The Wine is Made in the Vineyard!

Transcription

1 Joseph A. Fiola, Ph.D. Specialist in Viticulture and Small Fruit Western MD Research & Education Center Keedysville Road Keedysville, MD ext. 344; Fax www. Recommended and Trial Winegrape Varieties for Diverse Regions of Michigan Joseph A. Fiola, Ph.D. Specialist in Viticulture and Small Fruit University of Maryland Extension The Wine is Made in the Vineyard! 1

2 General considerations Climate/Variety interaction critical Consistent production at your site Consistently high quality at your site Cold Hardiness Disease and pest pressure Temperature during ripening (cool nights) Ripe all or majority years!! Demand by existing wineries Demand by consuming public (winery) Crop value consistently exceeds cost of production Grape Varieties Ripe grapes Pest Resistant Disease Insect Cold! Disease tolerant Hybrids Vidal Traminette Chardonel Chambourcin 2

3 Preferred conditions for producing high quality grapes: Moderate winters and Preferably minimums >0 o F (>-4F) Adequate snow insulation Limited frosts late spring early fall Preferred conditions for producing high quality grapes: Warm sunny days during ripening Preferably maximums <90 o F Cool nights during ripening Preferably minimums <60 o F Well drained, low fertility soil Limited precipitation manage vigor final ripening The Great Lakes moderates the climate to allow Michigan to grow 140,000 acres of fruit crops. 9 3

4 Average Number of Days with Temperatures Below -4F Know your site! - Minimum temperatures Data and maps prepared by Aaron Pollyea, Peter Kurtz, and Tracy Aichele, Michigan Climatological Resources Program, Michigan State University Department of Geography, based on data from the NOAA, Variety choices: Mean Length of Growing Season Know your site! Length of Growing season Especially reds 11 Relative variety ripening whites reds 4

5 Variety choices: Know your site! -Cold! -Growing season Wine Grape Varieties Vinifera, Hybrid, Native, Super Hardy Pinot blanc Vitis vinifera Vignoles Hybrid Concord Vitis labrusca Frontenac Vitis riparia based Zabadal T., Sabbatini P., Elsner D., Wine Grape Varieties for Michigan and Other Cold Climate Viticultural Regions. MSU Extension Bulletin CD-007 General consideration of vinifera relative to other species/hybrids Vinifera must be grafted to pest-tolerant rootstock As a group, vinifera are more susceptible to fungal and certain other pathogens vinifera are more susceptible to cold injury Native American spp > hybrids > V. vinifera vinifera grape prices are roughly twice that of hybrids or Americans 5

6 New York 2006 Cab Sauv - $1813 Cab Franc - $1657 Chardonnay - $1332 Riesling - $1582 Vidal blanc - $ 650 Traminette - $1049 Chambourcin - $ 875 Grape Prices per Ton Virginia 2005 Cab Sauv $1437 Cab Franc $1447 Chardonnay $1372 Viognier $1639 Vidal blanc $ 837 Traminette $ 940 Norton - $1485 Crop value consistently exceeds cost of production Vinifera vs. Species/Hybrids Must be grafted to pest tolerant rootstock C Riparia Gloire Phylloxera Not grafted Grafted Chardonel Rootstock Selection Phylloxera resistant Vigor management (RG) Depth of rooting Fit to specific soil types C3309 Tolerate drought (110R) Tolerate wet soils (RG; Clay=101-14) Nematode resistant (SO4, 5BB, 1616) 3309, , RG Recommended Riparia Gloire 6

7 Expanding industry: New plantings? USDA 2011 report Wine grapes (Vinifera and hybrids): A A (+230%) Hybrids: A (+ 25%) A (+230%) Vinifera: A A (+ 370% ) Top 10 wine grape varieties in Michigan Acres Percentage 25 ACRES Other Riesling Pinot noir Chardoannay Pinot gris Cabernet franc Vidal blanc Merlot Vignoles Seyval PERCENTAGE (%) Riesling 0 0 Pinot noir Vignoles (hybrid Ravat 51 ) Aromatic Early harvest Consumer recognition Late harvest wines Susceptible to botrytis Tight clusters Trace bloom leaf pull 7

8 Good cold hardiness Good yields Versatile - blending Over cropping Establishment Sour rot Seyval Blanc (hybrid) Chardonel ( Seyval Blanc x Chardonnay hybrid ) Good cold hardiness Good heat tolerance Good disease resistance Versatile Over cropping? Ripe rots? Limited local testing Phylloxera susceptible Vidal Blanc (hybrid) Good cold hardiness High yields Versatile work horse Late bud break Good bunch rot resistance Over cropping Susceptible to tomato & tobacco ringspot viruses Must graft to rootstock 8

