Survey of Family, Income and Employment Dynamics (Wave 2) September 2004

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1 Embargoed until 10:45 am 04 November 2005 Survey of Family, Income and Employment Dynamics (Wave 2) September 2004 Highlights There were 578,600 people in a one parent with child(ren) family at some stage during their first two years in the survey. Of those people, 64.0 percent were in a one parent with child(ren) family for the whole two years. Four out of every 10 (40.5 percent) people aged 15 years and over had credit card debt, while 31.2 percent had mortgage debt. There were 235,400 people who spent some time not employed but seeking work in their first two years in the survey. Of those people, 61.7 percent spent less than 26 weeks not employed but seeking work in those two years Out of all people aged 15 years and over, 98.1 percent owned household items, 81.8 percent owned vehicle(s) and leisure equipment, and 75.8 percent had a bank account in credit. Brian Pink 4 November 2005 Government Statistician Cat Set 05/06 070

2 Commentary Introduction This release presents results from the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE). SoFIE is New Zealand's first ever national survey designed to study income, family type and employment and how these change over time. SoFIE is a 'longitudinal' survey, which means that the same respondents are visited over a number of years to measure how their individual and family circumstances change over time. In this respect SoFIE differs from cross-sectional surveys that typically measure an individual's circumstances at the time of a single interview. This release contains analysis of data collected in the first two waves (or interview cycles) of the survey. Wave one of SoFIE was conducted from 1 October 2002 to 30 September 2003, and wave two from 1 October 2003 to 30 September At each interview respondents were asked to recall information about a specific annual reference period, which was the 12 months prior to the month of interview. This means that SoFIE data published in this release relates to a two-year period for each respondent that falls somewhere between 1 October 2001 and 30 September Cross-sectional information on net worth, assets and liabilities collected from respondents in the second wave of the survey is also included in this release. Rather than provide an exhaustive set of all the analysis that is possible from SoFIE data, this release is intended to illustrate types of analysis that can be done. A more detailed analysis of results from wave one and wave two of SoFIE will be available at a later date. Changes in family and household types At each interview survey participants were asked about the family members they lived with at different times in the previous year. This provides data on changes in an individual's family circumstances over time. In this release a family is defined as two or more people living in the same household who comprise either a couple, with or without children, or one parent and their children. A child in a family can be of any age, but must not have a partner or children of their own living in the same household. This definition of family excludes parents and children who live in different households. Changes in family type This section provides information on the type of family individuals were living in at the end of wave one and at the end of wave two. Note that this data compares two points in time only. For example, a person who was in a couple with children family at the end of their first year in the survey who was also in a couple with children family one year later, may have had a period of time in a one parent with children family between these two dates. Of those people with an identified family type, 89.6 percent were in the same type of family at the end of their first year in the survey and a year later. 2

3 Nine out of 10 people (92.2 percent) who were in a couple with child(ren) family at the end of their first year in the survey were in the same type of family a year later. Of the 148,900 people who were no longer in this type of family a year later, 41.0 percent were in a one parent with child(ren) family. Of the 465,800 people who were in a one parent with child(ren) family at the end of their first year in the survey, 7.7 percent were in a couple with child(ren) family a year later, while 5.8 percent were no longer in a family nucleus. The majority (85.6 percent) of people in a one parent family at the end of their first year in the survey were also in a one parent family a year later. The number of people not in a family nucleus increased between wave one and wave two. At wave one 13.4 percent of the population were not in a family nucleus. At wave two 15.6 percent of the population were not in a family nucleus. Time spent in a family type This section provides data on the total length of time an individual was in a particular type of family over the first two years (104 weeks) of the survey. All adults and children in the longitudinal population are included (3,718,400 individuals). Four out of five people (79.1 percent) were in one type of family for the whole two-year period. Those who were in a couple with child(ren) family at some stage over the two-year period were the most likely to be in the same type of family for the whole time (80.1 percent). Of those who were in a one parent with child(ren) family at some stage over the two-year period, 64.0 percent were in this type of family for the whole two years. People who were not in a family nucleus tended to spend shorter periods of time in this type of situation than those in other types of families. Of those who were not in a family nucleus for at least part of the two-year period, 36.2 percent were in this situation for the whole two years, while 33.9 percent spent less than one year not in a family nucleus. 3

