Planning for Effective Teaching and Learning

Transcription

1 12 Planning for Effective Teaching and Learning Introduction A good teacher knows that planning is important. As teachers we engage in many different types of planning, and this chapter will explore these in detail. There are many influences we need to consider when planning and these will also be examined. In the toolkit you will find different templates for lesson plans that can be used across the different phases of schooling, tips on how to construct lesson objectives, how to get the timing of lessons right and how to evaluate a lesson after you have presented it. Included in this chapter is practical information about: Constructing lesson objectives 2 Organising the students 3 Getting the timing of lessons right 4 Evaluating lessons 5 Matching lesson objectives to lesson content and activities 6 Online planning resources 8 Lesson plan templates 9 1

2 Constructing lesson objectives Follow these step-by-step instructions. 1 Identify the aspect of the curriculum document you wish to focus on and plan your learning activity. 2 Create a stem. Some stem examples: After completing the lesson, the student will be able to After this unit, the student will have By completing the activities, the student will At the conclusion of the course/unit/study the student will 3 After you create the stem, add a verb; for example, analyse, recognise, compare, provide, list, etc. 4 Once you have a stem and a verb, determine the actual product, process or outcome; for example, After completing this lesson, the student will be able to recognise foreshadowing in various works of literature. See the list of suitable verbs to use in lesson objectives later in this Toolkit chapter. 2

3 Organising the students Deciding how to organise your classroom should be influenced by the types of teaching strategies you tend to favour or use the most. Beyond the physical arrangements, you also have decisions to make regarding grouping within lessons. Have a read below to consider some of the variations you could use. See Chapter 9 of this Toolkit for more detail on physical classroom arrangements. Table 12.1 Teacherled groups Studentled groups Other groupings Grouping students Teacher-led groups are the most common configuration used in classrooms today. They include whole-class, small group and individual instruction. In general, communication paths in teacher-led groups are almost exclusively between teacher and student. Teacher-led groups are an effective and efficient way of introducing material, summing up the conclusions made by individual groups, meeting the common needs of a large or small group, and providing individual attention or instruction. Student-led groups can take many forms but they all share a common feature students control the group dynamics and maintain a voice in setting the agenda for the group. Student-led groups provide opportunities for divergent thinking and encourage students to take responsibility for their own learning. One of the benefits of student-led groups is that they model real-life adult situations in which people work together, not in isolation, to solve problems. Students working in groups learn to work with people from varying backgrounds and with different experiences, which sharpens social skills and develops a sense of confidence in their own abilities. Outside of these two main types are other variations. Groupings may be: Whole-class instruction Small-group instruction Students working alone on teacher-directed activities Groupings may be: Collaborative groups Performance-based groups Pairs Groupings may be: Ability-based groups Age-based groups Cross-class groupings Class arranged into different groupings based on tasks being completed 3

4 Getting the timing of lessons right Timing is largely dependent on your delivery of lessons and your classes characteristics. These tips should help you, but remember that your sense of timing will come with more teaching experience and time spent in the classroom: Always allow time for an introduction this links to previous lessons and sets up the current lesson. Five to ten minutes should be enough time. Activities there are many suggested times dependent on the age of the learners (such as age + 2 minutes = maximum concentration time). Ten to fifteen minutes should be about right for an activity. Conclusions always schedule one at the end of the lesson and allow at least five minutes for this. Keep a clock somewhere visible keep an eye on it and keep the momentum of the lesson going. Don t plan to cover too many activities fewer activities in more depth is best. Make timekeeping part of the class activities nominate a timekeeper and ask them to let everyone know when there is five minutes left, etc. This has the added bonus of making the class mindful of the lesson, momentum and what needs to be covered. 4

5 Evaluating lessons Lesson evaluation is largely an activity that occurs as private speech within an individual teacher this is how the majority of your evaluations will be conducted. You can frame this process around simple frameworks such as: What worked? What didn t work? What would I change next time? Or consider more complex questions such as: Did all students learn something related to lesson objectives? How do you know? Did some new learning goals emerge during the lesson? Can you evaluate your students learning via the products/performances they created? What instructional strategies were the most effective? What one thing might you have done differently which would have made the lesson more effective? What else would you like to change, next time you use this lesson? Alternatively it can be evidenced via other aspects such as: Task completion did the class manage to complete the planned tasks? What evidence is there that you can examine; for example, completed worksheets, exercise books, performances? Questioning did questioning the class identify their level of comprehension or difficulties? Peers did another teacher co-teach with you? Did a peer observe you? If you have a teaching assistant, what was their feedback? 5

6 Matching lesson objectives to lesson content and activities One of the reasons a lesson may not work or might fail to achieve what you had hoped is a misalignment between lesson objectives and the actual lesson content or activities. Each of the verbs in Table 12.2 inspire a particular type of learning activity, and often there are many different options for how this can be achieved and different teaching strategies to adopt. Follow the steps below to help you align these aspects more carefully. Table 12.2 Guide to successful lesson objectives Lesson objective: The students will be able to match opposite words 1 Identify the verb 2 Decide on a 3 Decide on the class 4 Decide how to from the lesson teaching approach or grouping evaluate the objective objective activity that will best suit this objective add alphabetise assemble assess Initially explain the meaning of the word opposite and provide examples Whole class Task completion will indicate comprehension build calculate collect colour compare compute construct debate define Spread word cards on the tables and ask students to match pairs of opposites Table groups (4 students) Number of correct matches design discuss draw explain 6

