Primer on hardwood tree & Log Grading
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1 Primer on hardwood tree & Log Grading Jay C. Hayek, Specialist 2016 Jay C. Hayek
2 Outline / objectives Basic Terminology Defects Importance of Quality vs. Quantity How to Field Grade Hardwood Trees / Logs Hardwood Product Classes based on Log Grade
3 terminology $/BF price per board foot. $/MBF price per thousand board feet. Blocking load-bearing and support-bearing dimensional wood and timbers used in general construction, shipping, and transportation. Board foot a unit of lumber measurement 1 foot long, 1 foot wide, and 1 inch thick, or its equivalent. Bole the main stem or central trunk of a tree; usually the useable, or merchantable portion of the tree.
4 terminology Bolt a short segment tree or a short-length log, usually less than eight feet in length; term often used to describe pulpwood- and cordwood-size logs; boltwood length varies by industry and of course varies by mode of transportation. Butt base of a tree; or the larger diameter-end of a log. Butt log the first 8-16 sawlog located directly above the stump; sawlogs located above the butt log are often referred to as uppers. Butts and Uppers refers to the location on the bole from which the sawlogs were cut.
5 terminology Roundwood logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees for industrial or consumer uses. Sawlog Top the point on the bole of a sawtimber tree above which a sawlog cannot be produced. The minimum sawlog top is 7.0 inches DOB for softwoods and 9.0 inches DOB for hardwoods (USDA FIA). Sawlog a general category of log meeting regional standards of diameter, length, and freedom from defect, including a minimum 8-foot length and a minimum top diameter inside bark of 6 inches for softwoods and 8 inches for hardwoods (USDA FIA).
6 terminology Scaling the process of estimating the volume of wood product in a log or board or stack of logs or boards. Uppers term used to describe sawlogs that originate above the butt log; also referred to as top logs. Volume amount of merchantable wood product in a tree or log. Volume is most commonly expressed in terms of board feet, thousands of board feet (MBF), cubic feet, tons, or cords.
7 Defects Scaling Defects Result in a net loss of solid wood volume Negatively affects total value Grading Defects Abnormalities or irregularities on a tree or log surface as well as imperfections in the wood Result in a loss of grade or quality Negatively affects total value
8 Grading Defects Bark surface abnormalities Bird peck (caused by yellowbellied sapsucker) Double heart (pith) Borer damage Frost cracks Limbs Knots Wounds Rot Spiral grain Shake Seams Splits Checks Holes Bark seam Rope Sweep
9 Grading Defects Adventitious bud clusters Bulge Bumps Burls Cankers Conks Epicormic branching Pin knots Galls Mineral Grease spots Gum Soak Borer damage (holes) Pin worm Insect tunnels Spider heart Ring shake / windshake
10 Common Defects shake and beginning of spider heart in oak pin knots (i.e., suppressed dormant buds in walnut) Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek
11 Common Defects butt scar, decay, and cull in green ash; river bottom area ring shake in red oak Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek
12 Common Defects bird peck in basswood bird peck in walnut Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek
13 Common Defects barb wire in walnut nectria canker in sassafras Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek
14 Common Defects fire scar and decay in black oak gum spot in cherry Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek
15 What lies beneath? Source: Purdue s Hardwood Lumber and Veneer Series, FNR-287-W
16 What lies beneath? Source: Purdue s Hardwood Lumber and Veneer Series, FNR-287-W
17 Log Defect = Lumber Defect Source: Rast 1982; Research Paper NE-511
18 What lies beneath? Source: Rast 1982; Research Paper NE-511
19 What lies beneath? Source: Rast 1982; Research Paper NE-511
20 Log Defect = Lumber Defect Source: Rast 1982; Research Paper NE-511
21 What lies beneath? Source: Rast 1982; Research Paper NE-511
22 What lies beneath? Source: Rast 1982; Research Paper NE-511
23 The basics Quality trees generally produce quality logs Veneer can be cut from any hardwood species, including cottonwood! Veneer trees are so valuable because the price per unit volume increases relative to diameter and quality All things being equal (hypothetical example): A 22 prime veneer walnut tree might bring $3.50 / bf Whereas a 26 veneer tree/log might bring $ / bf The per unit value changes with size (assuming quality remains constant)
24 The basics Grade logs, pallet / blocking logs, and tie logs do not see an increase in per unit value relative to diameter All things being equal: The $/BF for a Grade #1, 20 dbh red oak will be the same $/BF for a Grade #1 28 dbh red oak The per unit value does not change based on size
25 Factors that affect Quality Geographic region Soil type Site, drainage, elevation, and aspect Climatic conditions Stand and / or management history Log buyers generally know where the better quality timber comes from in their region
26 growth rate Growth rate, or texture is also an important consideration for the highest grade veneer logs Soft texture = slow growth rate Hard texture = fast growth rate Black walnut: 6-9 rings per inch acceptable More rings per inch is obviously better
27 Field Grading Timber Field grade individual trees using the clear face grading technique Each tree is divided into four equal faces every 90 Each face is then evaluated based on external defects, such as: Bark distortions Limb scars Bird peck Seams Live limbs Etc. Source: Univ. of Ark, Forest Landowner s Guide to Field Grading Hardwood Trees.
