Statistical release P0100

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3 Statistical release P0100 Income and Expenditure of Households 2010/2011 Embargoed until: 6 November :30 am Enquiries: User Information Services (012)

4 Statistics South Africa ii P0100 Income and expenditure of households, 2010/2011 / Statistics South Africa Published by Statistics South Africa, Private Bag X44, Pretoria 0001 Statistics South Africa, 2012 Users may apply or process this data, provided Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) is acknowledged as the original source of the data; that it is specified that the application and/or analysis is the result of the user's independent processing of the data; and that neither the basic data nor any reprocessed version or application thereof may be sold or offered for sale in any form whatsoever without prior permission from Stats SA. Stats SA Library Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) Data Income and expenditure of households, 2010/2011 / Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2012 P pp A complete set of Stats SA publications is available at Stats SA Library and the following libraries: National Library of South Africa, Pretoria Division National Library of South Africa, Cape Town Division Library of Parliament, Cape Town Bloemfontein Public Library Natal Society Library, Pietermaritzburg Johannesburg Public Library Eastern Cape Library Services, King William s Town Central Regional Library, Polokwane Central Reference Library, Nelspruit Central Reference Collection, Kimberley Central Reference Library, Mmabatho This report is available on the Stats SA website: Copies are obtainable from: Printing and Distribution, Statistics South Africa Tel: (012) (012) (012) inadp@statssa.gov.za annelineb@statssa.gov.za For technical enquiries please contact: Werner Ruch wernerr@statssa.gov.za

5 Statistics South Africa Preface iii P0100 This statistical release presents a selection of key findings and tables based on the data that were collected by Stats SA through the Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) 2010/2011 that was carried out during the period September 2010 to August This release focuses on the income, consumption and spending patterns of households at national and provincial levels. PJ Lehohla Statistician-General

6 Statistics South Africa Cautionary notes iv P0100 Readers are cautioned to take the following into consideration: Comparisons to Census 2011 It is important to note that the estimates reflected by the IES 2010/2011 have not been weighted to the findings of the recently released Census 2011; instead, the survey has been weighted to mid-march 2011 population estimates. Although distributions in terms of proportions may be similar, there will be differences in the findings when it comes to actual numbers. The IES is a more detailed tool for measuring personal and household income and thus, direct one-to-one comparisons to Census 2011 income data is limited. Rounding off Due to rounding, the displayed totals in the tables do not always match the sum of the displayed rows or columns

7 Statistics South Africa v P0100 Table of contents 1. Introduction Background of the survey Outline of this report Key findings Results of the IES 2010/ Comparison of IES 2010/2011 against IES 2005/ Summary of the findings Household composition Household consumption expenditure Household income Findings Food, beverages and tobacco Clothing and footwear Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling Health Transport Communication Recreation and culture Education Restaurants and hotels Miscellaneous goods and services Explanatory notes The instruments of data collection How the IES 2010/2011 was conducted Time span Response details Technical notes Sample Coverage Data collection Data processing Data editing and imputation Data organisation Weighting Comparability Concepts and definitions Tables... 33

8 Statistics South Africa vi P0100 Tables Table 1: Main differences between IES 2000, IES 2005/2006 and IES 2010/ Table 2: Total and average annual household consumption expenditure by main expenditure group...2 Table 3: Comparison of average annual household consumption expenditure by sex and population group of household head, as well as main expenditure groups...4 Table 4: Comparison of average annual household income by sex and population group of household head...5 Table 5: Percentage distribution of households by population group and sex of household head...6 Table 6: Annual household income by sex and population group of household head...11 Table 7: Percentage distribution of total household consumption expenditure on education attributed to public and private institutions by population group of household head...21 Table 8: Data collection activities by week for the IES 2010/ Table 9: Response rates for the IES 2010/ Table 10: Comparisons between the IES 2000, IES 2005/2006 and IES 2010/

