.((,%" "+3"# &"'!"# %%0"."34!", &"!./ &""./ 1" 9
10 "3 &)#"# ""%!(3(). "!(9 0"">3 ".1"0"./" 3 "0!"00('!"#!(3()/ " 1 &)" 1 )(, "(%, "&)"1 &" 0#"# >-. )"" &")'" ()"%" &", " 3 %"! «.()>(-"#»!(3(), 0" )3-" -' &1."34!". )" %%../ &)""0." "., "." 0, &"3 " (," "!"# ""%" "!"%" '"!. "&"3-"43 ".,0 ('0 &(0, &)3"."34!"!-)"" "9 3"3 ".!(3()/ &"3 "!(3()"# )"9+ ".,/1 ""4 1,./(.. )'0 ".1"0" &"03, '" $) 0 1"3 -/!, 0", %%, -0"""4 0>( )" 0 30, "& #,.)'/ ""4. ) (>"./" ('">3 &))13/./"/ 0#/ )+ "-3 ".,", +" "))(9, %"()" %" &"!(, +&)"", ).", %%'! %)0"". (,/0 0&(3"0!-+ "&, " 3 $")0)" «""%"» &")9,%" &"!" =&. &"3 &),# &) &) 0 "-0">"3 "-!"0 &"!".((,1 )"# "+-0 &) %3/0 ")"0 ""# =!""0'!"# &"! "!"0, "-0">" 0 &)&)03!"# 3".&., ", "# ""%#,!"# " " &)!! ""%"!"00(-0. %!" (40/ "9 ( -)"/1-."34!" (," "& - &" )" /0 0"/0 "1""0 0""> # " «)"%"»!"!-0! (-0(,! >9 00 /)3 "9 >-3. *".&"!"#" " &)"0) 0/1 )-'/1 &(.! %%., " %-/1 # " ('"# &"0!. «A limited amount of capitalism was reintroduced into the healthy body of the Soviet state so that «communism could master its tools and use them for anticapitalist aims», but there was always the danger that the state would be overcom by the vaccinating agent and become ill itself» («%)'"!"'"!&-0./" " -")"" " "!"%" %"() "%", '"./ ''!"00(-0 ")4" " ")( &"3-" %"!&'!1 + 1'', " % "3 "&"3 "%", '"!+ "" %"()" "" -." 0"» (Naiman 1997: 263). %"()"# "'! -) )." )">#4# &)#/#!")"3 1 $) >-: "./ " =!""0! &"!. " "! (! &""% -(' )- '"'!"# >- &1"$-'!"0 -, &"!"3!( ""." ")"' $")0)( '"3, $-""%'!" )" '"!(0. "!# 1919, 1925; )!"' 1925, "-" 1925, ). ""% &)&"% /"!(9 (40"3 ).!, &""0( ()", "0 ' %'! -">", "'! -), 0">"./" &)3 (>" )(" &(0 ".(' "&. (" > "&) "3 &)# (>./ "/# '"!, )"3 "+-0!"00('!"%" "%".((,%". ="%" ).! ( -")"3 " 03, )+#, (!. :,( «""."3», -.) ( # " 1 "& %"()(, ".,/0 "& 0, &")">/0, ".,/ (')> (0. )!"' 1925, (')! 1931), &")/,!"0"0", '"./ " "&/ 1 ).(0" 0)""--).."! "> >3, ('3, -03 &")"0!("0 "/13 "0. "34 '3 - ".1"0/1 "!"0( ).!(!' =(--0, =)%, "&0-0 (&")" -./ -&)"%)00)"/, '" )"9+"). 10
11 &)3! 0 ". «0"""3». ' &)" &"'! &)"#!"! )"!"00(-0 ")%-"/0 ")%-+"/0 &(0: ' "-!"0"0", -0 %" «04%".)»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«8(">" "&».((, &%"% (-, '" «8(">" "& ")%'!"# '39 $")0)"!"00('!"# ""%. 12
