Intelligence and Physical Symbol Systems
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- Justin Johnson
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1 Classic AI and the Chinese Room
2 Outline Introduction Introduction
3 Outline Introduction Introduction
4 Review The Computational Theory of the Mind The Computational Theory of the Mind (CTM) Minds are an organization of representations, or, more precisely, an organizer of representations.
5 Review The Computational Theory of the Mind The Computational Theory of the Mind (CTM) Minds are an organization of representations, or, more precisely, an organizer of representations. Functionalism Minds are what brains do. (Minsky, Society of Mind)
6 Review The Computational Theory of the Mind The Computational Theory of the Mind (CTM) Minds are an organization of representations, or, more precisely, an organizer of representations. Functionalism Minds are what brains do. (Minsky, Society of Mind) The Computational Brain Brains organize representations, which is another way of saying that they compute.
7 Review Representation Representations Computational representations are patterns of bits, i.e. a binary signal or sequences thereof. But, representations aren t just any bit patterns:
8 Review Representation Representations Computational representations are patterns of bits, i.e. a binary signal or sequences thereof. But, representations aren t just any bit patterns: Representation These bit patterns stand for something, they represent: They covary with an external thing They get used by the computational system in a way that exploits this covariance
9 Physical Symbol Systems The Definition Physical Symbol System PSS (Newell & Simon) 1. Symbols: contains a set of interpretable and combinable items (also called representations)
10 Physical Symbol Systems The Definition Physical Symbol System PSS (Newell & Simon) 1. Symbols: contains a set of interpretable and combinable items (also called representations) These bit patterns covary with something, call it x, outside the system
11 Physical Symbol Systems The Definition Physical Symbol System PSS (Newell & Simon) 1. Symbols: contains a set of interpretable and combinable items (also called representations) These bit patterns covary with something, call it x, outside the system This covariance allows the system to behave in a way that depends on x
12 Physical Symbol Systems The Definition Physical Symbol System PSS (Newell & Simon) 1. Symbols: contains a set of interpretable and combinable items (also called representations) These bit patterns covary with something, call it x, outside the system This covariance allows the system to behave in a way that depends on x 2. Operations: the interpretation and combination of symbols can be broken down into a set of more basic processes (read, write, copy)
13 PSS: a computer Carlotta whose Pavesebit patterns Intelligence andare Physical representations Symbol Systems Introduction Physical Symbol Systems The Definition Physical Symbol System PSS (Newell & Simon) 1. Symbols: contains a set of interpretable and combinable items (also called representations) These bit patterns covary with something, call it x, outside the system This covariance allows the system to behave in a way that depends on x 2. Operations: the interpretation and combination of symbols can be broken down into a set of more basic processes (read, write, copy)
14 Physical Symbol Systems The Hypothesis Physical Symbol System Hypothesis (Newell & Simon) Physical symbol systems have the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action. We ve seen some reasons, for going along with this, let s review these
15 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another
16 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth
17 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth 2. Thoughts are representations
18 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth 2. Thoughts are representations These are physical things
19 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth 2. Thoughts are representations These are physical things 3. Formal logic discovered rules shuffling representations while preserving truth
20 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth 2. Thoughts are representations These are physical things 3. Formal logic discovered rules shuffling representations while preserving truth 4. This is what computers do! Without a homunculus!
21 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth 2. Thoughts are representations These are physical things 3. Formal logic discovered rules shuffling representations while preserving truth 4. This is what computers do! Without a homunculus! 5. Folk psychology? (beliefs and desires cause actions)
22 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth 2. Thoughts are representations These are physical things 3. Formal logic discovered rules shuffling representations while preserving truth 4. This is what computers do! Without a homunculus! 5. Folk psychology? (beliefs and desires cause actions) Computation is a causal process involving representations; beliefs and desires are representations
23 Review Making CTM Look Inevitable Introduction 1. Thinking is moving from one thought to another In a way that preserves truth 2. Thoughts are representations These are physical things 3. Formal logic discovered rules shuffling representations while preserving truth 4. This is what computers do! Without a homunculus! 5. Folk psychology? (beliefs and desires cause actions) Computation is a causal process involving representations; beliefs and desires are representations 6. Fodor: so thinking is probably just computing!