9 Statistics South Africa vii P0100 Figures Figure 1: Percentage distribution of households by settlement type and sex of household head... 6 Figure 2: Average household size by settlement type and sex of household head... 7 Figure 3: Percentage distribution of total annual household consumption expenditure by main expenditure groups... 7 Figure 4: Percentage distribution of annual household consumption expenditure on broad expenditure groups by population group of household head... 8 Figure 5: Average annual household consumption expenditure by population group of household head... 9 Figure 6: Percentage distribution of households by per capita expenditure quintiles and population group of household head... 9 Figure 7: Percentage distribution of households by sex of household head and per capita expenditure quintiles Figure 8: Average annual household income by population group of household head Figure 9: Percentage distribution of households by per capita income quintiles and population group of household head Figure 10: Percentage distribution of annual household income by main income groups and sex of household head Figure 11: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to food, beverages and tobacco by population group of household head Figure 12: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to clothing and footwear by province Figure 13: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels by population group of the household head Figure 14: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling by sex of the household head Figure 15: Percentage distribution of household consumption expenditure on health in South Africa by population group of household head Figure 16: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to transport by population group of household head Figure 17: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to communication by settlement type Figure 18: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to recreation and culture by province Figure 19: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to education by population group of household head Figure 20: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to restaurants and hotels by population group of household head Figure 21: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to miscellaneous goods and services by population group of household head... 23

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11 Statistics South Africa 1 P Introduction This report presents the results of the Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) conducted by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) between September 2010 and August The primary objective of the IES is to provide relevant statistical information on household consumption expenditure patterns that will inform the updating of the consumer price index (CPI) basket of goods and services. The information presented in this report was collected from households across the country over a period of 12 months. The survey used a combination of the diary and recall methods. Households were required to complete their daily acquisitions in diaries provided by Stats SA for a period of two weeks and to answer a variety of questions from the household questionnaire administered by a Stats SA official over a four week period. 1.1 Background of the survey The data collection methodology used for the IES 2010/2011, namely a combination of diary and recall methods, was first used in the IES 2005/2006. However, in an effort to improve diary reporting, the diary-keeping period was reduced from one month to two weeks. After extensive testing, the reduced diary-keeping showed an increase in the number of items reported in the weekly diary and had a noticeable impact on reducing respondent fatigue (meaning households were less likely to drop out during data collection). Despite the reduction to two weeks, the survey was still designed to ensure diary data for every day across the whole 12-month data collection period. In other words, where previously there were 12 survey periods (one per month), the IES 2010/2011 had 26 survey periods (each period covering exactly two weeks) that covered the 52 weeks of the year. Table 1 below illustrates the main differences between previous IESs. Table 1: Main differences between IES 2000, IES 2005/2006 and IES 2010/2011 Distinguishing features IES 2000 IES 2005/2006 IES 2010/2011 Sample size DUs DUs DUs Methodology Recall Diary and recall Diary and recall Household questionnaire One module Five modules Four modules Diaries None Four weekly diaries Two weekly diaries Goods Payment approach Acquisition approach Acquisition approach Expenditure data collection approach Services Payment approach Payment approach Payment approach Own production Consumption approach Consumption approach Consumption approach Survey period Five weeks Mainly October 2000 One year September 2005 to August 2006 One year September 2010 to August 2011 Reference period: Food expenditure September 2000 September 2005 to August 2006 September 2010 to August 2011 Visits per household One Six Four Classification of expenditure items Standard Trade Classification COICOP COICOP

12 Statistics South Africa 2 P Outline of this report This report has eight sections. This section (Section 1) provides the background information on the IES. The remaining sections are organised as follows: Section 2 presents key findings on consumption expenditure in South Africa; Section 3 provides a summary of the findings of the survey; Section 4 presents findings of the survey across the different consumption expenditure categories; Section 5 provides explanatory notes that will provide greater detail into the design and implementation of the survey; Section 6 focuses on technical issues relating to the survey; Section 7 provides detailed information on the relevant concepts and definitions; and Section 8 presents selected results in a series of tables. 2. Key findings 2.1 Results of the IES 2010/2011 The results of the Income and Expenditure Survey 2010/2011 show that the total annual household consumption expenditure between September 2010 and August 2011 is estimated at R1,25 trillion. The average South African household spent approximately R during the survey with the main components of that expenditure coming from housing, transport, food and miscellaneous goods and services. Table 2: Total and average annual household consumption expenditure by main expenditure group Main expenditure groups Rand Total (in millions) Average Percentage contribution Food and non-alcoholic beverages ,8 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco ,1 Clothing and footwear ,5 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels ,0 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling ,1 Health ,4 Transport ,1 Communication ,8 Recreation and culture ,0 Education ,7 Restaurants and hotels ,4 Miscellaneous goods and services ,7 Unclassified items ,1 Total ,0 * Due to rounding, figures do not necessarily add up to totals

