RR887. Changes in shift work patterns over the last ten years (1999 to 2009)

Transcription

1 Health and Safety Executive Changes in shift work patterns over the last ten years (999 to 009) Prepared by Office for National Statistics for the Health and Safety Executive 0 RR887 Research Report

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3 Health and Safety Executive Changes in shift work patterns over the last ten years (999 to 009) Matthew Steel Office for National Statistics Government Buildings Cardiff Road Newport NP0 8XG The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have approached the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to carry out an updated analysis of shift work in the UK based on the last ten years worth of data (999 to 009) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). This paper examines changes in shift work patterns across the UK workforce over the last decade. The report investigates differences in the reporting of shift work based on gender, age, region, occupation and industry and also compares engagement in the different types of shift patterns. This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy. HSE Books

4 Background The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have approached the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to carry out an updated analysis of shift work in the UK based on the last ten years worth of data (999 to 009) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). This paper examines changes in shift work patterns across the UK workforce over the last decade. The report investigates differences in the reporting of shift work based on gender, age, region, occupation and industry and also compares engagement in the different types of shift patterns. Summary of Key Findings The overall proportion engaged in shift work has remained consistent across the past decade. Where gender differences were identified, it continues to be males rather than females that are more likely to be engaged in any form of shift work pattern (irrespective of whether the frequency reported is most of the time or some of the time ). Where we compare the proportional data between 999 and 009, a downward trend is evident among males in the number that have reported working shift work most of the time across the time series. Where we consider age, it continues to be individuals grouped within the youngest age band (6 to 4 years of age) that are most likely to report engaging in shift work patterns. The number of males within the youngest age band engaging in shift work most of the time has increased across the decade in question where we compare the proportions between 999 and 009. Although an increase was also seen in reported shift work most of the time among females in the youngest age group, this increase was not statistically significant. Across the time series it was individuals working within the countries Wales and Scotland that were most likely to report engaging in any pattern of shift work. It was consistently the country Northern Ireland that displayed the lowest reported levels of any frequency of shift work. Where we consider government office regions, the highest levels of reported engagement in shift work were in the North East of England and Scotland. The lowest levels of shift work participation were reported in Northern Ireland and London. Those working within the Personal protection occupations remain the most likely to engage in any form of shift work pattern. Individuals employed within the transport and communication industry classification were the most likely to be working shift patterns. The most prevalent form of shift work pattern reported by those engaging in shift work was the two shift system. This pattern often comprises of two shifts of eight hours in duration which are usually alternated weekly or over longer intervals.

5 Methodological considerations In attempting a time-series analysis of LFS data spanning a decade, a number of issues required careful consideration. One particular issue concerned the re-weighting exercises which have been performed on the LFS datasets in the years of 007 and 009. For current analytical purposes, datasets between 999 and 006 have been weighted using the 007 person level weights. Datasets between 007 and 009 have been weighted using the 009 person level weights. Further consideration was necessary following revisions to the structure and frequency of the LFS. In 006 the survey switched from a seasonal-quarter to a calendar-quarter basis, in order to fall in line with EU Regulation. As a consequence of the shift work questions appearing only in a single LFS quarter, the realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters altered the months where the question would be asked. Where the variable was originally asked within the seasonal quarter of spring (March May), from 006 it would be administered in the calendar quarter of April-June. A major change such as this clearly presents difficulties for analysis of trend data. The aforementioned re-weighting exercises were performed only on a limited series of LFS back data on a calendar-quarter basis. As a direct result, March data on shift work were omitted from datasets prior to 006. Where only two of the three months worth of shift work data were present, the decision was made to apportion the observed ratio in the two month s for which data was present to the month where data was missing. The current paper therefore makes the assumption that the reporting of shift work patterns would remain consistent across the three months and that similar reporting would occur in June as it would in April and May. In 999 LFS response options for the frequency of shift work at the variable SHIFTWK altered from occasionally and sometimes to usually and most of the time. The variable name altered to reflect this change from SHFTWK to SHFTWK99. Although this should not impact on current analysis, any attempt to compare current analysis with the previous report (McOrmond 004) may prove difficult due to the potential discontinuities (Please refer to Appendix i for further information about the shift work questions which are administered on the LFS). Background shift work Shift work can be thought of as a work pattern under which different groups of workers succeed each other in the same job at the same site or location. At the beginning of the shift work, the work of the previous shift is taken over and at the end of the shift, the work is handed over to the next shift. Shift work can often entail working during unsocial hours in the early morning, at night or during the weekend and the weekly rest days do not always coincide with normal rest days (i.e. weekends).