4 Changes in household type A household is defined as either one person who usually lives alone, or two or more people who usually live together and share facilities, such as eating or cooking facilities. The types of households collected in SoFIE are one family households, two or more family households, other multiperson households (ie a household with no family nucleus such as a flat), and one person households. This section provides information on the type of household individuals were living in at their first interview and a year later. This data compares two points in time only. A person who was in the same type of household at their first interview and a year later may have been in a different household type at some time in between the two interviews. The number of people living alone increased between wave one and wave two. At wave one, 297,000 people (8.0 percent) were living alone. At wave two, 349,800 people (9.4 percent) were living in a one person household. Nine out of 10 people (90.8 percent) were in the same type of household at their first interview and a year later. Most people (93.8 percent) who were in a one family household when they were interviewed in the first year were in the same type of household a year later. Of those who were in a one family household when interviewed in the first year and were no longer in this type of household a year later, 42.1 percent had moved into a multiperson household (ie a household with no family nucleus, such as a flat). Of those people in a two or more family household at wave one, 58.9 percent were in the same type of household a year later, while 38.3 percent were in a one family household. Income SoFIE collects detailed information about personal income and sources of income. This release provides information on changes in personal annual income and changes in weekly employee earnings for those people who worked as paid employees at some stage over the first two waves of the survey. Changes in personal annual income At each interview, respondents aged 15 years and over were asked about income they received over the previous year. Personal annual income is the total gross (before tax) income received from all sources. For ease of comparison between years, data is presented in quintiles. Income quintiles divide the population into five groups by ranking people in order by the amount of income they receive. The bottom quintile (quintile 1) is the lowest 20 percent of the population in terms of income, while the top quintile (quintile 5) is the highest 20 percent of the population. Note that the wave one and wave two quintile boundaries are different because average personal annual income increased over the survey period. For example, those in the lowest quintile in wave one had a personal annual income of less than $7,448, while those in the lowest quintile in wave two had a personal annual income of less than $8,854. Changes in personal annual income for all individuals aged 15 and over for the first two waves of SoFIE are summarised below. 4

5 Almost two-thirds (65.2 percent) of people were in the same personal annual income quintile in their first and second year in the survey. This does not necessarily mean that their personal annual income remained the same. However, it does mean that their income relative to the income of other people remained the same. Of those who were not in the same quintile in their first and second years in the survey, one-half (50.3 percent) moved down to a lower quintile, and one-half (49.7 percent) moved up to a higher quintile. Over three-quarters (77.5 percent) of people who were in the top quintile in their first year in the survey were also in the top quintile in their second year. Those in the middle quintile (quintile 3) in their first year were the least likely to be in the same personal annual income quintile in their second year in the survey. Just over half (54.3 percent) remained in this middle quintile, while 19.8 percent moved to a higher quintile, and 25.8 percent moved downwards into either quintile one or two. Weekly employee earnings This section summarises changes in the level of weekly gross employee earnings for people who worked as paid employees at some stage over the two waves of the survey. For ease of comparison between years, data is presented in quintiles. Each quintile contains 20 percent of paid employees, ranked in order of the average weekly employee earnings received over the weeks in which they were employed during the year. Note that the wave one and wave two employee earnings quintile boundaries are different. This is due to movement in average employee earnings between wave one and wave two. For example, in wave one of the survey, the top quintile received average employee earnings of $922 and over per week. In wave two, the top quintile received average employee earnings of $960 and over per week. Of those people who received employee earnings in both years they were in the survey, 69.9 percent remained in the same quintile in both years. This means that although their actual earnings may have changed, their relative position compared with other paid employees remained the same. Of those individuals who were in the top quintile in their first year in the survey, 83.6 percent were also in the top quintile in their second year. A relatively large number of people (229,400) moved up one quintile between years. This trend was most obvious for those people whose average weekly earnings placed them in quintiles 2 or 3 in their first year in the survey. One out of five (21.0 percent) people who were in quintile 2 in their first year moved into quintile 3 in their second year, while one out of five (18.9 percent) of those in quintile 3 in their first year had moved into quintile 4 in their second year in the survey. Labour force involvement At each interview, respondents were asked to report on their involvement in the labour force over the previous year. They were asked the start and end dates of periods of employment, of being not employed but seeking work, and of being not employed and not seeking work (eg being retired, studying, providing childcare, etc). This timeline information has been collected from respondents for two-years, providing a two-year (104-week) picture of labour force involvement. Note that the category 'not employed but seeking work' is not the same as the official measure of unemployment derived from the Household Labour Force Survey, due to the difficulty 5