13 Statistics South Africa 3 P0100 Following the trend established by previous IESs, housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels remains the largest contributor to household consumption expenditure across households. The group represents 32,0% of total household consumption expenditure, with the average household spending roughly R during the survey year. Contributing factors to this expenditure group include dramatic increases in electricity tariffs and a combination of higher estimation of house values (the base) relative to IES 2005/2006, and higher rental yields which are used to impute rental values for owner-occupied dwellings (proportion of the base). When combined with consumption expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages (which is the fourth largest expenditure group by itself), the two groups account for approximately half of all consumption expenditure in the country. Essentially, one out of every two Rand spent by South African households goes towards housing and food. Transport is the second largest expenditure group and is estimated at R214 billion or 17,1% of total household consumption expenditure. The average South African household spent approximately R on transport between September 2010 and August Miscellaneous goods and services represents 14,7% of total annual household consumption expenditure, making it the third largest group. The reason for this high expenditure is rooted in the classification system used for the survey (COICOP), which includes insurance as part of the miscellaneous expenditure group. The by-product of this classification also results in what appears to be very low health expenditure (which is roughly 1,4% of total household consumption expenditure), but since medical aid contributions and medical insurance fall under miscellaneous expenditure, the health expenditure group just represents out-of-pocket expenditure by households. On average, households spent approximately R1 357 on health. Accounting for 12,8%, food and non-alcoholic beverages is the fourth largest contributor to household consumption expenditure. While the proportion may seem low, it is partly the result of higher housing and transport expenditure which pushes other proportions lower. On average, a typical household spent R on food and non-alcoholic beverages in the survey year. Approximately 1,1% of consumption expenditure went to alcoholic beverages and tobacco, with an average expenditure of R1 045 on these items by households. However, due to the nature of diary surveys and compounded by the fact that these items are generally seen as sin expenditure, it is important to note that this figure is probably under-reported by the survey. Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling during the time of the survey was measured at R64 billion or approximately 5,1% of total household consumption expenditure. This translates to an average expenditure of R4 877 per household during the survey. The average South African household spent R4 284 on clothing and footwear between September 2010 and August In total, households spent around R56 billion on clothing and footwear, 4,5% of total consumption expenditure. The other expenditure groups, namely recreation and culture (3,0%), communication (2,8%), education (2,7%) and restaurants and hotels (2,4%) accounted for the remaining R137 billion measured by the IES 2010/ Comparison of IES 2010/2011 against IES 2005/2006 The table below presents the real change in consumption expenditure according to the sex and population group of the household head, as well as the change by main expenditure groups. It indicates that average household consumption expenditure in South Africa increased from R in 2005/2006 to approximately R in 2010/2011, which translates into a nominal increase of 69,5%. In constant 2011 prices, we see a real increase in spending of 24,6% or roughly R

14 Statistics South Africa 4 P0100 Table 3: Comparison of average annual household consumption expenditure by sex and population group of household head, as well as main expenditure groups IES 2010/11 (R) IES 2005/06 (R) Real growth Increase in Rand terms South Africa ,6% Sex of household head Male ,1% Female ,9% Population group of household head Black African ,0% Coloured ,8% Indian/Asian ,7% White ,1% Main expenditure groups Food and non-alcoholic beverages ,6% 73 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco ,2% 79 Clothing and footwear ,7% Housing, water, electricity and other fuels ,9% Furnishings and household equipment ,8% 267 Health ,9% 51 Transport ,8% Communication ,4% 791 Recreation and culture ,0% - 28 Education ,0% 525 Restaurants and hotels ,5% 345 Miscellaneous goods and services ,8% Unclassified items ,3% * Total inflation for all items used as a proxy for "unclassified items" price change While all population groups made significant real gains in average annual consumption expenditure, Indian/Asianheaded households had the biggest gains both in Rand value terms (R57 443) and as a percentage increase (40,7%). Black African-headed households had the second largest percentage gain (35,0%), but the smallest increase in terms of Rand value (R14 510). Meanwhile, while white-headed households grew the least in percentage terms (16,1%), that translated into a R increase from 2005/2006. With regard to sex, both female and male-headed households made noteworthy gains, showing a real increase of 18,9% and 27,1% respectively since 2005/2006. However, in Rand terms, the difference in gains was sizeable at R between male-headed households and their female counterparts. Housing expenditure saw the largest increase between the two surveys, growing by 47,9% since 2005/2006. As has been noted, respondents were reporting relatively higher values for their houses compared to 2005/2006; when combined with a higher rental yield used to calculate imputed rent on owner-occupied houses, this expenditure group shows the biggest gains, both in nominal and real terms. Nevertheless, there is a range of other reasons for such large gains in housing expenditure, such as the dramatic increases in electricity tariffs which increased more than three times that of general inflation (111,4% for electricity versus 37,3% for all items between 2005/2006 and 2010/2011). After housing, the largest percentage increases in average annual household consumption expenditure were in clothing and footwear (42,7%), communication (41,4%), education (26,0%), miscellaneous goods and services (23,8%) and transport (21,8%). However, in Rand terms, clothing and footwear, transport and miscellaneous goods and services contributed well over a third (36,7%) of the total increase (housing accounted for 52,6%). The growth in these expenditure groups mirrors that of more developed countries and ultimately highlights the growth of a black middle class in South Africa and a country that is slowly, but overall getting richer. Another common feature