6 Shift work can be prevalent in firms or organisations which remain open and working or providing services outside of the expected working hours. We often tend to treat expected working hours as those conforming to the parameters of 8am and 6pm on weekdays. Individuals whose work pattern may vary to suit day-to-day needs but, who are not part of any regular schedule do not fulfil the LFS criteria for shift work. Some respondents, especially on covering duties in the health sector, may not recognise that they are working as part of a larger shift pattern. LFS interviewers are trained to be aware of this potential under-reporting and encouraged to probe to ensure complete coverage. Respondents who reported engaging in shift work were able to categorise this frequency under the response options most of the time or occasionally. Where respondents were unable to distinguish between these two options, advice was provided by interviewers to treat more than fifty per cent of their employment hours as most of the time. Frequency of shift work As shown in Table, the overall proportion of respondents who reported engaging in shift work has remained largely consistent across the previous decade. Having said this, there does appear to be a slight reduction in the overall number of respondents reporting working shift patterns most of the time. This downward trend, where we compare the proportions engaging in shift work most of the time between 999 and 009, is only statistically significant among men. Table : Proportions of people in employment working shift patterns by sex; United Kingdom; 999 to 009 Per Cent Males Females All, , , Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base,465,448 9,99 0,978 4,404 4,46 Weighted base (000s) 9,559,94 8,07, 7,60 4,7 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals In previous analysis by McOrmond (004), the proportion of individuals never working shift patterns were compared in an attempt to identify changes in shift work. Figure illustrates the proportion of individuals that never participated 4

7 in shift work as part of their main job across the last ten years. This graph supports the finding that overall proportions engaging in shift work related behaviour have remained relatively consistent across the last decade (For full results see Table A and Table B in Appendix iii). Figure : Proportions of people in employment who never do shift work; United Kingdom; 999, to 009 Per cent Year M e n W o m e n A l l Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals Shift work by Gender In every year of the previous decade, men were more likely to report engaging in shift work most of the time when compared with women (Figure ). This difference was most pronounced for the year 005 where 5.7 per cent of males reported working shift work most of the time compared with. per cent of women. It is interesting to note that among men, the proportion working shift work most of the time has fallen from 6.0 per cent in 999 to 4.8 per cent in 009. The proportion of women has remained more consistent across the decade and unlike males, has not declined by a statistically significant level. per cent worked shift work most of the time in 999 compared with.0 per cent in

8 Figure : Proportions of people in employment who report working shift work most of the time by sex; United Kingdom; 999, to Per cent 5 4 M a l e s F e m a l e s Year Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals A similar pattern is present when we consider those who report engaging in shift work occasionally. A higher number of males declared working shift patterns at this frequency when compared with women across each of the last ten years (For full results see Table B in Appendix iii). McOrmond (004) was able to explain this higher propensity for males to engage in shift work through their greater likelihood to work in manufacturing based industries. Such industries are renowned for shift work patterns. Shift work by Age Among men, the age group most likely to be engaged in shift work most of the time were those aged 6-4 (Table ). The proportion of males within this age group who reported working shift patterns most of the time has increased from 7.7 per cent in 999 to 0.6 per cent in 009. In each year of the last decade, employed men over the age of 50 were the least likely age group to report shift work as their regular work pattern. The proportion of males aged between 5 and 49 and reporting shift work most of the time has declined from 7. per cent in 999 to 5. per cent in 009. (For full results see Table C in appendix iii). Among women, it was also the youngest age group that were the most likely to report working some form of shift pattern. Those aged between 6 and 4 had the highest percentage engaged in shift work most of the time. This proportion has increased, although not by a statistically significant level, from 0. per cent in 999 to. per cent in 009. Women aged 50 years and over were the least likely of the three age bandings to report working shift patterns (For full results see Table D in appendix iii). 6