28 Face Grading trees 1SC one side clear; represents one clear or defect-free log faces; lowest-quality sawlogs. 2SC two sides clear; represents two clear or defect-free log faces; low grade-sawlogs. 3SC three sides clear; represents number of clear or defect-free log faces; high-value grade logs and veneer logs. 4SC four sides clear; represents four clear or defect-free log faces; highest-value, premium quality veneer logs are 4SC. Source: Univ. of Ark, Forest Landowner s Guide to Field Grading Hardwood Trees.
29 * Source: UTK, A Hardwood Log Grading Handbook
30 Timber / log Quality Quality Quality Quality Timber or log quality, along with species, determines value! 5 Basic Tree / Log Grades (significant variation) Prime (Min. DIB and log length; 4SC) Select (Min. DIB and log length; 3SC) #1 (3SC) #2 (2SC) #3 (2SC & 1SC)
31 Log Grading Species Yes, there are species-specific grading requirements DIB on small end, (i.e., scaling end) DIB = diameter inside bark Maximum and minimums (not major issue in Midwest) Log length Most log minimums are 8 plus 6-inches of trim 8 6, 9 6, 10 6, 12 6, 14 6, etc. Butt log requirement for veneer (varies by buyer) Defects Number of clear log faces Net volume deductions
32 Example Sawlog Prices
33 Example Sawlog Prices
34 Example veneer Prices
35 Jay C. Hayek False Heartwood Commonly caused by a wound or an opening in the bark of a tree which causes discoloration of the heartwood. False heartwood species include ash, basswood, beech, birch, hard maple, soft maple, sycamore, sweetgum, poplar, etc.
36 Jay C. Hayek
37 Log merchandising / classes Hardwood logs are generally merchandized using 6 difference log classes, 7 if you include hardwood pulpwood. Jay C. Hayek
38 Veneer Logs A specific category of highvalue, high quality logs generally free of internal and external surface defects. Veneer log specifications vary significantly among timber buyers. Prime & Select 4SC, 3SC, and even 2SC depending on market demand Jay C. Hayek High-end Veneer Logs vs. Low-end Veneer Logs
39 Veneer Quality Straight logs Centered pith Uniform color Centered pitch No worm, gum, or mineral Jay C. Hayek
40 High-end vs. low-end Size does matter, but quality always trumps size! High-end veneer logs are the very best of the veneer logs Larger and longer logs 4SC (four sides clear) Appearance-grade, architectural grade (sliced, half-round, quartered, rift) Tighter growth rings Centered pith Preferred and uniform color No internal or external bark defects
41 Jay C. Hayek Walnut & White oak Veneer trees Hardwood logs are generally merchandized using 6 difference log classes
42 Jay C. Hayek White oak Veneer Logs White oak veneer trees skidded out full length (Champaign Co., IL). Logs will be graded and bucked accordingly to maximize log value.
43 Jay C. Hayek Walnut veneer logs Straight, centered pitch, no bird peck, no pin knots, narrow sapwood, etc.
44 Steve Buck prime veneer walnut prime veneer walnut Jay C. Hayek Veneer walnut Trees
45 prime veneer walnut select veneer walnut Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek Veneer walnut Trees
46 prime veneer white oak prime veneer white oak Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek Veneer white oak Trees
47 Price Differentials Variation in veneer log prices are based not only on quality, but also on: Species Markets (foreign and domestic) Weather conditions (logging) Customer demands / wants (sliced veneer for furniture vs. rotary veneer for plywood) Veneer manufacturer s procurement strategy Source: Defining Hardwood Veneer Log Quality Attributes. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-313
48 Price Differentials The following species are most highly sought after for higher margin veneer markets: Black walnut Black cherry White oak Red oak (rotary and sliced) Sugar maple (rotary and sliced) Source: Defining Hardwood Veneer Log Quality Attributes. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-313
49 Grade Logs Logs that meet the desired specifications for the manufacture of grade lumber; may include uppers and lowers. stack of ash logs Grade log specifications vary among timber buyers. #1, #2, and #3 USFS = Factory logs Jay C. Hayek
50 Grade Logs General Use: Manufacture of hardwood flooring, furniture, cabinets, moulding, millwork, etc. Jay C. Hayek
51 Grade Logs walnut grade logs Jay C. Hayek walnut lumber Jay C. Hayek
52 Jay C. Hayek Walnut grade Logs Most hardwood logs are generally merchandized using 6 difference log classes. However, you ll never see walnut logs made into pallets, blocking, or staves.