15 Statistics South Africa 5 P0100 (which we also see in South Africa) is a decline in the share of food expenditure, especially as higher incomes are used to pay for more expensive housing and transport. Expenditure relating to recreation and culture (such as expenditure on hobbies, games, toys, etc.) shows the slight decline, with a real change of only -1,0% or roughly R28 less than 2005/2006. This is likely the result of residual lag from households that had to cut such items from their spending during the global financial crisis in 2008 and that have not yet made the decision to increase spending in this area again. Change in health expenditure is tough to measure/interpret since all expenditure on medical aid and medical insurance is classified as miscellaneous expenditure according to COICOP. So the 3,9% increase since 2005/2006 simply reflects the increase in out-of-pocket expenditure on things like medicine, etc. Between 2005/2006 and 2010/11, items linked to health have seen higher than normal inflation (prices increased by 40,0% compared to the overall inflation of 37,3%). One can therefore infer that there have been no major shifts in how households deal with the financial burden of illness. A very positive change that can be seen in these results has been the reduction in unclassified expenses. This highlights improvements made by the survey in data collection, data processing and data editing strategies and processes. Through these improvements, it is now possible to ensure that more items are linked to a corresponding COICOP code. The 24,6% increase in spending by households in South Africa can be linked to various reasons, such as households incurring greater debt, the use of savings and/or increases to income. A comparison of income data between the two income and expenditure surveys reveals that the average annual household income experienced a real increase of 16,7% (approximately R17 141) since 2005/2006 (see Table 4 below). Thus, according to the findings of the survey, higher income is likely one of the main drivers for higher household consumption expenditure. Since respondents commonly under-report their income either through forgetfulness or out of misplaced concern that the information they report might be shared with the taxation authority, it is safe to assume that the income gains are actually larger than reported. Table 4: Comparison of average annual household income by sex and population group of household head IES 2010/11 (R) IES 2005/06 (R) Real Growth Increase in Rand terms South Africa % Sex of household head Male % Female % Population group of household head Black African % Coloured % Indian/Asian % White % Examining the increases to income according to population group, we see the largest increases happening in nonwhite households. Indian/Asian-headed households showed a 36,8% increase (an increase of R68 013), closely followed by black African-headed households at 34,5% (an increase of R17 859). Households headed by coloureds saw a 27,7% increase in income (an increase of R30 152), while white-headed households saw only a 0,4% real increase or roughly R1 412 more. Despite this significant growth in income in non-white households, there is still a tremendous gap between the population groups. White-headed households on average earn more than 5.5 times the income of the average black African-headed household. So while the income growth trend shows very positive signs, inequality remains a serious challenge for the country. Although marginal, male-headed households are still seeing greater income growth than households headed by women. However, in most male-headed households, the income reported commonly includes a working wife, so it is possible that gains made by their wives give extra weight to the household s overall income. In conclusion, even though South Africans are getting richer, overall there are still very high levels of inequality across and within population groups. It is important to note that while almost everyone reported making financial gains between the two surveys, the majority of the population are doing so from a relatively low base (i.e. big percentage gains do not necessarily translate into big Rand gains).

16 Statistics South Africa 6 P Summary of the findings 3.1 Household composition Table 5: Percentage distribution of households by population group and sex of household head Population group of household head Total (%) Male (%) Sex of household head Female (%) Black African 76,6 57,1 42,9 Coloured 8,5 64,5 35,5 Indian/Asian 2,5 79,8 20,2 White 12,4 76,0 24,0 Total 100,0 60,6 39,4 Of the total number of households in South Africa, the survey found that slightly more than three quarters (76,6%) of the households were headed by black Africans. Approximately one in eight (12,4%) households were headed by whites with less than one in ten (8,5%) households headed by coloureds. Only 2,5% were headed by Indians/Asians. The majority of households in South Africa are headed by men, with six out of every ten (60,6%) households being male-headed as opposed to four tenths (39,4%) being female-headed. While less than a quarter of white (24,0%) and Indian/Asian (20,2%) households were headed by women, this was the case for more than a third (35,5%) of coloured-headed households and more than two-fifths (42,9%) of black African-headed households. Figure 1: Percentage distribution of households by settlement type and sex of household head Figure 1 shows that three quarters (75,7%) of all households in rural formal areas were headed by men. Approximately two-thirds of households in urban formal areas (65,7%) and urban informal areas (64,8%) were also found to be headed by men. Female-headed households were in the majority in traditional areas, where more than half (53,5%) of all households were headed by women.