9 Table : Proportions of people in employment working shift patterns by sex and age group; United Kingdom; 999 to 009 Per Cent Males Females, , Age Group 6-4 Most of the time Occasionally Never Most of the time Occasionally Never Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base,465,448 9,99 0,978 Weighted base (000s) 9,559,94 8,07, Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals Shift Work by Region In order to prevent any risk of disclosure when analysing the regional breakdown of shift work patterns it has been necessary to amalgamate the categories for working shift work most of the time and occasionally. Following this decision, regional analysis will compare those who have engaged in shift work patterns, irrespective of frequency, with those never engaging in shift work at all in their main job. At the beginning of the time series those individuals working within the countries of Wales and Scotland reported the highest levels of shift work engagement. Within Wales.8 per cent of workers reported some frequency of shift work pattern. Within Scotland.8 per cent of workers reported some frequency of shift work in their main job. Individuals working within Northern Ireland were the least likely to report any form of shift pattern in their main job, with 4.6 per cent of individuals working some frequency of shift work. Across the decade the levels of reported shift work within Wales declined from.8 per cent in 999 to 8. per cent in 009 (Figure ). A slight decline was also identified where we compare the proportion engaging in any frequency of shift work in Northern Ireland in 999 and compare this with the number engaging in 009 although this was not statistically significant (4.6% in 999 compared with.% in 009). 7

10 In 009, we see that those individuals working within Scotland are the most likely to report engaging in any form of shift work pattern (.% of individuals reported working some amount of shift work in their main job). It remains Northern Ireland where the lowest levels of shift work are recorded (.% of individuals reported working some frequency of shift work in their main job). (For full results see Table E in appendix iii). Figure : Proportions of people in employment engaging in shift work by country; United Kingdom; 00, to Per Cent England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Country Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals Where we then move on to consider the prevalence of shift work by Government Office Region, we see that the highest reported levels of shift work engagement in the year 999 were present in the North East region of England (4.% of respondents reported engaging in some frequency of shift work in their main job). The lowest proportions of shift work were reported in the regions of London and Northern Ireland in the year 999 (.9% and 4.6% respectively) A downward trend was identified in the levels of shift work reported in the region Yorkshire and Humberside from 0.6 per cent in 999 to 8.4 per cent in 009. A decline was also witnessed in the proportions engaging in shift work in the North East region although this drop was not statistically significant (4.% in 999 compared with to.9% in 009). In the year 009, it was the Government Office Regions North East England and Scotland that reported the highest proportions of workers engaging in some frequency of shift work (.9% and.% respectively). Northern Ireland continued to display the lowest proportion of workers engaging in any form of shift work (.% of respondents recorded any form of shift work) (For full results see Table F in appendix iii). 8

11 Shift work by Occupation The new SOC000 variables were introduced into the Labour Force Survey in 00, because SOC90 became outdated. The revisions, which included tighter definition of managerial occupations and the movement of many job titles between major job groups, make analysis of occupation across the previous decade difficult. A decision was therefore taken to exclude data for the years 999 and 000 from analysis which reported existing SOC990 variables. Where we consider the prevalence of individuals who report working shift patterns, irrespective of whether this is most of the time or occasionally, it is those workers in the personal protection occupational grouping who were most likely to report engaging in shift work. Among males within this occupation, a consistent proportion of at least two-fifths reported working any patterns of shift work in their main job (Figure 4). The years 00 and 006 contained the highest proportions of shift work among males in the personal protection occupations, with 47.4 per cent and 46.9 per cent of workers engaging in any form of shift work respectively. The percentage of males working in the personal protection industry and engaging in shift work has dropped slightly, but not at a statistically significant level, from 47.4 per cent in 00 to 45. per cent in 009. Two occupations which displayed a rise in the number of males engaging in shift work were sales and clerical/secretarial. Within sales, the proportion of men engaging in shift work has increased from 8. per cent in 00 to 6.0 per cent in 009. Within the clerical/secretarial occupational grouping, the proportion of men engaging in shift work increased from.7 per cent in 00 to 5.4 per cent in 009 although this particular increase was not statistically significant (For full results see Table G in appendix iii). Among females, it was similarly those working in the personal protection occupation who reported the highest propensity for shift working (Figure 4). The highest proportion was reported in 00 where.0 per cent recorded working some form of shift pattern. Although the percentage of women engaging in shift work has remained highest for those in personal protection occupations, this proportion has displayed a downward but not statistically significant decline (0.7% in 00 compared with 6.9% in 009). Women working in sales displayed a rise in the number reporting shift work patterns. The overall proportion increased from 5.9 per cent in 00 to. per cent in 009. In 00 the proportion of women engaged in shift work in the associate professional/technical occupation was 6.0 per cent. In 009 this proportion had reduced to. per cent. In 00, 4. per cent of women working within craft and related occupations reported engaging in shift work. In 009 this proportion had decreased to.9 per cent. This change was not statistically significant. (For full results see Table H in appendix iii). 9