13 8(">" "& ")%-( "-, =0"+ =(--0 )(,1 1 # )"3 "+-0.")3. "!0!&-0.< >.")3. -!"00(-0,!"")(9 )."'#!, "&)9,#!"1"-"!)3 ",!! +)3(9 $%()( -0,!(", 0" 1("> )." 9 "0-0",/1 ) "")(> &)").")3. -!"00(-0. ) )(%1 ""%#!(" %) "%)"0(9 )"3: &)") /)>!( " -% /,./, ")> " 0)""--).!(" 0",/0 ")(0!""#.")3./. " ")%-( 0/3 &)") &"0"% 0( ""-3 #3"3 ')- 1(">/ ".)-/ ",!)"!, -(!", )0'!"%" >..» ( "&" 1931: 86). )!!, 0") &)- -'0" 1(">"%" "&!(.")3./ - "+-0, /(>!")"3 )-)/ 0>(.()/0 )""0 "+'!"# )!")(!+ %" )""%" 1"- # )-0!(. - =0 &) 1(">/0 "&0 &)#./ &"/ "">/ -' &" &)9 1(">"%" "& "" 0&0 "+'!"%" )"3. ) ="0 "!", &)#/ ""% &)")%, '" - ")(!"00('!"%" "& ) 0"> 3 ")(0 )(!1!"/1 )%" &)-/./3 ')-/'#" )."3/0!!'(!"%" )&)(),!>!!'( )&)() «".,%"» ), &""0( '" "> &",9 %" ) " -)"/0. «!# )&)() ">./3 /,!"00('!0 ")>0» ( "&" 1931: 88). ) ( >/0 ""0 )"0 )3-" ""%'!" -' &)"3!"# )() ".!"# )()/ ' &" )"9+ 4 &)3/# &)"+: &)#/ ".,/, &%"% & &/3 "&)3,!!!% -!)(%!"%" ', ".)-"4%" " )"9+, " &)"">3 3 0 '3, '" 0 0/ &"3-"3 - "/1 &)"-#, 0"'/1 ' =&" %%., '" 3-3 ).!(!"0 ('. )( "3 &"">,!! ". ".)-", "(0 /1!)), )-' 0 " -% 1!(3(). ""'" "%"!"# )(),!! &)"'0, &)0 4%" ", ) #, (>3 0/ )-'/ &)"- &""!. "1) 9!"")/ ")"9+"/ ( &)., «")!»), "-9 "/ '/!""&)/ -3. )-9 "")0"!% &"&( )#41 " "#/ &3+: )!"#, «+)+/!"# )()/» ((!" 1913),.(!4'.&. &#-)"!" &."0!"%" "+3" "!)4/ &)"-.)!"%",.)$0"',.0)"#,. ")!"%" %. &)""> -3!"")/ ")"9+"/ >()/: «(4" ""», «!», «:")""!» (/1" " 1923 %.), «'"!» (/1" " 1920 %.),!"3!"!(!1 >()" ). ) >()1 &)" > 0"%1-3 "3/!% #; )+ "1) 3 " %% %%.! >()/ /1"!'.&/1 &)">#! «:()( >,»! «:()( 1"-!». /4(!-" &""."" (!)) ".")!1 &)"-# 13
14 &(.!+.!" (> 1918 %. " -0/0 0 &)#/1!)(%"!!"# )(), /)-4 &)/ 3 «./" ")(>» («)» " 17 $) ), &"&"# /0!)")'/0 &"0"0.")0'#. 3 %"")"3 " "0, '" «3- (0 3 -'!"#!% ' "".,, 3- -!)/3 %- #!%!(9 (4(. ()>(- &)"> )! "0(, '"./ 4 '(3 0""!"0 0) ' &/3, 4 1 &" ).0. (>" -./3, '" > ), " > ")(> %" ".)/1 +#. < >!!%,!! >" )" "&, "> &"('3 0" 4)"!" )&)"). " 0 0, ", '0 #' &"3-(9 4, ">"./3 "'," ", %) - 0("). ". -" > %"() > 3#4 0" &)"0.> # "/0!%0» (+. &": " 1960: 29). *"./" &)" 3" "-!" &)"+ "& ).(0"%" 0)""--) ().! &")"0!)(% ' )()( #,!! )0()%9 ) # (!! $)(!(3()/!( +"0) &"&" &)1" "/ 9, -'(9 09,!!"%" &) " "0, '"!"!!% "&)09, "9 -'( 43!! %+9 &)"&%( 0/4 «)"0» &). )"-'! &"='! &)"- &)),9 ( &"'! )()".-%)0"/1 ")".)!/ %"),.&"0",/ &" $")0 ")>9, &" / )/ '9. /1" 1919 %. >() # «)"» (- )!"0&)" )"#!"00(/, %/# )!").")3!#), &)".0/ &" ""# )()/ "> )4.!"# )() ")-3 &)"+/, &)"1"4 )()!( ="%" )0. "-."34" '" >()", 301".")!" &" # ), &)'0 "3!"