17 Statistics South Africa 7 P0100 The survey found the average household size to be 3,85. This average was found to vary across the different population groups with white-headed households showing an average household size of 2,86. For Indian/Asianheaded households the average size was 3,76, while black African-headed households had an average size of 3,98. Coloured-headed households were the largest with an average size of 4,06. Figure 2: Average household size by settlement type and sex of household head Figure 2 shows that for all households the average household size was higher in female-headed households (4,20) than male-headed households (3,62). This trend can be seen across all settlement types. The largest average household size was found to be amongst female-headed households in traditional areas at 4, Household consumption expenditure Figure 3: Percentage distribution of total annual household consumption expenditure by main expenditure groups Expenditure on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels remains the largest contributor to total annual household consumption expenditure in South Africa.

18 Statistics South Africa 8 P0100 Figure 3 shows that approximately a third (32,0%) of total household expenditure was spent on this main expenditure group. 1 Transport was the second largest contributor of household expenditure, accounting for one in every six Rand (17,1%) spent by all households. Miscellaneous goods and services accounted for 14,7% of household expenditure, with insurance, financial services and personal care making up the bulk of this expenditure group. The other large expenditure group across all households was food, beverages (both alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and tobacco slightly more than one out of every seven Rand (13,9%) was spent on this group. Figure 3 shows the smaller expenditure groups to be those of furnishings, household equipment and maintenance (5,1%), clothing and footwear (4,5%), recreation and culture (3,0%), and so on. Expenditure on health accounted for only 1,4% of total annual household consumption expenditure. It is important to note that expenditure on medical aid schemes is classified as insurance and will therefore be a component of the miscellaneous goods and services expenditure group. Figure 4: Percentage distribution of annual household consumption expenditure on broad expenditure groups by population group of household head Figure 4 shows that almost a fifth (18,4%) of annual household consumption expenditure was spent on food and clothing. Black African households spent a far larger proportion on food and clothing than their coloured, Indian/Asian and white counterparts. Over a quarter (26,7%) of household expenditure for black African households was spent on food and clothing while in contrast, white households spent less than a tenth (9,2%) of their expenditure on food and clothing. The proportion of consumption expenditure spent on health, education, recreation and culture was fairly constant across the different population groups. However, the proportion spent on housing, services, furnishings, equipment and maintenance increased from approximately a third amongst black African (31,9%) and coloured (34,7%) households to more than two-fifths amongst Indian/Asian (41,0%) and white (42,9%) households. Transport and communication accounted for a fifth (20,0%) of all household expenditure. As can be seen in Figure 4, Indian/Asian households spent the largest proportion (23,7%) of their annual household consumption expenditure on this broad group. 1 This main group includes the annual rental value of the dwelling unit or the annual estimated rental value of the dwelling unit if the dwelling unit was rented for free. In the case of owner-occupied dwelling units, an annual estimated rental value is calculated at roughly 7,7% (nationally) of the value of the dwelling unit (the rental yield may vary according to province).

19 Statistics South Africa 9 P0100 Figure 5: Average annual household consumption expenditure by population group of household head As Figure 5 shows, the survey found that the average South African household spent R during the period September 2010 to August The differences across the population groups were substantial. The average annual consumption expenditure for black African households was R This average was almost twice as large for coloured households at R per annum, with the average Indian/Asian household spending twice as much as coloured households at R The average expenditure for white households was the highest at R per annum. The difference between the average annual consumption expenditure of male- and female-headed households was also large. The survey found female-headed households spent R on average per annum while male-headed households spent R on average per annum. Figure 6: Percentage distribution of households by per capita expenditure quintiles and population group of household head