12 Figure 4: Proportions of people in employment engaging in shift work by occupation; United Kingdom; 00, to 009 Men Per Cent All Occupation Managers and Admin Professional Associate Prof and Tech Clerical, Secretarial Craft and related occupations Personal, Protection Sales Plant and machine operatives Other Occupations Occupation Women Per Cent All Occupation Managers and Admin Professional Associate Prof and Tech Clerical, Secretarial Occupation Craft and related occupations Personal, Protection Sales Plant and machine operatives Other Occupations Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals Where we consider just those who report working shift patterns most of the time, the personal protection occupation had the highest reported levels of shift work. About two-fifths of male workers within this occupation reported working shift work most of the time. Men working in professional occupations were the least likely to report working shift patterns most of the time. Although among women, the personal protection occupation was again the most likely occupation for respondents to report working shift work most of the time, the actual proportions were considerably lower than for males. Approximately a quarter of female workers in the personal protection occupation reported working shift work most of the time. Similarly to males, 0

13 women working within the professional occupation were the least likely to report working shift patterns most of the time. Shift work by Industry The new SIC007 variables were introduced onto the Labour Force Survey in 009, as an update to the existing SIC9 classification. As data for 009 was classified using SIC007 rather than SIC9 a decision was made to exclude this year from analysis. Where we consider the prevalence of individuals who report working shift patterns, irrespective of whether this is most of the time or occasionally, it is those workers in the transport and communication industry where we find the proportion of workers engaged in shift work to be highest. Among males within this industry, a consistent proportion of at least one third reported working any patterns of shift work (Figure 5). The proportion of men in this industry engaged in shift work has decreased slightly, although not by a statistically significant level, from 7. per cent in 999 to 5. per cent in 008. (For full results see Table I in appendix iii). Among females, the transport and communication industry also accounts for the highest proportion of women in shift work. Just over one fifth of women within this industry reported engaging in shift work and this figure has remained stable across the time-series (Figure 5) (For full results see Table J in appendix iii). Among both men and women, the proportions engaging in shift work within the manufacturing industry has shown a small decline. In the year 999, 8. per cent of men in this industry were working shift patterns compared with 5.4 per cent in 008. For women, although not a statistically significant decline,.5 per cent were working shift work in this industry in 999 compared with 9.4 per cent in 008. Where we consider the distribution, hotels and restaurants industry, the proportion of men engaging in shift work has increased across the time series (8.4% in 999 compared with.% in 008). An increase can also be seen among females the proportion working within this industry and engaged in shift work has increased from 5.8 per cent in 999 to 9. per cent in 008.