."341 %")"1. )-'/1 %")"1 "-!9 "/ >()/ #, "-0/ &)#/0!"0"0"3!0 ")%-+ 0, ")%0 )""%" ".)-", %-0 -)"/1. B )(!"#!"# )()!> 4 &)"+/, # ) "#/. ""# ")"/,!"# )() &" 9 "/ )/ ")/. &)/ 1922 %. &) ( "4!"3"%" ".)-" )"%)./ "- (!"# )()/, ".?4!"")/1 &)&"# ( '9,1 ")". "-% (9 &)"$") $"3!")! ( "4!"3"%" ".)-".&+!") (, >(), &)"'! &"=.)4!. *" ".? 1924 %. "-" 301 «")".#», 4# """# ('41 ") )(!"# "!"# )()/!1 >()" «>» «>». "-, ' %%. (!-/1 >()1 )."9 &)., )3"%"!(.)(.8)0,.!#,..""+!# ;.0)" %. "! &) >() «")»!> "-! %)(&& &)"-!" &"=", )."41!"# )(). ())" =( %)(&&(.!"!#. )(%"# ")"/,! )() 1" $)." " &)" 9,1 &)#/1 )". ' %%. )-'/1 &)#/1 +)!( )1 )!1 03! (&"0 " >"!"# 9"4!"# )()/,!"") 0"%./ &)""" 3 '(>/0 0 "#"3!"00('!"0( "&9 9"4!1 0 C ""# ")"/, 0" %%. '"3 +&)" "-!"# )()/, """ &"0 0"%0 ")0 )" &")."# ).!, )0 &""."3 )-9 '( &)!)"%", )-(3 '%" 14
15 (0/# &)" ( &)"- #, " 9, &)3!!( )(!"#!"# )()/. )(%"# ")"/,."34" -0/1 &)"-# """" /)"3 """ &"/0 &)# %. &"" (.) «#4 "')/ -' &) ". &'» ) &)"'%" &)(0)": «) 3 0)/! "-9 "!"#!"# )()/» ( &)#"# 1954: 294). "0 > %"( III )"#!"0?- &" "4!"3"0( "&9!-!./ ".? ")0"-"0 )- 0)'!"%" 0/4 -%" 3 -!)(%!"%" '. (> 0!!1 &)"-#, "" >- ).! &"!. "%" &"'!"# "+"'" 1 &!" >- &) &" 4 &" 1922 %... &")! )(),!"") 1(">"0 ""4 &)/ %"/ "%" (,"./ '0 /0,!!.&"0","#.-%)0""# %!"#. """0!(9 )()( 1)!)-" 10-0 &)0" &"">3/1 ")+3/1 %)", «'"!" 1")"4", '"!" &"1"» "!"%" ).!.,." % " =" &)" "3 ". )0()% #, '0( &", " - )-" ",# )."/. ".1"0" "03, '" 0 %"()/1 ")%"!!"# )() "." &)3/0. > 1924 %. " - /1 # )"!(3!"# (>! (.5.0"'), ")(! "-"%" 1922 %., ( &"!"")/0!"/0 30 )1/1 "!(0", ', &",!"# )() "3(9 %( "#!% ((>! 1924).,3" -(' / %. 0 "()"%" -3 ( "-, )!% # (' , -0, 5), (>! )&) 1 «3 &).-3/1!%"): 1)!>!,!"")/ 0">" '3 ('/0, "0 0/, '" 1 0">" 3 )(! 9"0( '9.-"%"")"'", 2)!>! ' 0 "03/ 3)!>! "&)" )/» ((>! 1924: 47). &)"#!%") ") " 24 -, 35%,!" ")"# 35 -#, 51%! )3# 10 -#, 14%. «))0 "+! - /: 1) ""%!>!, 2) 0")-+, 3) 9> "."! 4) 4-03"3»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
16 5")0)(9,, &"="0(.". 10', &")! )()./." "!)" )!"! &)".0 «")03».!!0 1(">/0 "&/"0 ")/ ="%" " &)#"# )()/ "., &"="0( "!./ ""." % /, 0." '" &)/0 & 0, "!)/40 &")!(9 0(,./!"0"0"3+/, 1")"4" -!"0/ &")!0 >0, " 4, '"!" )(). > &)"$"3/ %%. &" &). ""." &")!"%" >, "+)( %" "!(!"# )"0!"#!")" %)# " &))"/ (&)., «%)3».7 )+, «"».8)0 ).).!" &)"" "3!"."39 "(0 )()/1 /!" ( &)"$"3/1 &# "!."34# ' /1"41 (0/# &)"!% ".? 9.!"/./ )." )!/1 ")%", 41!"# )()"#, )"0, $)"# "$+3" >0"#!"# 9"4!"