6 respondents may have in remembering details of their job search activity and availability to start a new job for dates up to a year ago. Changes in labour force involvement This section presents information on labour force involvement at the end of wave one and at the end of wave two, for those aged 15 years and over. Note that this data compares two points in time only. For example, a person who was not working and seeking work at the end of their first year in the survey, and who was also not working and seeking work one year later, may have had one or more periods of employment between those two dates. At the end of wave one of SoFIE, 62.7 percent of people aged 15 years and over were employed. One year later, the number of people employed had increased by 69,700, with 65.2 percent of people aged 15 years and over in employment. Most people (93.2 percent) who were employed at the end of their first year in the survey were also employed a year later. Of those who were employed when interviewed at wave one, 5.6 percent had moved out of the workforce and were not looking for work a year later (ie they had retired, were studying or providing childcare etc). A further 19,700 people (1.1 percent) who were employed at the end of their first year in the survey were no longer employed a year later and were seeking work. Of those who were not employed but seeking work at the end of their first year in the survey, less than one-quarter (23.2 percent) were not employed but seeking work a year later. Almost half (44.6 percent) of those who were not employed but seeking work at the end of their first year in the survey were employed a year later, while 31.9 percent were not employed and not seeking work. A total of 192,000 people who were not employed at the end of their first year in the survey were employed a year later. Most of these people (148,300) were not seeking work when first interviewed. Number of labour force involvement time-spells This section provides data on the number of time-spells that an individual was in a particular type of labour force involvement over the first two waves of SoFIE. All people aged 15 years and over in the longitudinal population are included (2,874,800 people). A time-spell can be from one week to 104 weeks (ie the total number of weeks in the survey). Note that having one time-spell in a particular labour force involvement type does not exclude an individual from also having a time-spell in another labour force type. For example, a person could have one time-spell employed, then later in the survey period spend time overseas, and on arrival back in the country spend a time-spell not employed but seeking work. Over the first two years of the survey, 73.2 percent of all people aged 15 years and over spent at least part of the time employed. Of those people, 86.5 percent had one time-spell employed and 13.5 percent had two or more time-spells of employment. For people aged 15 years and over, 8.2 percent had a period of time during their first two years in the survey where they were not employed and were seeking work. 6

7 Time spent in a labour force state This section provides information on the total length of time people spent involved in different labour force states over the first two years (104 weeks) of the survey. Of those who were employed for at least some of the two-year period, 67.2 percent were employed for the whole time. Of those people who spent some time not employed but seeking work during the two-year period, almost two-thirds (61.7 percent) spent less than 26 weeks not employed but seeking work over the two-year period, while 23.3 percent spent between six months and a year not employed but seeking work. Net worth In the second wave of SoFIE, respondents were asked to provide details about the type and amount of assets and liabilities they had at the household interview date. Information on assets and liabilities will be collected every second wave of SoFIE, that is years two, four, six and eight. Net worth is calculated from this information by subtracting the total value of all liabilities from the total value of all assets. Data in this release is based on information collected from people aged 15 years and over who were interviewed at wave two. This includes people who are not part of the longitudinal population, that is those who were not originally selected to be part of SoFIE, but who were interviewed in the second wave because they were living with a longitudinal respondent. Net worth The population aged 15 years and over was divided into quintiles to examine the distribution of net worth. Net worth quintiles divide the population into five groups by ranking people in order of their net worth. The bottom quintile (quintile 1) is the lowest 20 percent of the population in terms of net worth, while the top quintile (quintile 5) is the highest 20 percent of the population. The median net worth for individuals aged 15 years and older was $69,800. Median net worth increased with age, peaking at $155,800 for individuals in the 45- to 64-year age group, then declining slightly to $149,500 for individuals aged 65 years and over. Two out of three people (67.1 percent) aged 15 to 24 were in the lowest quintile, with a net worth of less than $6,010. Two out of three people (65.9 percent ) aged 65 years and older were in the top two quintiles (quintiles 4 and 5). The median net worth of men of all ages was $70,900, compared with $68,500 for women. The largest difference in median net worth between men and women was in the 45- to 64- year age group. Men in this age group had a median net worth of $167,300, compared with $146,100 for women. 7