53 White oak grade logs Jay C. Hayek
54 Walnut & White oak logs Jay C. Hayek
55 red & black oak sawlogs Jay C. Hayek
56 Lower Grade CHERRY LOGS Jay C. Hayek
57 Downed trees / Decay Jay C. Hayek Black walnut and slippery elm
58 overmature northern red oak Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek Lumber / Grade log Trees
59 Stave Logs A very specific category of high quality white oak logs which meet desired specification for the manufacture of tight cooperage for use in the wine and spirits industry. Stave log specifications vary among stave buyers. 3SC and sometimes 2SC Jay C. Hayek
60 stave logs Jay C. Hayek A very specific category of logs, typically white oak species, which meet desired specifications for the manufacture of tight cooperage for use in the wine and spirits industry; used to manufacture stave bolts. Each stave company has their species criteria for which white oak species they are willing to purchase. For example, American Stave Company only buys white oak (Quercus alba) and chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii).
61 Tie Logs Specific category of lower value and quality of logs intended for the production of crossties and switch ties. Numerous hardwood species are acceptable Jay C. Hayek
62 crossties Hardwood crossties can be 8 0, 8 6, or 9 0 long depending up the specifications of the railroad company. Thickness and width dimensions can very too. 7 grade crossties may be cut to 7 x 9 or 7 by 8. 6 grade crossties may be cut to 6 x 7 or 6 x 8 Source: Railroad Tie Assoc.
63 Pallet / Blocking Logs A a general category of low value species and low quality logs used in the manufacture of pallets and blocking; the term blocking/pallet logs is used interchangeably. Usually low quality logs or low-value species with limited potential to create grade lumber or other higher-value wood products Jay C. Hayek
64 nice honeylocust logs Jay C. Hayek pallet / blocking logs Usually low quality logs or low-value species with limited potential to create grade lumber or other higher-value wood products. Common species include cottonwood, bigtooth aspen, sycamore, sweetgum, blackgum, honeylocust, elm, beech, Kentucky coffeetree, mulberry, hackberry, etc.
65 Pallet / Blocking Logs Cottonwood, sycamore, sweetgum, blackgum, honeylocust, elm, beech, maple, Ky coffeetree, ash, mulberry, river birch, hackberry, etc. Jay C. Hayek
66 Crane Mat Logs Specific category of lower value, but longer length hardwood logs used to manufacture crane and construction mats. Specifications vary, but buyers generally want logs that are 24-ft long Pin oak, other low quality oak, ash, hickory, sweetgum, sycamore, soft maple, hackberry, etc. Mats come in a variety of standard and custom lengths: 8-40 feet long Jay C. Hayek
67 Crane Mats Jay C. Hayek Jay C. Hayek
68 merchantable height Merchantable: the saleable part of a tree stem from which useable products such as lumber lumber or veneer can be produced. Merchantable Height: the height of a tree (or length of its main bole) up to which point a particular roundwood product may be obtained.
69 pallet log 8 uppers grade log 16 grade log 16 veneer log 16 butt log Merchantable Height = 3.5 logs, or 40 ft.
70 uppers tie / pallet log 24 stave log 12 butt log Merchantable Height = 2.25 logs, or 36 ft.
71 Hypothetical Black Walnut Example Stumpage Value $ / bf Veneer $ / bf FOB Value $ / bf Veneer $ / bf Example 26 DBH tree; 1.5 Logs (~ 365 bf) 8 6 Prime Veneer Log (~ 173 bf) 8 #1 Grade Log (~ 96 bf) 8 #3 Grade Log (~ 96 bf) Grade Logs $ Veneer Log $ Est. Value $
72 Recommended Reading Jay C. Hayek
73 Timber prices Contact a local professional consulting forester for current timber prices in your area Yes, there are geographic differences in hardwood log prices Wet winter has increased demand for logs by mills Hardwood log prices are still very good! Black walnut White oak (stave market); $ / bf Bur oak ($ / bf depending on net footage)
74 Questions Jay C. Hayek, Coordinator Illinois Big Tree Register W521 Turner Hall (MC-047) 1102 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL Jay C. Hayek, Extension Forester W521 Turner Hall (MC-047) 1102 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
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