20 Statistics South Africa 10 P0100 Figure 6 shows the distribution of households according to per capita expenditure quintiles within each population group. The per capita expenditure quintiles have the following values: Upper quintile: R and above 4 th quintile: R R rd quintile: R R nd quintile: R5 554 R Lower quintile: Up to R5 553 Almost half (48,7%) of black African households fell into the bottom two quintiles. This means that in approximately one out of every two black African households, each household was spending less than R per household member per annum (less than R835 per month or R28 per day). At the other end of the scale, less than one in ten (8,8%) black African households were in the upper quintile. Figure 6 also shows that very few households amongst the Indian/Asian and white population groups fell into the bottom two quintiles. While a fifth (19,0%) of coloured households were found to be in the upper quintile, this was true of almost half (49,4%) of all Indian/Asian households and more than four-fifths (83,5%) of all white households. Figure 7: Percentage distribution of households by sex of household head and per capita expenditure quintiles Figure 7 shows the distribution of households within each quintile by the sex of the head of household. Earlier in the report it was mentioned that female-headed households had a lower average annual consumption expenditure than male-headed households. The distribution in Figure 7 further reflects that finding. More than half (55,0%) of all households in the lower quintile were headed by women. The proportion of femaleheaded households decreases across each quintile, with only 47,0% of households in the second quintile and 38,6% of households in the third quintile headed by women. Less than a third (30,4%) of households in the fourth quintile and only a quarter (26,0%) of households in the upper quintile were headed by women. 3.3 Household income The IES 2010/2011 estimated total household income in South Africa to be R1,57 trillion for the period between September 2010 and August 2011.

21 Statistics South Africa 11 P0100 Table 6: Annual household income by sex and population group of household head Head of household Rand amount (in millions) Proportion (%) All households ,0 Sex Male ,7 Female ,3 Population group Black African ,6 Coloured ,9 Indian/Asian ,4 White ,1 Table 6 shows that male-headed households accounted for more than three quarters (76,7%) of the total income while female-headed households earned less than a quarter (23,3%) of this income. Black African households, which we have seen above accounting for more than three quarters of the total numbers of households in the country, earned less than half (44,6%) of the total annual household income. In contrast, white households make up only 12,4% of the total number of households, but earn two-fifths (40,1%) of the total income. Coloured households (8,5% of the total number of households) earned 9,9% of the total income while Indian/Asian households (2,5% of all households) earned 5,4% of the total annual household income. Figure 8: Average annual household income by population group of household head As one would expect, the average annual household income by population group of the head of the household followed a similar pattern to that of the average annual household consumption expenditure seen in Figure 5.

22 Statistics South Africa 12 P0100 The survey found that the average household income across all households was R per annum. This average was noticeably lower for black African households at R69 632, while the average for coloured households was R Indian/Asian households had an average of R per annum and white households had an average of R The average household income for male-headed households was R , while for female-headed households this average was far lower at R Figure 9: Percentage distribution of households by per capita income quintiles and population group of household head Figure 9 shows the distribution of households according to per capita income quintiles within each population group. The per capita income quintiles have the following values: Upper quintile: R and above 4 th quintile: R R rd quintile: R9 887 R nd quintile: R4 544 R9 886 Lower quintile: Up to R4 543 A quarter (24,7%) of all black African households fell within the lower quintile, while one in ten (10,1%) black African households were in the upper quintile. For coloured households, this distribution was reversed with one in ten (9,4%) coloured households falling in the lower quintile and one in five (20%) in the upper quintile. In contrast, only 1,8% of white households were in the lower quintile as were 2,8% of Indian/ Asian households. The vast majority (75,8%) of white households and more than two-fifths (43,4%) of Indian/Asian households were found in the upper quintile. An analysis by sex of the household head revealed that more than half (54,4%) of all female-headed households were in the bottom two quintiles, while almost half (48,8%) of all male-headed households were in the top two quintiles.

23 Statistics South Africa 13 P0100 Figure 10: Percentage distribution of annual household income by main income groups and sex of household head Figure 10 indicates that the largest proportion of annual household income was derived from work, with 72,7% of all household income generated from this source. This was true for three-quarters (75,7%) of all income for male headed-households but only three-fifths (62,8%) of all income for female-headed households. For female-headed households, pensions, social insurance and family allowances accounted for a tenth (10,9%) of all household income while a similar proportion (9,1%) came from income from individuals outside of the household or other income not elsewhere classified. Income in the form of imputed rent on owned dwellings contributed 16,1% of all income for male-headed households and 17,2% of all income for female-headed households.