14 Figure 5: Proportions of people in employment engaging in shift work by industry; United Kingdom; 999, to Men * * Agriculture and Fishing Energy and Water Manufacturing Construction Distibution, hotels and restaurants Transport and communication Banking, finance, insurance etc Public adminstration, education and health Other servies Women * * * 0 Agriculture and Fishing Energy and Water Manufacturing Construction Distibution, hotels and restaurants Transport and communication Banking, finance, insurance etc Public adminstration, education and health Other servies Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals *Sample size too small for reliable estimate Among males, almost one-third of workers in the transport and communication industry reported working shift work most of the time. This proportion has dropped slightly over the past decade from. per cent in 999 to 9.5 per cent in 008. This downward trend is not statistically significant. Approximately one fifth of women working within the transport and communication industry were doing shift work most of the time and this proportion has remained stable. Within the manufacturing industry, the proportion of males working shift work most of the time has shown a decline. In 999, 4.0 per cent of males reported engaging in shift work most of the time compared with.8 per cent in 008. A similar decrease but not at a statistically significant level can be

15 seen among women - the proportions working shift work most of the time has decreased from 0. per cent in 999 to 7.9 per cent in 008. In 999, 4.7 per cent of males working within the distribution, hotels and restaurants industry reported working shift patterns most of the time. This proportion has increased to 8.6 per cent in 008. A slight rise in the proportions is also evident among women (.% in 999 compared with 5.7% in 008). A reduction in the proportion of women reporting shift work most of the time was identified in the public administration, education and health industry. The proportions have dropped from 8. per cent in 999 to 5.7 per cent in 008. Type of Shift Work Where respondents indicated working shift work in their main job, either most of the time or occasionally, a further question investigated the actual type of shift work that they engaged in (For some further information about the different types of shift work please refer to Box in appendix ii). Across the previous decade, the most common type of reported shift pattern among those engaging in shift work was the two shift system (Figure 6). This result is again directly comparable with that found by McOrmond (004). Across the last ten years the proportion of those reporting shift work and working this type of shift pattern has remained consistent at approximately 0 per cent. Across every year of the decade in question, women were more likely than men to report working the two shift system (.% compared with 6.% in 999 and.6% compared with 5.4% in 009).

16 Figure 6: The type of shift work reported by those working any frequency of shift work in their main job; United Kingdom; 999, to Three-shift Continental Two shift Sometimes Split Morning Evening or Night Weekend Other night/ twilight Sometimes day Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals The number of shift workers reporting a three shift working pattern has declined from 5.4 per cent in 999 to 9.5 per cent in 009. A decline in the proportions working a night shift pattern is also evident although this change is not statistically significant (0.0% in 999 compared with 8.% in 009). The response other type of shift work, which is used by respondents when no other response option will suffice has seen an increase in reporting from 8.4 per cent in 999 to 5.5 per cent in 009. Such a finding helps to suggest that new patterns of shift work may be emerging (For full results see Table K in appendix iii). 4

17 References McOrmond, T (004) Changes to working trends over the past decade, pp, vol, no, Labour Market Trends. Appendix i SHFTWK99 Administered in the April to June LFS quarter only Do you do shift work in your (main) job. Most of the time. Occasionally. Or never? Applies to all respondents in employment during the interviewing reference week excluding college based government schemes. SHFTYP Administered in the April to June LFS quarter only What type of shift pattern do you work?. three-shift working. continental shifts. two-shift system with earlies and lates /double day shifts 4. sometimes night and sometimes day shifts 5. split shifts 6. morning shifts 7. evening or twilight shifts 8. night shifts 9. weekend shifts 0. other type of shift work. Applies to all respondents in employment who may do shift work (SHFTWK99 = or ) 5

18 Appendix ii 6

19 Appendix iii Table A Proportions of people working shift patterns ; United Kingdom; 999 to , 000, 00, 00, 00, 004, 005, 006, Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base 4,404 4,59 40,598 40,69 7,99 6,500 6,40 50,464 49,5 46,596 4,46 Weighted base (000s) 7,60 7,65 8,067 8,060 7,798 7,954 8,059 5,940 5,69 4,885 4,7 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals Table B Proportions of people working shift patterns by sex; United Kingdom; 999 to 009,,,,,,,, Males Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base,465,880,59,8 9,9 9,06 8,770 6,5 5,58 4,6,448 Weighted base (000s) 9,559 9,577 9,74 9,79 9,609 9,670 9,69,898,86,57,94 Females Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base 9,99 9,79 9,9 9,8 8,059 7,464 7,70 4,9,67,460 0,978 Weighted base (000s) 8,07 8,075 8,54 8,4 8,89 8,84 8,66,04,8,58, Total Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base 4,404 4,59 40,598 40,69 7,99 6,500 6,40 50,464 49,5 46,596 4,46 Weighted base (000s) 7,60 7,65 8,067 8,060 7,798 7,954 8,059 5,940 5,69 4,885 4,7 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals 7