# (.!(3(). «"!"3!( )'3 " &)"(!1 )()/, &),!! /1 ". 1, -3!!"%" )-',!0 0",.. )."'0,!"00("0 &"&('!"0, " &)"- &". "!!! (3./ &) ")%'! -/ (3.0 )."'%"! <...>, " ")4" ", '" &) ")%-+" &"0",3 &)# "!-/!(, (,0(!"00(-0, +)3"0 ) ="%"!.-)(9 &)/ >/ &). 0( &) &"0",3 )()"%" &' <" «&+»>, 0( &) ('., %"!""&/0 &"! 4%0 """ 0» ((>! 1924: 98). "&) &+$! )()/!! ' ""#!(3()/. ""# -'# )()/ &)- "".)> >-, ".?!-0 1 (>! -/ «")'! &("#, " &)!'! )"#».""# «)() &"-, )" >-3» ((>! 1924: ). )+& >-)"3 )-)( )()(, "!" )"3 "+!! """.!0 ".)-"0,! %%. &"" "!())"!"# )()/ &)#/0 ")%0 " )440 $!"0, 1" """0!")"3 "(, -!%0 >()0, (> /&(,/0. ) 0"# -&) &"!, 1"(, " 0"%"'/ /!-/ &'.)(&!"# )(%1 #,.-!1! (, (9 &" ")0/!"# )(), (,( +()0" /!>"%" )/! '/1!""&)/1-3,!> +-(), ".? 0 "&3/0 + 0.!)/" )(!"""!"# )()"# (!! # $)"#!(3()/) ' %%., &"# %" &! &" -)4. -!"# )()/ "(, "" 1 > &)+&",!"")/ &) &)0 =" )0! )() +"0 )(%0 0!( 1 &") 9 0)!!"-!"#!!"#, &/9 )-3 (1 "+'!"%" )-0. 16
17 " )"9+# 1917 %. ' " =&"1 )(!"%" ), 4# )." 0/!"(3!"")/1 &!". &)/1 &""!.)3!1 # ()3 "$+3 "'! -)!("!! )(0 )4 '" &)!/1 %"()/1 -' &"'!"%" "-# 4)"! " +39 &)' 1 ")"( &".4# )"9+ /. ")"9+"/# =-)"/# ).#)1"3,. ",. )" )(%1 )>)", &) 1 %" -0" 1 /)-3/1 ) )"%" ) =!"-'!1 + 1, &""../ &"(>3 ""0( 0)""--)9, -0 )0!1 )+"/1 0"" =0"+"3" "+3" ")>. ) # )43"."34!" "-3 "(9!(3()(./" ", '"!)"0!(3()(, ) -03 "-0">". ).- (") (,"3 &""., " %", &" 0/ ""#, "" &"3! (", '"./ -0 -.>/. ) &)" ' 4!"0 #"# $")0"#!(, '"./ "! 3 )03 &"3-"3 %"!! )" &)"&%/ %+, 0." '" %"/ ""%"!"00(-0, &"->, %%. /&" 4 > -' -3! 3"3./ -)( -- "( ). ", - 00 "&/ )")%-+ 0/!(3()/!( &)"+ 0)"%" "- "!"%" )./ -'(9 &""3/0. )" &")"9+"" 10-./" "-0"" "3/0 1(">/0 &"!0 " 1 1!(, &)'0 ) ' %%.,!! %"/ ""%"!"00(-0, ()" -0 )(9,(9 &"-+9...)!" &4, '" «%"/,!"% )() >"&3 ( =!""0'!1 /1 ("# /(>/./ 0"'3, " ) %"")!%")'! &"/0 %"""0, (1" >-3,!"")./ ) ".,", "!"+ &)" 3 "3!" )» ()!" 1983: 359).,(, )>)0 )(!"%" ) "# -0" &)" ""%"!"00(-0 " )(!"" &"&( )" ( -)3!"# ("),!> >/!"")/1-1 "-0">"3 )" (1"" "., +"0 )-(3 &)")" &"% 1 )!3/ =!&)0/, "0 ' )-+ >-, )3"./.. (0. ") 1933: 83-91)..#)1"3, «" %",/#!(3()"# )+""%" ), (> " &"!(4# &(3 ) (""%", &)!'! -('4# &!!3!(" &)>1» ()!" 1976: 432), %"/ ""%"!"00(-0 &)""-% "-(% )3"%"!.), %" "- 0""%" %+""%" ) "!)/" 0"%" "/1 "-0">"#. )-(3 1(">/1 &"!" =1 " &)1"! &) )>) "."" &)"' )0'!"%" 0) &"3 " $(03"# %" &))."!,, "- ""." "&) ""%" 0""%" 17