24 Statistics South Africa 14 P Findings 4.1 Food, beverages and tobacco Expenditure on food, beverages and tobacco accounted for 13,9% of total consumption expenditure in South Africa in the IES 2010/2011. However, there were differences between the population groups in terms of expenditure on food, beverages and tobacco. Black African households spent a fifth (19,9%) of their total consumption expenditure on this expenditure group, the highest across all population groups, while coloured households spent a similar proportion (18,6%). In contrast, Indian/Asian (7,4%) and white (7,2%) households spent less than a tenth of their expenditure on food, beverages and tobacco. Figure 11: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to food, beverages and tobacco by population group of household head At a provincial level, households in Limpopo (22,1%) and Eastern Cape (18,8%) spent the highest proportion of their household consumption expenditure on food, beverages and tobacco. Households in Gauteng spent only 9,5% of their household consumption expenditure on this expenditure group, constituting the lowest figure across all the provinces. Households headed by females allocated a higher proportion of their household budget to food, beverages and tobacco compared to their male counterparts. The IES 2010/2011 results show that among female-headed households, almost a fifth (18,6%) of their total consumption expenditure was spent on food, beverages and tobacco compared to male-headed households where only 12,2% of their total consumption expenditure was spent on this expenditure group. 4.2 Clothing and footwear According to the IES 2010/2011, on average, a South African household spent 4,5% of their total household consumption budget on clothing and footwear. Figure 12 shows that at the provincial level, household consumption expenditure on clothing and footwear as a proportion of total consumption expenditure was highest in Free State (6,3%) followed by Limpopo (5,9%) and Mpumalanga (5,7%). Household consumption expenditure on clothing and footwear as a proportion was lowest in Gauteng (3,5%) and Western Cape (4,1%).

25 Statistics South Africa 15 P0100 Figure 12: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to clothing and footwear by province Female-headed households allocated a higher proportion of their total household consumption expenditure to clothing and footwear than their male counterparts. The results of the survey show that only 4,0% of total household consumption expenditure of male-headed households went towards clothing and footwear while 5,8% was spent by female-headed households. Across the different population groups, black African households spent a higher proportion (6,8%) of their consumption expenditure on clothing and footwear relative to the proportions spent by coloured (5,1%), Indian/Asian (3,3%) and white (2,1%) households. 4.3 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels According to the survey, almost a third (32,0%) of all household consumption expenditure in South Africa is spent on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels. This main group accounts for the highest proportion of expenditure.

26 Statistics South Africa 16 P0100 Figure 13: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels by population group of the household head Figure 13 shows the proportion of household consumption expenditure on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels across the different population groups. Black African-headed households spent approximately a quarter (26,5%) and coloured-headed households spent three-tenths (30,4%) of their consumption expenditure on this group. Indian/Asian (36,9%) and white-headed (37,9%) households spent more than a third of their expenditure on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels. The difference between male-headed households and female-headed households regarding this expenditure group was small. While male-headed households spent 32,4% of their expenditure on housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels, this proportion was 31,0% for female-headed households. 4.4 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling accounted for 5,1% of total household consumption expenditure in South Africa. Female-headed households spent approximately 5,6% of their household consumption expenditure on this group of expenditure items, which was slightly higher than the proportion spent by male-headed households (4,9%) on this expenditure group.

27 Statistics South Africa 17 P0100 Figure 14: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling by sex of the household head Households in traditional areas spent the highest proportion (6,6%) on furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling compared to households in urban formal areas which spent the lowest proportion (4,8%) of their total household consumption expenditure across the different settlement types on this expenditure group. At provincial level, households in Free State (7,0%) and Limpopo (7,0%) spent the highest proportion of their total household consumption expenditure on furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the dwelling compared to households in Gauteng which spent only 4,5% on this expenditure group. 4.5 Health Expenditure on health contributed 1,4% to national household consumption expenditure. It is important to note that the health expenditure group excludes health insurance or medical aid subscriptions these are covered in the insurance section under the miscellaneous goods and services expenditure group. On average, male-headed and female-headed households spent the same proportion (1,4%) of their consumption expenditure on health.

