Energy-Efficient Elevator Machines

Transcription

1 Energy-Efficient Elevator Machines ThyssenKrupp Elevator AMS Energy Monitoring Program Technical Analysis Study Report (TASR) Level III Analysis SUBMITTED BY Brad Nemeth ThyssenKrupp Elevator 2600 Network Drive, Suite 450 Frisco, TX CUSTOMER Hyatt Place 175 Paoakalani Avenue Honolulu, HI VERSION: 4.0 ThyssenKrupp Elevator Americas

2 DISCLAIMER This report is not intended to serve as an engineering design document, but is intended to provide estimated energy-efficiency savings associated with the proposed project. The information and recommendation represented in this report have been reviewed for their technical accuracy and are believed to be reasonable and correct. ThyssenKrupp Elevator AMS is not liable if the projected estimated savings or economics are not actually achieved because of varying operating conditions. All savings and cost estimates are for informational purposes and are not to be construed as a design document or as guarantees. The customer should independently evaluate the information presented in this report and in no event will ThyssenKrupp Elevator be held liable if the customer fails to achieve a specified amount of energy savings, operation of their facilities, or any incidental or consequential damages of any kind in connection with this report or the installation of the recommended measures.

3 CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW 1.1 Project Summary... 1 SECTION 2: ENERGY BASICS 2.1 How Elevator Technology Evolved How an Elevator Consumes and Regenerates Energy Electricity Billing Factors... 5 Peak vs. Off-Peak... 5 Power Factor Energy-Use Analysis Options... 5 SECTION 3: PROJECT DETAILS 3.1 Starting Point... 7 The Client... 7 Previously Existing Equipment Energy-Use Analysis Findings & Recommendations... 8 Current Energy Consumption Baseline... 8 Recommended Energy Reduction Project... 8 Estimated Project Results Results Testing Procedures Energy Performance Results Overall Project Results APPENDIX A... 17

4 1. OVERVIEW 1.1 Project Summary This report provides a case study to demonstrate the key energy-saving components of an elevator modernization. Hyatt Place is a 20-story hotel with two high-rise elevators installed in The previously existing elevators were powered by motor generators (MG) and DC (direct current) hoist motors controlled by electromechanical relay controllers. The project consisted of replacing the DC motors with high-efficiency permanent-magnet hoist machines with regenerative drives and previously existing relay logic controllers were replaced with ThyssenKrupp TAC micro-processor controllers. This modernization allowed Hyatt Place to improve elevator reliability and ride quality, while reducing electrical consumption of the elevators by 56 percent. Overview of Improvement PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT Machines Geared Gearless NEW EQUIPMENT Hoist Motors 20 HP DC Permanent-magnet motor AC (alternating current) Motor Generators 10 kw - 15 HP DC Removed (no longer necessary) Controllers Relay Logic ThyssenKrupp TAC with smart destination-based software and regenerative drive technology Group Controllers Lighting Incandescent LED Removed (no longer necessary with the TAC advanced communication algorithms) Cab Interior Hall Fixtures Dated, worn looking Modern cab and hall fixtures, low-vocemitting material 1