20 Table C Proportion of males working shift patterns by age group; United Kingdom; 999 to 009,,,,,,,, Males 6-4 Most of the time Occasionally Never Most of the time Occasionally Never Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base,465,880,59,8 9,9 9,06 8,770 6,5 5,58 4,6,448 Weighted base (000s) 9,559 9,577 9,74 9,79 9,609 9,670 9,69,898,86,57,94 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals Table D Proportion of females working shift patterns by age group; United Kingdom; 999 to 009,,,,,,,, Females 6-4 Most of the time Occasionally Never Most of the time Occasionally Never Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base 9,99 9,79 9,9 9,8 8,059 7,464 7,70 4,9,67,460 0,978 Weighted base (000s) 8,07 8,075 8,54 8,4 8,89 8,84 8,66,04,8,58, Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals 8

21 Table E Proportions of people working shift patterns by country; United Kingdom; 999 to 009,,,,,,,, England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Unweighted base 7,555 7,47 7,087 7,00 6,60 6,4 6,0 8,5 8,87 7,995 7,99 Weighted base (000s),56,06,77,46,47,80,097 4,466 4,469 4,7 4, Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals Table F Proportion of people working shift patterns by Government Office Region; United Kingdom; 999 to 009,,,,,,,, North East North West Yorkshire and Humberside East Midlands West Midlands Eastern London South East South West Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Unweighted base 7,555 7,47 7,087 7,00 6,60 6,4 6,0 8,5 8,87 7,995 7,99 Weighted base (000s),56,06,77,46,47,80,097 4,466 4,469 4,7 4, Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. Weighted to 009 population totals 9

22 Table G Proportion of males working shift patterns by occupation; United Kingdom; 999 to , 00, 00, 004, 005, 006, Males Managers and Admin Most of the time Occasionally Never Professional Most of the time Occasionally Never Associate Prof and Tech Most of the time Occasionally Never Clerical, Secretarial Most of the time Occasionally Never Craft and related occupations Most of the time Occasionally Never Personal, Protection Most of the time Occasionally Never Sales Most of the time Occasionally Never Plant and machine operatives Most of the time Occasionally Never Other Occupations Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base,49,7 9,98 9,00 8,755 6,0 5,557 4,06,4 Weighted base (000s) 9,709 9,75 9,60 9,666 9,684,890,848,8,9 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignmentfrom seasonal to calendarquarters,data forjune wasassumed to followthe same pattern asthatofapril and May. Weighted to 009 population totals * Data for999 and 000 excluded asdata were classified using SOC990 0

23 Table H Proportion of females working shift patterns by occupation; United Kingdom; 999 to , 00, 00, 004, 005, 006, Females Managers and Admin Most of the time Occasionally Never Professional Most of the time Occasionally Never Associate Prof and Tech Most of the time Occasionally Never Clerical, Secretarial Most of the time Occasionally Never Craft and related occupations Most of the time Occasionally Never Personal, Protection Most of the time Occasionally Never Sales Most of the time Occasionally Never Plant and machine operatives Most of the time Occasionally Never Other Occupations Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base 9,5 9,7 8,054 7,46 7,60 4,7,657,448 0,97 Weighted base (000s) 8,5 8,4 8,87 8,8 8,6,06,84,5,7 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignmentfrom seasonal to calendarquarters,data forjune wasassumed to followthe same pattern asthatofapril and May. Weighted to 009 population totals * Data for999 and 000 excluded asdata were classified using SOC990