18 -), "&))( "3!"." /)-3/0 =00!"!)"%" 0), %(, # + &)3" /,/ =&-"/. 1"/0 /"0 " &)") )>) "." ".), )()/0!"0!! """# &""!." 0 "")0" &)1" )>)/, -)!"0"4.!',(,1 1(">!" )3/1 =!&)0")" (.)",.",. ")"!#, «$=!/», 5") ).), &"'! &)"! &)"$"3"%" ) ")"! ) &)")!"%", )."'-!)3!"%". ' &"="0(! ""3" %!" ('" "(, &)1"! =!&)0(!0"%)$! 0(./ &"%"" 0 =!&)0"), -)3. ) 1 )-' 1 ""4! &" 9 «)3/#!.)3», 3- "%3 0, '" ="./ ')-/'#" &""") $- )- )(!"%" )3"%"!(, "!-4 "-# 3 )"&#!# ). )-(3 0","# &")>! «/0» )>)0 0""%", 0" 3"%", ) %"/ ""%"!"00(-0 )3/# " () )!"0&)" 0">" 0/1 )-/1 ")%-+#!(3)" &)") %(! )(, '", &" 09!"")/1 "# %%., «.%") &)09 0" 0" 3"» &)"" «! 1(">" +/0 )-(30» (5&&" 1927: 18). "-! )/ )."', )!,!)")0#!, )/ )."'# 0""> (/).. "'! -) &)"$"" ), 4!"/, &)") )>),!) )()"%"! 0"% )1"3, " )"3 ) 9."# $")0 0 &)"3,." "%", "-%3."34 >/. ") &)!'! =!&)0/ ="# ". &)! &"!( )-/1 ". 1 ), "0 '! "&/0 $) )0()%'!"%" 0). )0) ".""%" ".), )0()%'!0 0)"0 (,1 «/1» # ) "-0">"3 "!-/3 " $!)"/1!" &"""!, 0." '" ") 0)""%" ) 0" 0&)"-+./ - &"'0. ")>0 &)"/ &)0"0 "1, 1,!" ' (>/0 /3!'! ".)-+/,./ commedia dell arte.3/# &)0) &"3-" &")"9+""# #3" &) =!&)0/ % 1%" %" 0"%"'/1 1">1 &"! ( &(# &)"" -0" " )()"%" 0) "")0" "-)"> ) 0&)"-+""%"./" - " "- )()/1 +) 0" &3, (> 41 )+"/0 $")00.!- " $!)""%" )()"%" )0()%'!"%" 0) &)!, ""0( "4( ) =&"1 ""%"!"00(-0., "' " +), "-/1!"!)/0 ")0, "/# )0()%'!"%" 0) 0" 3"0 0""0 ) &)> "3 &)"">3" )0, 1" &"!"%" ")' >('. *"!"!" 0" 3" "- )0'!"# ""/ &"""!. "! )0()%, "%" ")!0, 0&)"-+#, &"!"3!( %" 0 # ")""' «"3!" "3!" =0 "1" ".""%" ")',!"3!" "0, '"./ &)3 ="0( ")'( -!"'/# 1)!)» ()>!# 1922: 18). "'! -) ")!"!"!"# )0()%, "." %" &"1" 0" 0""%" 0" 3"%" ) (#"# )."/ ( "# 18
19 !"!",." >"#, '0 $!)"/# )()/#! %%. &)0(,!"!"%" ")'./ &)")/ "&")0/. "&/ /4 =!&)0/ )0()%# " - (,1 ")!" ".? &)"": «3 3 "")0" +'!# 0) -!"'" 1(">" &)"-. +'!0 0)"0 &" &)0(,( 9 &3/ +'/, " 1(">/» ("3!4# 1929: 246)..", -04# "&)"0 "3!" )0()%,!"3!" ),!> ()>, '" «)() >, - 0"%0!9' 0, &"' % &)1" +(» (!(). "..) (" 1929: 48-49). 0"/# ), )+4# &)"!)- ) )0()% ", "-0">"3 "-03 "( )()/ «&)"%" ")»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«".(> ".,1 "&)""» &) 0 (')> " - -'0/1 "00 &)# «)!"0&)", &", "!" &"!).(». (! 6 &"" "&) "%" )(!"" : «-") - 3"39 -),/1 &)&) # 1 &" +39 "&(,! &""! &)"-# )-)4/1 <...>.9 - &)"0 >-3 &""# "0 "-%» (:!" 1991: 127). ), )." )&)!"0 /)"3 '!(9 0( )-(, "3!"! 1927 %. %" "# %"",/ )"9+,!"%./ &)"/ 0"/!9' - &), "0 ' )"+!"%" "3,./ &) &)/# & # &, '3 &)/ &)"+/ &" ".9 «"/1 $")01.")3./.()>(-"#!"))"9+» &)" &)")!"%" %"(), &)"-"4" -'3/1 ) "./ : "" )/# )"#!#?- )!")" )"./" "-" &)#" ", &" "&)"0 )" &) %&)"& (.), &" '%" )3" " &)), >!(9 +)-"(9 0( (&) %"()/0 )3/0 ")%-+ 0.., +-()/ )." ""3" 1 $)!(3()/!(, -">/!)"0 $")0+""0 &30, &"&" %.../0- "!0 &)0 )&)!"0 ")!/0, -/ # (& =&"1(!(3()"# )"9+,!"") &) 0(9 -/ "&)""0 «...". &"3-" 1 $")0 19