5 2. ENERGY BASICS 2.1 How Elevator Technology Evolved The following definitions and timelines are for the generalized purpose of identifying existing technologies and available alternatives. There are multiple generations of hoist motors, hoist machines, drives and controllers available in the industry. OLDEST DRIVES & MOTORS Motor Generators (MG) are traditional hoist systems that consist of a DC hoist motor powered from a DC generator. DC hoist motors were used because a DC motor has a high starting torque and good speed control. An AC induction motor turns the DC generator and the generator output is directly connected to the DC hoist motor. This hoist system is the least energy efficient. Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) drives are solid-state devices that can rectify AC power to DC power. SCR drives represent the next progression from motor generator sets since it became possible to produce DC voltage from an AC power line. Two common types of SCR drives are a six-pulse and a 12-pulse. The 12-pulse drives reduce distortion problems on power feed lines. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) can be used to control either an AC or DC motor and utilizes several types of power transistors. ThyssenKrupp Elevator s PWM 10k drive provides 10,000 pulses, compared to a 6- or 12-pulse SCR. These transistors are switched on and off rapidly in a technique known as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) drives eliminate the need for a DC hoist motor and replace it with an AC motor. VVVF provides many of the same advantageous characteristics of the DC motor, such as smooth acceleration and deceleration and excellent speed control without the issues related to usability of power. Regenerative Motors (Regen Motors) produce energy when the motor is in an overhaul condition. In an elevator, this occurs when the motor is used to brake a descending unit. Until recently, the electricity generated was sent through a series of resisters that dissipated the energy as heat into the machine room. With the introduction of regenerative drives, the energy produced can be fed back into the building or power grid. Because the harmonics are purified, there is no line loss and 100% of the power that is harnessed is usable. NEWEST Permanent-Magnet Motors have performance advantages over DC excited-synchronous motors and are becoming more common in fractional horsepower applications because they are smaller, lighter, more efficient and reliable. Large industrial motors originally used wound field or rotor magnets. Permanent-magnets have traditionally been used only on smaller motors because of the difficulty in finding a material capable of retaining a high-strength field. Recent improvements in material technologies have made it possible to create high-intensity permanent-magnets, allowing the development of compact, high-power motors without the extra real estate of field coils and excitation means. // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 2

6 OLDEST NEWEST MACHINERY Geared Machine A geared driving machine is one that utilizes a geared-reduction unit between the motor and the drive sheave. The main advantage of this design is that a less powerful motor can be used to drive it. A geared system, usually designed to run at 350 feet per minute or less (though they can go faster), sacrifices speed to its gearless counterpart. Geared systems are often used in slower-moving passenger and freight elevators. Gearless Machine A gearless driving machine is a direct-drive system in which there is no reduction gear between the motor and the drive (or hoisting) sheave. That is, the drive sheave is connected directly to the motor and brake. Gearless designs are used in the world s tallest structures. They are efficient and used for driving speeds greater than 500 feet per minute. Previously Existing Geared Machine Sheave Ring Gear Motor Shaft OLDER CONTROLLERS Electromechanical Relays (EMRs) traditionally have been the components of choice for elevator controllers based on their price, functional characteristics and availability. EMRs have served effectively in numerous applications, but their use of mechanical contacts to switch a load subjects contact points to oxidation and breakdown over the life cycle of an elevator unit. EMRs also display bounce, an undesired condition manifested by a short period of pulsed electrical current upon mechanical contact, rather than a clean transition from zero to full current. A group controller is needed with an electromechanical relay. Group controllers allow individual elevators to communicate, or know what each elevator position is relevant to one another, allowing the controllers to determine which elevator should answer each hall call. In a group controller, this process is rudimentary the controller determines which elevator should answer the call using a rudimentary process where the direction the person wishes to travel is used to determine which elevator should respond to that request. NEWEST Micro-Processors were developed as a result of emergent semiconductor technologies and offer advantages over their electromechanical counterparts. Technical parameters to consider when selecting either an EMR or microprocessor controller include service life, reliability, isolation voltage, on resistance (RON), output capacity and package dimensions. Although each type of relay has its advantages in cost or performance, micro-processor controllers have become the optimal choice in many applications based on their high reliability, long service life, lower power consumption and smaller package size/footprint relative to EMRs. Advances in semiconductor manufacturing technologies have also reduced the cost gap between the EMR and micro-processor controller, making the microprocessor controllers cost effective in a growing number of applications. 3 With a micro-processor controller installed, group controllers are no longer needed. In the TAC controller, TKE exclusive algorithms provide advanced intelligence to dispatch elevators with improved efficiency. Factors such as weight, direction and length of travel are all incorporated into the controller calculations. This provides the enhanced performance as well as eliminating the need for a passive controller and its associated wiring further reducing overall environmental impacts.