7 grow inspect list Matching pairs are called out and written on the whiteboard Table groups (4 students) Number of correct matches locate match measure operate place plan point rate review say select Students copy down matched pairs of words Fun worksheet: matching opposites Individual Question students about opposites of other commonly known words show solve speak write 7

8 Online planning resources Splash, the ABC s education website, offers teaching resources, games and videos for teachers, all mapped to the Australian Curriculum: A four-week plan template based on the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) can be found by going to then scrolling partway down the page to the links at the bottom of the post. Many EYLF programming templates and examples of completed curriculum plans, information sheets and learning stories, including child observation, evaluation, planning next steps and parent feedback, can be found here: Early years teachers might find this explanation of EYLF curriculum plans useful: This planner helps organise lessons around the EYLF principles and practices: go to then scroll down to the links at the bottom of the post. These templates and samples can help kindergarten teachers plan and document daily and weekly learning programs, and reflect on and record child observation: This is a fairly detailed daily work plan for kindergarten teachers: go to then scroll down to the links at the bottom of the post. A publication with a selection of real-life programs that work with the EYLF and the National Quality Standards, along with information on planning and reflecting on programs, can be downloaded by going to and clicking the link at the bottom of the page. 8

9 Lesson plan templates Following are four examples of lesson plan templates, with annotations to help you further understand their purpose and value. Sample lesson plan 1 basic lesson plan Key learning area: Curriculum links: Date: Grade level: Topic: Lesson objectives: IEP considerations: Groups: Resources: Learning activities/process: Timing: 1 Opening introduction: Closing review: 5 Assessment opportunities: Evaluation: Rate on scale of 1 5: O (organisation) R (resources) B (behaviour) I (interest) T (timing) 9

10 Sample lesson plan 2 annotated Key learning area: Curriculum area (e.g. English) Learning outcomes: State curriculum document Strand Specific learning outcomes related to the lesson Lesson introduction: Topic/title: For example: Speaking and listening Let s go shopping Resources: Texts Equipment Games Cards Diagrams Human resources Provide an indication of the duration. Sets the scene for the lesson and describes what you are about to teach. Main teaching points: Provide an indication of the duration of each task. This is the body of the lesson; it may include questions to develop understanding and extend thinking. Explain to the students what they are required to do and what your role will be in facilitating learning. Lesson conclusion: Provide an indication of the duration of this section. Brings the lesson to a conclusion, summarises and reiterates the key points and ideas presented. Assessment of learning: Teaching evaluation: How will you assess student learning, understanding and skills? What strategies will you use to assess whether students attained the learning outcomes? What will you do next lesson? The evaluation is concerned with reflective practice. Identify the interrelationships between the outcomes, content and delivery, and pedagogy. What went well? What could be improved? How could you improve this? 10

11 Sample lesson plan 3 annotated Date: Learning area: Which curriculum area? Strand: Links to state curriculum document and strand Learning outcomes: Links to curriculum documents and indicators Grade level: Topic: Focus of teaching and learning Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson students should be able to: What do you want students to be able to do, know or understand at the end of the lesson? How will you know what evidence of learning can you expect? Timing Learning and teaching strategies Key teaching points Equipment/resources Approx. timing for each point Introduction to the lesson Teacher directed Whole class Main points or questions Sequentially presented Texts, student books, games, tapes, CDs, human resources As above This section is related to the body or main part of the lesson. As above As above Cooperative or individual learning Ability, streamed, friendship, gender, student selected, or teacher directed groupings Jigsaw, round robins, think/pair/share, inside/outside circles, pairs As above This section is related to the conclusion of the lesson. As above As above Teacher directed 11

12 Whole class sharing, celebration of learning Assessment of learning and teaching: Checklists, work samples, performances, student selfassessment, rubrics Self-evaluation: What went well? Why? What didn t go as well? Why? What will you do next time? Notes for next lesson: Points to remember for next lesson. A particular resource? A child that may require extension, remediation or other types of intervention? 12

13 Sample lesson plan 4 annotated Year/Grade level Date Term Subject area Duration of lesson Curriculum area Learning outcomes: Links to your state curriculum documents, strand and specific learning outcomes Evidenced by: What performance indicators will students demonstrate? Resources: A painting, poem, excursion, guest speaker, text Time Teacher activities Student activities Assessment Estimate the duration of each step Outline the teacher roles and activities; each step is sequential Outline the student roles and activities, each step is sequential How will you assess student learning at each point? It is not adequate to write observations; be specific what will you observe? If you write questioning, document the questions. Self evaluation If you were going to teach the lesson again, what would you retain and/or change? Timing, pace, classroom management? Voice projection? What would you do differently? Why? What went well? Classroom management Early finishers: what will students do? Late finishers: what will you do? Where to next? As a result of the lesson, what will you do next? Consolidation, extension, remediation? 13