20 !(3()/ + 1 /, &"1 4# ""%# 40 0)""--)0» (+. &": :!" 1991: 129). "+3"-&"'!# "&)", &"/# &)# &) )"0, ".(" 0( )" "0 &3 9."%" >). "%" (> ) (&"0 (/0 ("&(.!"/0.:!"/0) )1/0 "!(00!(, )"# "."-'3 &3/ «.&")/ &" "# ""%'!"# 1(">"# -'0",!> ('4 ".)-+/!'!1 &)"-#», " 3 «)!"0(0/ &3/». )"# - &3/ «)-)4/», " 3 &)"-, «&" ""%'!"# 1(">"# -'0" /-/9, "-)>#». ) $!)" )-) )-!3/1, ""%'!.-)/1 &3. )!/0 ")%0 )!"0""3 &) )%()" )&)() &"1"3! 0 (%(." "")">", ""." )."'1 )#"1. "99 %)(&&(, "."-'0(9 )"#, " %+"/ &3/!(."# 0" 3" «)!"%" )&)()». 3/!"%" )&)() 3 %)(&&/: )"# )!"0(0/ )"# )-)4/ (:!" 1991: ) %. &))"% )"! &)> )&)!"0(, 1929 %. )-(3 +)-+ &)"!")" - &""!"# &3 0/1 ")" &"(' 0/ ")%/ )&)!"0.!" «&"(9,#!")"3» " +). &30 &" ) (.0 >" &"1"3 ""."# "")">"39 00, «"" )."3 &))3/1 &)"0")" 1 &3, )"/1 &". '''' > &". ''''» (+. &": :!" 1991: 131). > %"3! &""! >!"")/ &3/!!", '",, )!"0"3! &""!.)"!"%". %"") (> " ")0!1 +)"! &" &)"- 0."%",."')",.""%",.), &3/.", *.!)., 5.7 ),.).)%,.)!, *.",.(0."-;> &)!'! ")'".(%!". )&)!"0 )!" 0 )"!( &)"" )/!)/ +)!( )/ -00 ) &) /1 &""# ""3" "%" "%" 0 &3/, )%()" )!"!( > 0-+/ &""!1, )&)() "%" "%" ).&. (0. :!" 1991: 133, 134, 135, 136, 137). """ )0 )-3 )0()% " (""%" 0""%" ) &", 1 (+1 "!0)"%" )!.) 0/1 +. ", 3 ) "3!" "'/ &3/, " =" " &)" > %" (0"%" &)" 0">" &)"3 -!"(9 0( 0 >)" )0'!1 &)"-#, "-/1 &"/1 + )(!"%" &)"$"3"%" )0'!"%" ) "!"# =&"1, ( 3-0"3 " -0# "+3"-&"'!"# >- )/. ="0 )- &)"> >)1 )0'!1 &)"-# (0"%" )0. -( &")%3!! &)"-, (/ -)0,! )0()%, "!-4 "(&"# -)9, &)" > 0"%1 #. 20
21 3 3.1.!(3()( )", "0 (' )(!"%", &" %)/, "0 ' )0'!"#, 1"" &)" > 0"%1 "#, 1" "" - «)»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«) (',(9 0"">3». - &) "."# '!# ".-") "" )(!"# )0()% # &"3 " 1917 % " )"9+ &"&( )"3 ) ) "3!" ) -)"/1, &" 0"%" )-'/1 0" 3/1!)(>!"!"!", 41 0/ )-'/ &" >)( )0()%'!"0( 0)( &!!# #. ", )-' 1(">/# ()"3 &" )0()%. 3 (> -/ &3/ 21
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