28 Statistics South Africa 18 P0100 Figure 15: Percentage distribution of household consumption expenditure on health in South Africa by population group of household head Pharmaceutical products was the major component of health expenditure, accounting for almost half (48,3%) of all household expenditure on health. This was true across all population groups, with black African households allocating the highest proportion (56,2%) on this component. Medical services was another significant contributor to health expenditure, accounting for more than a third (36,4%) of the money spent by all households. As Figure 15 shows, Indian/Asian households spent more than two-fifths (42,8%) of their health expenditure on medical services. While only 7,7% of all households' health expenditure was consumed by dental services, coloured households spent 17,6% of their health expenditure on these services. 4.6 Transport Figure 16 shows that approximately one in every six Rand (17,1%) of household consumption expenditure went towards transport. A major component of transport expenditure was the purchase of vehicles (new and used), which alone was responsible for 7,9% of the country s total household consumption expenditure. The share spent on transport among male-headed households (18,4%) was larger than the corresponding proportion for female-headed households (13,7%).

29 Statistics South Africa 19 P0100 Figure 16: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to transport by population group of household head The proportion of household consumption expenditure spent on transport by Indian/Asian-headed households was 20,5%. This was the highest among all population groups, followed by white (17,5%), black African (16,9%) and coloured-headed (14,7%) households. 4.7 Communication Nationally, 2,8% of household consumption expenditure was spent on communication, the largest component of which was telephone and telefax services. There was some disparity across the provinces regarding the communication share of consumption expenditure Limpopo had the lowest proportion at 2,0% and Western Cape the highest at 3,4%. There was little disparity between population groups. White households spent 2,7% of their consumption expenditure on communication (the lowest proportion) compared with 3,3% for Indians/Asian households (the highest).

30 Statistics South Africa 20 P0100 Figure 17: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to communication by settlement type Figure 17 shows that urban informal households spent the highest share of their household consumption expenditure on communication (3,7%) whilst their urban counterparts in formal areas spent 2,9%. Rural formal households spent 3,1%, and traditional households only 2,4% on this consumption expenditure group. 4.8 Recreation and culture Figure 18 shows that recreation and culture accounted for 3,0% of total household consumption expenditure nationally. The survey shows that Western Cape (4,0%) had the highest proportion of household consumption expenditure spent on recreation and culture, while the lowest proportions were spent in Limpopo (2,4%) and Eastern Cape (2,3%). Figure 18: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to recreation and culture by province

31 Statistics South Africa 21 P0100 Male-headed households spent a higher proportion of their household consumption expenditure on recreation and culture (3,2%) than female-headed households (2,6%). A similar proportion of household consumption expenditure was spent on recreation and culture by Indian/Asian (3,7%), white (3,6%) and coloured-headed (3,5%) households. Black African-headed households spent the lowest proportion (2,4%) on this consumption expenditure group. 4.9 Education Figure 19 shows that education accounted for 2,7% of the total household consumption expenditure in South Africa. Education expenditure among Indian/Asian households accounted for 3,1 % of their total household consumption expenditure, followed by white households on 2,7%. Black African and coloured-headed households spent 2,6% of the household expenditure on education. Figure 19: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to education by population group of household head According to the survey, households headed by males allocated a slightly higher proportion of their consumption expenditure to education (2,7%) than female-headed households (2,5%). As with health care, education in South Africa is provided by both the private and public sectors. Almost two in every three Rand (62,1%) spent by South African households on education went towards expenses in public institutions. Table 7: Percentage distribution of total household consumption expenditure on education attributed to public and private institutions by population group of household head Population group Public institution (%) Private institution (%) Black African 63,1 36,9 White 60,7 39,3 Indian/Asian 58,2 41,8 Coloured 66,4 33,6 Total 62,1 37,9

32 Statistics South Africa 22 P0100 Indian/Asian-headed households spent the highest proportion (41,8%) of their education expenditure on private institutions, while coloured-headed households only spent a third (33,6%) of the education expenditure on private institutions Restaurants and hotels The restaurants and hotels expenditure group accounted for 2,4% of household consumption expenditure according to the IES 2010/2011 results. Male-headed households spent a higher proportion (2,5%) of their budget on this group of expenditure items than female-headed households (2,2%). Figure 20: Proportion of total household consumption expenditure attributed to restaurants and hotels by population group of household head White-headed households spent 2,6% of their total household consumption expenditure on restaurant and hotel services compared to 2,4% for black African-headed households and 2,3% for coloured households. Indian/Asianheaded households spent the lowest proportion (1,9%) on this expenditure group. Across the provinces, the highest proportion spent on restaurants and hotels was by households in Western Cape (2,9%) with the lowest proportion spent by those in Eastern Cape (1,6%) Miscellaneous goods and services This expenditure group consists of personal care, personal effects, social protection, insurance (including that related to dwelling, health and transport), financial services and other services not classified elsewhere. Across all households, one in every seven Rand (14,7%) was spent on this group.

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