24 Review Turing s Test Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation?
25 Review Turing s Test Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of:
26 Review Turing s Test Introduction Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of: Strategic reasoning
27 Review Turing s Test Introduction Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of: Strategic reasoning Language use
28 Review Turing s Test Introduction Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of: Strategic reasoning Language use Language use makes this task really hard:
29 Review Turing s Test Introduction Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of: Strategic reasoning Language use Language use makes this task really hard: Language is infinite: combinatorial explosion
30 Review Turing s Test Introduction Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of: Strategic reasoning Language use Language use makes this task really hard: Language is infinite: combinatorial explosion Requires combining knowledge of the world with grammatical rules
31 Review Turing s Test Introduction Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of: Strategic reasoning Language use Language use makes this task really hard: Language is infinite: combinatorial explosion Requires combining knowledge of the world with grammatical rules So it seems that there s something to the Turing Test
32 Review Turing s Test Introduction Turing proposed to replace Can a computer think? with Is the computer indistinguishable from a human in conversation? This requires that the computer be capable of: Strategic reasoning Language use Language use makes this task really hard: Language is infinite: combinatorial explosion Requires combining knowledge of the world with grammatical rules So it seems that there s something to the Turing Test Computers are well-positioned to at least handle combinatorial explosion
33 Where We Are With the Computational Theory A computational approach nicely explains the combinatorial features of language
34 Where We Are With the Computational Theory A computational approach nicely explains the combinatorial features of language But combining world knowledge and grammatical knowledge in a human-like way is still on the frontier of computational linguistics
35 Where We Are With the Computational Theory A computational approach nicely explains the combinatorial features of language But combining world knowledge and grammatical knowledge in a human-like way is still on the frontier of computational linguistics More generally, building machines that understand what words mean is on the frontier of research
36 Where We Are With the Computational Theory A computational approach nicely explains the combinatorial features of language But combining world knowledge and grammatical knowledge in a human-like way is still on the frontier of computational linguistics More generally, building machines that understand what words mean is on the frontier of research But what exactly are we talking about when we talk about the meaning of a word or thought?
37 Where We Are With the Computational Theory A computational approach nicely explains the combinatorial features of language But combining world knowledge and grammatical knowledge in a human-like way is still on the frontier of computational linguistics More generally, building machines that understand what words mean is on the frontier of research But what exactly are we talking about when we talk about the meaning of a word or thought? This where philosophers are useful (maybe...)
38 Outline Introduction Introduction
39 The Chinese Room First version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone is in a room with a complete manual that tells one how to answer any Chinese question in Chinese.
40 The Chinese Room First version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone is in a room with a complete manual that tells one how to answer any Chinese question in Chinese. 2. The person cannot understand Chinese.
41 The Chinese Room First version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone is in a room with a complete manual that tells one how to answer any Chinese question in Chinese. 2. The person cannot understand Chinese. 3. From one door, she gets a sheet of paper with a question formulated in Chinese.
42 The Chinese Room First version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone is in a room with a complete manual that tells one how to answer any Chinese question in Chinese. 2. The person cannot understand Chinese. 3. From one door, she gets a sheet of paper with a question formulated in Chinese. 4. She follows the manual, and outputs a correct response in Chinese to the opposite door.
43 The Chinese Room First version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone is in a room with a complete manual that tells one how to answer any Chinese question in Chinese. 2. The person cannot understand Chinese. 3. From one door, she gets a sheet of paper with a question formulated in Chinese. 4. She follows the manual, and outputs a correct response in Chinese to the opposite door. 5. She does not thereby count as understanding Chinese.
44 The Chinese Room The Argument The Chinese Room 1. Passing the Turing test is not sufficient for intelligence.
45 The Chinese Room The Argument The Chinese Room 1. Passing the Turing test is not sufficient for intelligence. 2. Intelligence behavior requires understanding.
46 The Chinese Room The Argument The Chinese Room 1. Passing the Turing test is not sufficient for intelligence. 2. Intelligence behavior requires understanding. 3. But one could pass Turing test (in Chinese or English), without understanding any word of Chinese or English.
47 The Chinese Room The Argument The Chinese Room 1. Passing the Turing test is not sufficient for intelligence. 2. Intelligence behavior requires understanding. 3. But one could pass Turing test (in Chinese or English), without understanding any word of Chinese or English. 4. Hence,Turing test is not sufficient to understanding.
48 The Chinese Room Objection to the set up The Chinese Room 1. No person in such a situation will pass the Turing test!
49 The Chinese Room Objection to the set up The Chinese Room 1. No person in such a situation will pass the Turing test! 2. No instruction manual will be enough complete!