23 , ', &)"., 0/,!/, +, 0"">3, #! )."40 &"'!0 ".,/0 0, "!-/ ""%'!" "-#. ""% "1" )(%1 &")> 9 ) #, 1"!"%" ), 1 "'! -),./ &)&"'3. %) >, "'! -) &""% =" &(! -., «&)" 0"%('%"!"0&!!" ("'.-(""%" )$!, (""%" "3/0 '"!"0 " %" '"' &"('"%" '"'"0.")3. - "1) ). 0/ 1"0 &)"">3 )- '"', " 0/ ">/ %(43 &)" # ="%"!,!"")/# (> )-9 "."%,9 "3"# '", ".")", &)"3 0( "-0">"3 / 3, &) ' =1 / # (>/ 0 &%"%'!"# "'! -) )(» ("-" 1925: 36). " &) ="0 &)/0 &)"0 ) #./": «)"3 ) # &" -!"0 $")00 ) -)"/1»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«) #!! ")(!"00('!"%" "&»,!"") &)"# "%" )" )!"#, &(,"# )0 #!0 )0, "&)"">0"#, &),!)!0 23
24 &%"%'!0 ".""0 ".1"0" )- ".)-"%" 0/4 '("%" "&) ).!, &" 0/1 4!"3/0 ".('0. ") )."! )!"0&)" &)")%, '" ) 0">./3!! "%)"0/0 &"&")30!"00('!"0(!""0( "&9,! %" "&/0 )%"0. 0" &"="0( 3- ""3! 0(!!! )-'9, ", &)", ".1"0" -3 %" (9 +&3 " 4!""#,!"") «")0"0 ("") )." 0 "+3"%" "&», &"!"3!( &"' " )0, -!9'0 '/)1-& '", &)"/ «0 ('#" 0 1 0#"# "."! (+, " 0 1 "&/0 0»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«/ # " &"">3/1, ")+3/1 "+!1 ". ""#!"# &3. -0 ="%", '"./ "&3,!"")/ %-/ "- )- %" &4( 3 " "0, '" ) # " >" (>"» (+ 1934: 473). )>) "!"!"%" ) # ""# $)-"# 1)!)-( ")0" ")> &""."%" ): «"% / (0 " )." ) #, &) #. )/1 &%"%", &) #. ">/1 &")" < >» (+ 1934: 473). ="0( )0,! 9 (," &")!"# ")%-+, ) )0()% # +"0./ ()0/! "# + $")0)"9 0)""--) ).!. 24
25 > ) )."./ ""'" &"/# ".-") )(!"# )0()% # ""."#, "1) 41 " 1917 %. "&( )"3 ) " &")"9+"/ %"/ ".(" &)" )0'! &)"-, &"="0( %%., "".", &3/ & &)!'! >9,. )-(3 &" 3, "% > &(.!"3 3 &3/ & «".)/# &)"»,!"")"# &)" # &)"1"" " )(, ")" >(!. %) &""." &" 9 &)"&%!1!-"! 30 &+$'!0 &"3-"0 =0"!'!1!-"'/1 9>". ""!)" (&"0"3, '" >." &)"$"3/ )/ # ""'" 3" "'3 "0 )&)()"0 )(% " )(%, ""." %%. *" 0"%"./3 -"!"+&+# 1(">"%" )(!"", c"3",!"+&+# ) +"0, 0"%" -3 " 1(">/1 -% " 1(">"%" )(!"" ). "%" ".("3, ", )00 ""40! )( # " ")"/ &)#"%" )(!""!"!)"%" %")". E0!"3 $.(/ # )-)."! ""/ ).",!"")/ "> ('/3 )0()% ) #, " '0 & (> %%. (0.!)3 1927: 97). )# 0"%"./" ")", -/1 "-0 &3 #,!"")/ "%3./ 0, " '0 &.)4!, 1922 %.: «.!( (> ())"%!(, ",!(",!"'", "(&" %" &"09. "00" "%", ).!(,.", '0 -)""0(, (>/!( -'3/, ".?09, ".)-/, &).>9,! 0"0. < > "="0( ) # "> 3 &3/, -!9'9,.."34!"'",!('"#, +"-"# $")0, >/1 ".)-1» ()4! 1922: 92). " -."34(9 9 &)03,!! &)", > )"9+,.!"'" &"") "%", '" ).!( "", &" 09 &),!"0"0", "), ("3 %.-("" &) ""% )".!"")/ &""./ )0'! &)"-./ > -/, "."34 '3 "441 " )0()%'!1 0)" &) "."# )3/, )&)()/ =!-0& )/. "3/1 (' 1 &3! # -3 0/0 )>"0 %)$"0 «&)1 )(!"&» )3/1-31 ">./ )'/ &)">(. )0()% # """0 "3!"