9 Traminette ( Gewürztraminer hybrid) Good yields Excellent fruit quality Good cold hardiness Good disease resistance High demand Limited commercial experience Late season? Riesling (vinifera) Regional recognition Consumer recognition Regional Adaptation Fair cold hardiness Early harvest Susceptible to botrytis Tight clusters Pinot Gris / Pinot Grigio (vinifera) Adaptable cultivar Fair cold hardiness Early harvest Consumer recognition Susceptible to botrytis Tight clusters 9

10 Gewürztraminer (vinifera) Regional recognition Consumer recognition? Regional Adaptation Aromatics Early harvest Susceptible to botrytis Tight clusters Chardonnay (vinifera) Adaptable cultivar High fruit quality - recognition Good Yields (4 t/a) Fair cold hardiness Clones available Early bud break - frost Susceptible to botrytis, PM, DM, and GY Pinot Blanc (vinifera) Similar to Pinot Gris Fair cold hardiness Early harvest High quality wine Consumer recognition Susceptible to botrytis? Tight clusters 10

11 Pinot Noir (vinifera) Regional recognition Consumer recognition Early ripening High quality fruit Susceptible to fruit rot tight cluster Narrow window of ripening Merlot (red vinifera) High demand Excellent fruit quality Ripens early Cold tender Susceptible to bunch rot Only best sites! High quality versatile Good cold hardiness Disease resistant Late ripening Name Chambourcin (hybrid) 11

12 Cabernet Franc (vinifera) Good demand and value Good rot resistance Cold hardiness > Cab Sauvignon Clones #1 and #214 Ripens earlier that CS Later ripening Occasionally poor fruit set Leaf roll virus Herbaceous when under ripe American Varieties Catawba Niagara Concord Delaware Wine and Juice Super Hardy Hybrids 12

13 SCRI Grant Improved grape and wine quality in a challenging environment NE1020 Variety Trial National Variety Trial Dr. Paolo Sabatini Varieties planted 50% white and 50 % red 40% hybrids and 60% vinifera Southwest Mandatory Core Merlot, Cabernet Sauv Northwest Mandatory Core Pinot noir, Cabernet Franc Hybrid Brianna, Chardonel, GR7, Marquette, Noiret, NY , Phoenix, Regent, Traminette, Valvin Muscat, Valvin Muscat Vinifera Albarino, Barbera, Dolcetto, GM318, Gruener Veltliner, Lagrein, Marsanne, Merlot, Petite Sirah, Rousanne, Sauv. Gris, Sauv. Bl. Musque, Sauv. Blanc, Semillon, Tempranillo, Teroldego, Tocai Fruilano, Muscat Blanc Hybrid Brianna, Chambourcin, Corot Noir, Frontenac, La Crescent, Noiret, NY , NY , St. Croix, Vidal Vinifera Albarino, Cinsault, Dornfelder, Gruner Veltliner, Lagrein, Rkatsiteli, Semillon Teroldego, Tocai Friulano, Zweigelt P. Sabbatini Wine Grape Varieties Research for Michigan Preliminary recommendations Cool-cold climate vinifera cultivars Core Cabernet franc Chardonnay Gamey noir Gewürztraminer Merlot Pinot gris Pinot noir Riesling Pinot blanc Emerging from private and MSU evaluation in the NW and SW Dornfelder Gruner Veltliner Lagrein Rkatsiteli Teroldego Tocai Friulano Zweigelt Sauvignon Gris Sauvignon Blanc Musque Evaluated and not suggested Albariño Cinsaut Feher Szagos Madeline Angevine Moscato Canelli Moscato Giallo Muscadella du Bordelais Muscat Ottonel Fiano Orange Muscat Semillon Siegerrebe Touriga National P. Sabbatini Wine Grape Varieties Research for Michigan 13

14 Cool Climate Varieties for Trial Whites Valvin Muscat NY Hybrid; gaining popularity Cayuga White NY Hybrid; versatile; pick early Chenin Blanc Early; unique; good food wine; French Marsanne Early; good food wine; French Verdelho Early; good food wine; Madeira Reds Malbec Early; potential but cold tender? Gamay Noir Early; potential but cold tender? Souzão (suh-zah-oh) Early; heat tolerance? Portuguese Teroldego Mid-late; Dense; Italian Lagrein Mid-late; Complex; Italian Plant a small research vineyard! Take an occasional risk! Plant a small research vineyard Wine was given by God, not that we might be drunken, but that we might be sober. It is the best medicine when it has moderation to direct it. Wine was given to restore the body s weakness, not to overturn the soul s strength. St. John Chrysostum (4th Century preacher) 14

15 Joseph A. Fiola, Ph.D. Specialist in Viticulture and Small Fruit Western MD Research & Education Center Keedysville Road Keedysville, MD ext. 344; Fax www. 15