8 Assets This section provides information on the number of people aged 15 years and over with assets, the types of assets they own, and the value of those assets. Almost all people (99.5 percent) aged 15 years and over owned assets. For people who had assets, the median value of those assets was $107,000. The three most common assets held by individuals were household items, vehicles and leisure equipment, and bank accounts. Of all people aged 15 years and over, 98.1 percent owned household items, 81.8 percent owned vehicle(s) and leisure equipment, and 75.8 percent had a bank account in credit. In terms of value, residential property made up the largest proportion of total asset value (44.3 percent). The next largest type of asset in terms of value was businesses (18.0 percent ). For those people in the 15- to 24-year age group with assets, the median value of those assets was $5,300. People in the 45- to 64-year age group with assets had the highest median value of assets ($188,700). Liabilities This section provides information on the number of people aged 15 years and over with liabilities, the types of liabilities they have, and the value of those liabilities. Two-thirds (67.3 percent) of all people aged 15 years and over had liabilities. For people with liabilities, the median value of those liabilities was $15,500. The most common liabilities were credit card debt and mortgages. Four out of 10 people (40.5 percent) aged 15 years and over had credit card debt, and three out of 10 (31.2 percent) had mortgage debt. In terms of value, mortgage debt accounted for 78.8 percent of total debt. The next largest type of debt in terms of value was bank account debt (ie overdrafts, revolving credit other than mortgages), at 11.5 percent of total debt. 8

9 For people with liabilities, the median value of liabilities was highest for the 25- to 44- year age group ($31,300) and lowest for those in the 65 and over age group ($700). One-quarter (25.8 percent) of all individuals aged 15 to 24 years had a student loan. The median value of those student loans was $10,000. For technical information contact: Roberta Loretto or Karin Henshaw Wellington info@stats.govt.nz 9

10 Technical notes Introduction The Survey of Family, Income and Employment Dynamics (SoFIE) began in October 2002 and is the largest longitudinal survey ever run in New Zealand. The primary focus of SoFIE is to look at the changes in individual, family and household income, and the factors that influence these changes, such as involvement in the labour force, and family composition. The survey reinterviews the same group of individuals over eight years (or 'waves') in order to build a picture of how their circumstances and lifestyles change over time. The statistics presented in the attached tables present selected information from the first two waves of SoFIE, from October 2002 through to September Survey scope The target population for SoFIE is the usually resident population of New Zealand living in private dwellings. This means the survey excludes overseas visitors who intend to stay in New Zealand for less than 12 months, non-new Zealand diplomats and diplomatic staff and their dependents, members of non-new Zealand armed forces stationed in New Zealand and their dependents, and people living in institutions or in establishments such as boarding houses, hotels, motels and hostels. For practical reasons, the population surveyed is restricted to people whose usual residence at the time of sample selection is a permanent private dwelling on the North Island, South Island or Waiheke Island. Survey methodology At wave one, a total of about 15,000 randomly-selected households were approached to take part in SoFIE. Approximately 11,500 households agreed to be interviewed, and data was collected from over 22,000 eligible individuals aged 15 and over. All adults responding at wave one, and children aged less than 15 for which data was collected in wave one, are known as Original Sample Members (OSMs). The intention is to re-interview all OSMs aged 15 years and over in subsequent years, regardless of changes in their place of residence. OSM children will not be interviewed directly until they turn 15. From the second interview onwards, other members of an OSM's household who are not OSMs ('cohabitants') are also interviewed while they remain living with an OSM. Cohabitants will be asked a reduced set of questions and will not be followed up if they leave the OSM's household. Collection method SoFIE is conducted using computer-assisted interviewing. Interviewers use laptop computers to administer the questionnaire face to face with the respondent in the respondent's home. There are two separate questionnaires used to collect information for SoFIE. The Household Questionnaire is answered by one person in each household and collects household characteristics. A Personal Questionnaire is completed with every OSM in the household aged 15 years and over. A slightly shorter version of the Personal Questionnaire is completed with any adult cohabitating with an OSM adult from wave two onwards. Children aged less than 15 years are not interviewed; 10