., '" - "'3".)(!)/ )."! )" #.")".!)3 ;."-" ;.""" "!"!"0 ) #.!"3!".")!" &3 #./" -" &" + )!"0&)". ""0( - -# 1924 %..5&&", "% )(!""3 &)0 0"!"!1 )" (&0""), &)&"/."34(9 39,!"")"# ".? &)'/ /1" %" )"%"# - #, 0, '" %" "'! -), «! 1(">!(3() 3 ")-4 1(">!(3() -)"/1»,!!""# " &)."34# ' )&)() &)"$"3"%" ) #,!"%" ) (5&&" 1924: 4).!" + -, 1"." 4)"!, '0 0" 3"# )0()%, 1"!> ""%'!# &! " 0! "-/ %%. &3/ 0">" &")-3 (9,: 1) &3/ 0( )"9+ ""."3"# / %)>!"# "#/ /.")3./,!( 0">" " ")'! &3/, &"!"3!( 1 "3 () "./ 1, -/1 ""."3"#.")3."#,.("0, "0.&.; 25
26 2) &3/ &" ( %+"/,!"")/1 %+ 3 """0 - "!(9 3, " "")0" &)" 1.()>(.&.,!> &3/, % %"") " 0(0"# &". ""%" 0)""--) ; 3) &3/ &")!, % 0 &") """#,! 0 &)0/!9 &3/ 4!"3/; 4) &3/, -/ 0"# 03,!( 0">" " &3/ ".&)-")! %. + &" 9! -/0/ &3/ " ")0",!"")/ )-( > &"(' "".) &)/, 1 '! / 4#. 0'! " &" "& )-0 4#!$!+, " -".""3 "./# )#, "$+3"# "'! -), &) 0 -'3"3. &" ", )'3 ". "3/1 0%)3/1 01, 1" &)!! " )3" "(," &)1 ""# &3/,." &3, " 4/1 &")!"# ).(!,./" "0 0"%", )- "3!" %"/, &)4(9, &" 9 9!". )"0 "%", " 1!1 &31 3 0!"0"0" &) )41.)3 "+".,!"+, &" 9, '" &3 # ".?" #"# "&&"-+# «0/» «"», «4» «4»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«) 39.3 )!». +!"%". 0"0!" %%. "!)" %! &"&" / 3."!)/"#, )()"." -)"#, -'(9 &"3-(9,#!' $"./ ")'! "./, "% "' 1 "!)/ &) 9/0 -)0 &")"! 26
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28 )%, 0 "+" #,!" 0"/ )"# " > )0 - &)(,1 )."'0(!( %(."!"%" ("%" &"0 &)".0 )/ " &). "3 &))>"3 )"0(,!! &)", "-%3 &""./1 &31 >,(, ="!'" - -'3" 1" &"" " &")> &" )."%, &) ""# >-, )1 %" ""%".&.! >, 0"> ('3 "%" ).! '0(, '" "'! -) =&"1, 0( ( -3 (03. ) >- "" &) &" 0(>!"# : "+, ( &" 0(,!> 4!"0 &)",, " " &)")#. )")#!! -)(0"# &3,! " 0"%1 )(%1 "3!" &)"$, (,!" &)>"3, " %"" 1)!)!, - =1 &)") "%")9, " $%()/ 0"'!, $(!+"3/: &)")# ()"0 &"0 &"!( &) "!"# #( "" =0 &"00); 0" &"="0( "+! «(», &"0.&)""3 «30/» ".)!"00(/. " "%", )(9 ")"%(, "!>/# 3 &)", "9 >(, &"%" &)1"! ""# >-. " > )0 03'! ( "'!),.((' &")"0, (> %""! ('9.((,# "# >-: " &"0 0"%" -. "3!" &)",, '"." "4./1, )-.), '%" (,(."%, "', ) %", «(,»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«/%""#» 0.&)-")"!! "%" )".&)0/# ) 0/ ""' ).! ( )3" "( )"#). ' %%.&) ' /)3 9 "")> 9# " &)/'"%" (! >-, " (,"41 &)" >!"!(3()/,./. 03!! ( ",(,3 ""# 39 &"01"# )9 "-."34!"# ""% (&" "% )%#, % ( 8)" &)-/! "0(, '" «)% '"!( "04 %". " 9. "+ 03.", >, 28
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