24 Table I Proportion of males working shift patterns by industry: United Kingdom; 999 to , 000, 00, 00, 00, 004, 005, 006, Males Agriculture and Fishing Most of the time * * * * * * * * * * Occasionally * * * * * * * * * * Never * * * * * * * * * * Energy and Water Most of the time * * * * * * * * * * Occasionally * * * * * * * * * * Never * * * * * * * * * * Manufacturing Most of the time Occasionally Never Construction Most of the time Occasionally Never Distibution, hotels and restaurants Most of the time Occasionally Never Transport and communication Most of the time Occasionally Never Banking, finance, insurance etc Most of the time Occasionally Never Public adminstration, education and health Most of the time Occasionally Never Other servies Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base,457,868,4,7 9,97 9,07 8,756 6,5 5,560 4,08 Weighted base (000s) 9,555 9,57 9,706 9,75 9,606 9,665 9,684,887,849,40 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignmentfrom seasonal to calendarquarters,data forjune wasassumed to followthe same pattern asthatofapril and May. Weighted to 009 population totals * Data for'agriculture and Fishing' and 'Energyand Water' exluded due to disclosive base numbers

25 Table J Proportion of females working shift patterns by industry; United Kingdom; 999 to , 000, 00, 00, 00, 004, 005, 006, Females Agriculture and Fishing Most of the time * * * * * * * * * * Occasionally * * * * * * * * * * Never * * * * * * * * * * Energy and Water Most of the time * * * * * * * * * * Occasionally * * * * * * * * * * Never * * * * * * * * * * Manufacturing Most of the time Occasionally Never Construction Most of the time * * * * * * * * * * Occasionally * * * * * * * * * * Never * * * * * * * * * * Distibution, hotels and restaurants Most of the time Occasionally Never Transport and communication Most of the time Occasionally Never Banking, finance, insurance etc Most of the time Occasionally Never Public adminstration, education and health Most of the time Occasionally Never Other servies Most of the time Occasionally Never Unweighted base 9,94 9,68 9,9 9, 8,057 7,46 7,6 4,0,65,48 Weighted base (000s) 8,069 8,074 8,49 8,4 8,87 8,8 8,6,0,80,56 Weighted to 007 population totals Following realignmentfrom seasonal to calendarquarters,data forjune wasassumed to followthe same pattern asthatofapril and May. Weighted to 009 population totals * Data for'agriculture and Fishing', 'Construction' and 'Energyand Water' exluded due to disclosive base numbers

26 Table K Proportion of shift workers by shift pattern type and sex; United Kingdom; 999 to 009,,,,,,,, Males Three-shift working Continental Shifts Two shift system Sometimes night/ Sometimes day split shifts morning shifts evening or twilight shifts night shifts weekend shifts other type of shift work Unweighted base 4,495 4,5 4,07 4,084,775,667,565 4,858 4,74 4,554 4,9 Weighted base (000s) Females,9,90,866,870,845,89,858,6,6,57,49 Three-shift working Continental Shifts Two shift system Sometimes night/ Sometimes day split shifts morning shifts evening or twilight shifts night shifts weekend shifts other type of shift work Unweighted base,05,095,004,96,89,649,56,65,67,97,6 Weighted base (000s) Total,4,96,06,7,95,74,5,88,87,777,775 Three-shift working Continental Shifts Two shift system Sometimes night/ Sometimes day split shifts morning shifts evening or twilight shifts night shifts weekend shifts other type of shift work Unweighted base 7,547 7,40 7,075 7,00 6,604 6,6 6,09 8,48 8,5 7,95 7,55 Weighted base (000s),5,98,7,4,9,67,08 4,44 4,449 4,48 4,04 Weightedto007populationtotals Followingrealignmentfrom seasonaltocalendar quarters,datafor Junewas assumedtofollowthesamepatternas thatofaprilandmay. Weightedto009populationtotals 4

27 Published by the Health and Safety Executive 09/

28 Health and Safety Executive Changes in shift work patterns over the last ten years (999 to 009) The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have approached the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to carry out an updated analysis of shift work in the UK based on the last ten years worth of data (999 to 009) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). This paper examines changes in shift work patterns across the UK workforce over the last decade. The report investigates differences in the reporting of shift work based on gender, age, region, occupation and industry and also compares engagement in the different types of shift patterns. This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy. RR887