11 instead, a nominated parent/other adult is asked questions about them. The household questionnaire contains two sets or 'modules' of questions: 1. Household 2. Standard of living. The personal questionnaire contains eight standard modules: 1. Demographics 2. Child (if the respondent is a nominated adult answering about a child) 3. Labour market history 4. Education 5. Family 6. Labour market 7. Income 8. Contact. The SoFIE questionnaires collect both point-in-time data and spell data. Point-in-time data relates to a single date, usually the interview date (eg the respondent s educational qualifications as at the interview date). Spell data relates to a period of time or time-spell with a defined start and end date reported by the respondent (eg the period of time a respondent lived with a family member, or the length of time a person worked for a particular employer). The analysis in this release includes uncompleted spells, that is spells that were ongoing at the time of the second interview. Over the eight waves of the survey, different modules will be added to gather a more complete picture of the influences on individual and household circumstances. In waves two, four, six and eight a net worth module will be included, and in waves three, five and seven a health module will be included. The net worth module collects information on the type and value of assets and liabilities. Survey period Wave one of SoFIE was conducted from 1 October 2002 to 30 September 2003, and wave two from 1 October 2003 to 30 September The original sample was spread out over the 12 months in the first wave so that interviewing was continuous over the year. The interview for each subsequent wave will always be in roughly the same month as the interview of wave one. At each interview the respondent is asked to recall information about a specific annual reference period. The annual reference period is the 12 months prior to the month of interview. This means that SoFIE data published in this release relates to a two-year period for each respondent that falls somewhere between 1 October 2001 and 30 September Response rate In a longitudinal survey the response rate for the survey will decline over time as individuals are unable to be located, leave the country, or die. Minimising attrition (loss of respondents) is very important, because of the cumulative effect of non-response over time. Statistics New Zealand is putting considerable effort into maintaining contact with respondents in order to be able to interview them in subsequent years, thus maintaining a high response rate for SoFIE. 11

12 Despite this, Statistics New Zealand has been unable to collect valid data from all selected eligible individuals. The most common reasons for this were that a respondent was unable to be contacted, or that a respondent was not able to provide all the relevant information asked for. For wave one, approximately 77 percent of eligible households responded. In the second year of the survey, 87 percent of all respondents from wave one responded again. Assets and liabilities Tables included in this release provide asset and liability data collected in wave two of SoFIE, and net worth information, calculated from asset and liability data. Methodological difference between the Household Savings Survey (HSS) and SoFIE mean that these two surveys are not necessarily directly comparable. The main differences between the surveys are: SoFIE collects asset and liability types and amounts for each individual in the survey. People who have joint assets are asked to report their own share of any assets and liabilities jointly owned. In contrast, the HSS did not collect individual share of assets for survey respondents who were part of a couple, and no attempt was made in the HSS to separate out jointly owned assets. SoFIE collects the value of household items, whereas the HSS did not. The SoFIE population includes individuals aged 15 and over, whereas the HSS population was people 18 years and over. Estimation A basic survey weight is attached to each record to indicate the probability of that unit being included in the sample. Two types of adjustment are then applied to the basic survey weights to improve the reliability of the survey estimates. The basic weights are first inflated to adjust for non-response, and are then further adjusted to ensure that estimates of relevant population characteristics match known population totals. The population totals used for SoFIE are derived from population estimates produced by Statistics New Zealand's Demography Division for counts for different age-sex groups. Imputation Some respondents are unable to provide complete information. In these cases, missing values are imputed for all key fields. The key fields for SoFIE are age, ethnicity, income and pay details. Where possible, information is imputed deterministically, using other information reported by the respondent to provide a likely estimate for the missing value. When deterministic imputation is not possible, a 'hot deck' imputation method is used. This method involves selecting another respondent with similar characteristics to become the 'donor' and provide the imputed value. Reliability of survey estimates The initial SoFIE sample comprised approximately 11,500 responding private households, and 22,000 adults sampled within them, on a statistically representative basis from rural and urban areas throughout New Zealand. Information is collected from each member (including children) of a sampled household that falls within the scope of the survey and meets survey coverage rules. In wave two there were just under 20,000 responding OSM adults. 12