50 The Chinese Room Second version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone has come up with a program P that passes the Turing Test in Chinese when run on a digital computer
51 The Chinese Room Second version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone has come up with a program P that passes the Turing Test in Chinese when run on a digital computer 2. Now, put Searle, who doesn t understand Chinese, in a room with an input slot, P, baskets of tiles w/chinese characters on them & an output slot
52 The Chinese Room Second version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone has come up with a program P that passes the Turing Test in Chinese when run on a digital computer 2. Now, put Searle, who doesn t understand Chinese, in a room with an input slot, P, baskets of tiles w/chinese characters on them & an output slot 3. By following P, Searle could fool a Chinese speaker into thinking that they are communicating with another Chinese speaker
53 The Chinese Room Second version The Chinese Room 1. Suppose someone has come up with a program P that passes the Turing Test in Chinese when run on a digital computer 2. Now, put Searle, who doesn t understand Chinese, in a room with an input slot, P, baskets of tiles w/chinese characters on them & an output slot 3. By following P, Searle could fool a Chinese speaker into thinking that they are communicating with another Chinese speaker 4. Searle (p.18): I still don t understand Chinese!
54 The Chinese Room Second version The Chinese Room Introduction 1. Suppose someone has come up with a program P that passes the Turing Test in Chinese when run on a digital computer 2. Now, put Searle, who doesn t understand Chinese, in a room with an input slot, P, baskets of tiles w/chinese characters on them & an output slot 3. By following P, Searle could fool a Chinese speaker into thinking that they are communicating with another Chinese speaker 4. Searle (p.18): I still don t understand Chinese! 5. There s no important difference between a digital computer & the Chinese Room, so despite passing the Turing Test, a digital computer could never actually understand language
55 The Chinese Room The Intuition Behind it All Searle s real contention is that to understand a natural language you have to know what the words mean, i.e. their semantics
56 The Chinese Room The Intuition Behind it All Searle s real contention is that to understand a natural language you have to know what the words mean, i.e. their semantics But since computers are purely formal they are only really sensitive to syntax
57 The Chinese Room The Intuition Behind it All Searle s real contention is that to understand a natural language you have to know what the words mean, i.e. their semantics But since computers are purely formal they are only really sensitive to syntax So a computer could never understand language
58 The Chinese Room The Intuition Behind it All Searle s real contention is that to understand a natural language you have to know what the words mean, i.e. their semantics But since computers are purely formal they are only really sensitive to syntax So a computer could never understand language It could never possess intentionality
59 The Chinese Room The Intuition Behind it All Searle s real contention is that to understand a natural language you have to know what the words mean, i.e. their semantics But since computers are purely formal they are only really sensitive to syntax So a computer could never understand language It could never possess intentionality Intentionality is aboutness (Franz Brentano)
60 The Chinese Room The Intuition Behind it All Introduction Searle s real contention is that to understand a natural language you have to know what the words mean, i.e. their semantics But since computers are purely formal they are only really sensitive to syntax So a computer could never understand language It could never possess intentionality Intentionality is aboutness (Franz Brentano) Human thoughts and words are not just symbols, they are about something!
61 Outline Introduction Introduction
62 The Chinese Room Response 1: the Systems Reply 1. In the Chinese Room, Searle is the FSM
63 The Chinese Room Response 1: the Systems Reply 1. In the Chinese Room, Searle is the FSM 2. CTM does not claim that the FSM understands the representations
64 The Chinese Room Response 1: the Systems Reply Introduction 1. In the Chinese Room, Searle is the FSM 2. CTM does not claim that the FSM understands the representations Remember: no homunculus!
65 The Chinese Room Response 1: the Systems Reply Introduction 1. In the Chinese Room, Searle is the FSM 2. CTM does not claim that the FSM understands the representations Remember: no homunculus! 3. It claims that the whole implemented program counts as an implementation of understanding
66 The Chinese Room Response 1: the Systems Reply Introduction 1. In the Chinese Room, Searle is the FSM 2. CTM does not claim that the FSM understands the representations Remember: no homunculus! 3. It claims that the whole implemented program counts as an implementation of understanding 4. Does the whole room consist of a system that understands Chinese?
67 Outline Introduction The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Introduction
68 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply The Chinese Room Response 2: is the room a PSS? Is the Chinese Room actually a PSS?
69 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply The Chinese Room Response 2: is the room a PSS? Is the Chinese Room actually a PSS? Are the symbols actually representations?