13 Two types of error are possible in estimates based on a sample survey: sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error is a measure of the variability that occurs by chance because a sample rather than an entire population is surveyed. All sampling errors for SoFIE are measured at the 95 percent confidence interval. The estimates in the tables have had specific sampling errors calculated for them that are available on request. Non-sampling errors include errors arising from biases in the patterns of response and nonresponse, inaccuracies in reporting by respondents, and errors in the recording and coding of data. Statistics New Zealand endeavours to minimise the impact of these errors through the application of best-practice survey methods and monitoring known indicators (eg non-response). Rounding Due to rounding procedures, table totals may differ from the sum of individual cells. All counts and values in the tables have been rounded to the nearest hundred. Definitions A full set of definitions is available from Statistics New Zealand. The definitions listed refer only to terms used in the Hot Off the Press commentary. Annual reference period Annual data is data in which one value is collected for a 12-month period. The 12-month period is defined by the respondent's start of annual period date and end of annual period date. An example of annual data is the amount of income the respondent received from interest over an annual reference period. Assets Assets are defined as major assets held by the respondent when they are interviewed. Every second wave (ie waves two, four, six and eight) SoFIE collects information about the following types of assets: residential property; household effects; sporting, leisure or hobby equipment; motor vehicles (other than for business); money deposited with banks; life insurance and superannuation schemes the respondent is contributing to; investments with other financial institutions; business ownership and investments; and any other assets End of annual period date (EAPD) EAPD refers to the date which marks the end of the annual reference period for the respondent. Family The definition of the family is based on the concept of a family nucleus. A family nucleus is a couple, with or without child(ren), or one parent and their child(ren) where the children do not have partners or children of their own living in the same household. Note that the children can be of any age. 13

14 Family type describes the type of family a person is living in, not who is in the family. Someone who is in a couple at the first interview of SoFIE, for example, may also be in a couple a year later however they may have changed partners during the course of the year. Household A household is either one person who usually resides alone, or two or more people who usually reside together and share facilities (such as eating facilities, cooking facilities, bathroom and toilet facilities, and a living area). Household type describes the type of household a person is living in, not who is in the household. Household enumeration date (HED) The household enumeration date is the date when all eligible members of a household have been identified and recorded in the Household Questionnaire. Income This release covers aspects of annual personal income and weekly employee earnings. Annual personal income This is the total income received from all sources by a person aged 15 years or over in the annual reference period. Personal income does not necessarily reflect an individual's circumstances, due to income sharing within a family or household. Weekly employee earnings These are the earnings reported by those people with at least one spell of employee earnings during the year. Weekly employee earnings include gross salary/wages, regular allowances, and commissions and bonuses received as usual pay from a spell of employment, divided by the duration of the spell (in weeks). Self-employment income is not included, and redundancy, holiday pay, back pay and other irregular payments are also excluded. Labour force involvement A respondent's labour force involvement is defined as being either employed, not employed but seeking work, or not employed and not seeking work. The definitions for involvement in the labour force are aligned with, but not identical to, the concepts and definitions used in the Household Labour Force Survey. Employed This definition includes all individuals in the working age population who worked for one hour or more, either as an employee or in self-employment; or worked without pay for one hour or more in work which contributed directly to the operation of a farm, business or practice owned or operated by a relative; or had a job but were not at work due to own illness or injury, personal or 14