70 The Chinese Room Introduction Response 2: is the room a PSS? The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Is the Chinese Room actually a PSS? Are the symbols actually representations? Physical symbol systems aren t just any old computer
71 The Chinese Room Introduction Response 2: is the room a PSS? The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Is the Chinese Room actually a PSS? Are the symbols actually representations? Physical symbol systems aren t just any old computer Its symbols must depend on the external world and be used in a way that exploits this dependence
72 The Chinese Room Introduction Response 2: is the room a PSS? The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Is the Chinese Room actually a PSS? Are the symbols actually representations? Physical symbol systems aren t just any old computer Its symbols must depend on the external world and be used in a way that exploits this dependence The Big Question What exactly do we need to find in a bit pattern to count it as representing something?
73 Outline Introduction The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply
74 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.1 The Brain simulator reply These critics concede Searle s claim that just running a natural language processing program as described in the CR scenario does not create any understanding, whether by a human or a computer system.
75 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.1 The Brain simulator reply These critics concede Searle s claim that just running a natural language processing program as described in the CR scenario does not create any understanding, whether by a human or a computer system. But these critics hold that a variation on the computer system could understand.
76 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.1 The Brain simulator reply These critics concede Searle s claim that just running a natural language processing program as described in the CR scenario does not create any understanding, whether by a human or a computer system. But these critics hold that a variation on the computer system could understand. It might be a system that simulated the detailed operation of an entire brain, neuron by neuron (The Brain Simulator Reply).
77 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.1 The Brain simulator reply Consider a computer that operates in quite a different manner than the usual AI program with scripts and operations on strings of linguistic symbols.
78 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.1 The Brain simulator reply Consider a computer that operates in quite a different manner than the usual AI program with scripts and operations on strings of linguistic symbols. The Brain Simulator reply asks us to suppose instead the program simulates the actual sequence of nerve firings that occur in the brain of a native Chinese language speaker when that person understands Chinese every nerve, every firing.
79 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.1 The Brain simulator reply Consider a computer that operates in quite a different manner than the usual AI program with scripts and operations on strings of linguistic symbols. The Brain Simulator reply asks us to suppose instead the program simulates the actual sequence of nerve firings that occur in the brain of a native Chinese language speaker when that person understands Chinese every nerve, every firing. Since the computer then works the very same way as the brain of a native Chinese speaker, processing information in just the same way, it will understand Chinese.
80 Outline Introduction The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply
81 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.2 The Robot reply The Robot Reply concedes Searle is right about the Chinese Room scenario.
82 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.2 The Robot reply The Robot Reply concedes Searle is right about the Chinese Room scenario. it shows that a computer trapped in a computer room cannot understand language, or know what words mean.
83 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.2 The Robot reply The Robot Reply concedes Searle is right about the Chinese Room scenario. it shows that a computer trapped in a computer room cannot understand language, or know what words mean. the Robot Reply suggests that we put a digital computer in a robot body, with sensors, such as video cameras and microphones, and add effectors, such as wheels to move around with, and arms with which to manipulate things in the world.
84 The Brain Simulator reply The Robot reply Stanley Response 2.2 The Robot reply The Robot Reply concedes Searle is right about the Chinese Room scenario. it shows that a computer trapped in a computer room cannot understand language, or know what words mean. the Robot Reply suggests that we put a digital computer in a robot body, with sensors, such as video cameras and microphones, and add effectors, such as wheels to move around with, and arms with which to manipulate things in the world. Such a robot a computer with a body could do what a child does, learn by seeing and doing.
85 Outline Introduction Introduction
86 The Chinese Room Response 3: Are our intuitions reliable? Should we really listen to our intuitions about what counts as understanding?
87 The Chinese Room Introduction Response 3: Are our intuitions reliable? Should we really listen to our intuitions about what counts as understanding? Are our intuitions reliable?
88 The Chinese Room Introduction Response 3: Are our intuitions reliable? Should we really listen to our intuitions about what counts as understanding? Are our intuitions reliable? If a computer passes the Turing test, would not that trump our pre-theoretical intuitions?
89 The Chinese Room Introduction Response 3: Are our intuitions reliable? Should we really listen to our intuitions about what counts as understanding? Are our intuitions reliable? If a computer passes the Turing test, would not that trump our pre-theoretical intuitions? Why should we give our intuitions a role in science?
90 The Chinese Room What is understanding? What is understanding anyway?
91 The Chinese Room What is understanding? What is understanding anyway? It is not enough to say that a computer does not understand.
92 The Chinese Room What is understanding? Introduction What is understanding anyway? It is not enough to say that a computer does not understand. We should say what is required of understanding.
93 The Chinese Room What is understanding? Introduction What is understanding anyway? It is not enough to say that a computer does not understand. We should say what is required of understanding. But if one shows to be able to manipulate meaningful symbols, what more is required for one to count as understanding?
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