15 family responsibilites, bad weather or mechanical breakdown, direct involvement in industrial dispute, or leave or holiday. Not employed but seeking work This definition includes all individuals in the working age population who were without a paid job and seeking work. Note that this is not the same as the official measure of unemployment derived from the Household Labour Force Survey, because of the difficulty respondents may have in remembering details of their job search activity and availability to start a new job for dates up to a year ago. Not employed and not seeking work This definition includes any person in the working age population who is neither employed nor seeking employment: for example, people who are retired, or have personal or family responsibilites; people attending educational institutions; people permanently unable to work due to disabilites; and people not actively seeking work. Liabilities Liabilities are defined as the prinicipal sum of money owed to government or private institutions, or other persons outside the household. It excludes interest on debt owed, as this is viewed as a service fee. Liabilities are collected every second wave, from wave two onwards. The following types of liabilities are collected: mortage debt; bank account debt; student loans; credit card debt; and hire purchase debt. Longitudinal respondent People responding in all waves of the survey are called longitudinal respondents. Those people who have responded in both wave one and wave two of SoFIE are the current longitudinal responding individuals. Median The median is the value at which half of the units in the population have lower values and half have higher values when all values have been ordered from highest to lowest. The median is less sensitive to extreme values than the mean. This makes it a more robust measure of the centre of a distribution for highly skewed distributions. If the mean is higher than the median, it could indicate the distribution is skewed towards the top end of the sample or that the distribution is bimodal (ie it has two 'peaks') Net worth Net worth is calculated by subtracting the total value of all liabilities from the total value of all assets. 15

16 Spell A spell is a period of time (ie a time-spell) reported by a respondent. For example, the period of time a respondent is in paid employment is referred to as an employment 'spell'. Wave In a longitudinal survey, interviews are conducted with the same people repeatedly over time. SoFIE is thus made up of cycles, or 'waves', of interviewing. The wave length (ie the time between each wave) for SoFIE is one year, which means that respondents are interviewed annually. The first time respondents were visited was known as wave one, the second time as wave two, and so on. Quintile Income quintiles divide the population into five groups by ranking people in order by the amount of income they receive. The bottom quintile (quintile 1) is the lowest 20 percent of the population in terms of income, while the top quintile (quintile 5) is the highest 20 percent of the population. Net worth quintiles divide the population into five groups by ranking people in order of their net worth. The bottom quintile (quintile 1) is the lowest 20 percent of the population in terms of net worth, while the top quintile (quintile 5) is the highest 20 percent of the population. Quintile boundary The quintile boundary is the dollar value at which the quintile falls. Given that the bottom quintile for annual personal income is income less than $8,854, the quintile boundary between quintiles 1 and 2 is $8,854. Copyright Information obtained from Statistics NZ may be freely used, reproduced, or quoted unless otherwise specified. In all cases Statistics NZ must be acknowledged as the source. Liability While care has been used in processing, analysing and extracting information, Statistics NZ gives no warranty that the information supplied is free from error. Statistics NZ shall not be liable for any loss suffered through the use, directly or indirectly, of any information, product or service. Timing Timed statistical releases are delivered using postal and electronic services provided by third parties. Delivery of these releases may be delayed by circumstances outside the control of Statistics NZ. Statistics NZ accepts no responsibility for any such delays. 16

17 Next release... Survey of Family, Income and Employment Dynamics (Wave Three): Up to September 2005 will be released in December

18 Tables The following tables can be downloaded from the Statistics New Zealand website in Excel 97 format. If you do not have access to Excel 97 or higher, you may use the Excel file viewer to view, print and export the contents of the file. List of tables 1. Family type for individuals, change between wave one and two 2. Total duration of family-type spells for individuals, over 24 months 3. Household type for individuals, change between wave one and two 4. Personal annual income for individuals, change between wave one and two 5. Weekly employee earnings for individuals,change between wave one and two 6. Labour force involvement status for individuals, change between wave one and two 7. Number of labour force involvement spells for individuals, over 24 months 8. Total duration of labour force involvement spells for individuals, over 24 months 9. Net worth for individuals, by age group and sex 10. Individuals with assets and liabilities, by age group 11. Individuals with assets and liabilities: median dollar value, by age group 12. Individuals with assets and liabilities: dollar value, by age group 18

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