7 2.2 How an Elevator Consumes and Regenerates Energy When an electric motor accelerates or maintains velocity, it consumes energy. But when this same electric motor brakes or decelerates a body in motion, the motor becomes a generator of energy. This energy has traditionally been considered a nuisance, but with the invention of integrated regenerative drives, this waste energy is sent back into the electrical grid. CONSUMING ENERGY GENERATING ENERGY Cab Weight > Counterweight Cab Weight < Counterweight Cab Weight < Counterweight Cab Weight > Counterweight Power is consumed in a traction elevator first, by the gravitational pull on ascending cabs that are heavier than the descending counterweight and second, by the gravitational pull on ascending counterweights when they are heavier than descending elevator cabs. Power is generated in a traction elevator first, by the gravitational pull on descending cabs that are heavier than the ascending counterweight and second, by the gravitational pull on descending counterweights when they are heavier than ascending elevator cabs. In the case of power generation, the mechanical energy of the descending car or counterweight causes the elevator motor to function as a generator (or re-generator) of electricity. The elevator also produces electricity when the motor works as a braking system to decelerate. Conventional elevator systems dissipate this untapped electricity as waste heat, routing it through electrical resistors in the elevator shaft or machine room, using essentially the same principle as an electric toaster. This waste heat is not only inefficient, but can raise the ambient temperatures in elevator machine rooms and often require additional cooling. // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 4

8 2.3 Electricity Billing Factors PEAK VS. OFF-PEAK Power consumption is typically represented by kilowatts or kw. Utility and power distribution companies typically charge by kw, however, different rates apply to the time of use peak demand usage versus off-peak usage. POWER FACTOR Another element in understanding energy use and distribution is the power factor or, in simple terms, how much effort it takes to push electricity through a building or power grid. The power factor indicates how efficiently a building accepts and uses electricity. Power Factor = Active power/apparent power = kw/kva = Active power/(active Power + Reactive Power) = kw/(kw + kvar) Higher kvar indicates low power factor and vice versa. In electrical terms kw, kva, and kvar are vectors and must be summed. kva kw kvar Power factor is the ratio of true power or watts to apparent power or volt amps, so the theoretical best value for a power factor is one (on a scale of zero to one). In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor. 2.4 Energy-Use Analysis Options Audits can provide baseline data and recommendations for how to best manage upgrades of elevator components in order to improve energy efficiency. An organization can often receive tax incentives or rebates from utility companies if it can significantly reduce energy consumption. Not all energy audits are the same and it is helpful to understand the various levels of audits that are performed. An energy audit is the key to a systematic approach to decisionmaking regarding energy conservation. The primary function of this energy audit is to identify all of the energy streams in an elevator system in order to balance total energy input with energy use. The four main objectives of an elevator energy audit are as follows: 1. To establish an energy-consumption baseline 2. To quantify energy usage according to its discrete functions (e.g. machine, lighting, standby) 3. To validate pre- and post-elevator modernization 4. To identify existing energy-cost reduction opportunities Elevator energy audits vary in depth, depending on the potential for energy and cost reductions at a specific site and the project parameters set by the client. Though a recognized standard for auditing elevator energy efficiency does not specifically exist, ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) is recognized as an industry standard for energy audits. ThyssenKrupp Elevator has adopted the ASHRAE standards for the energy audits of elevators. ThyssenKrupp Elevator provides Level I, II, and III audits depending upon building needs. In order to qualify for tax incentives and rebates from utility companies, an organization must get a Level II or III audit. Completing an energy audit of a facility provides an organization with customized Energy Conservation Measures (ECM s) designed to ensure significant energy savings as well as CO 2 emission reductions. 5

9 ASHRAE LEVEL I WALK-THROUGH ANALYSIS/ PRELIMINARY AUDIT The most basic audit is a Level I audit. It is also referred to as a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through audit. It involves minimal interviews with site personnel, a brief review of elevator equipment and other operating data and a walk-through of the facility. Auditors will identify areas of significant energy waste or inefficiency. The data compiled is then used for the preliminary energy-use analysis and a report detailing potential energy savings. This level of detail is adequate to estimate energy-efficiency projects. Services: Brief survey of the building Savings analysis of energy conservation measures (ECMs) Identification of potential capital improvements meriting further consideration ThyssenKrupp Elevator provides an online tool for estimating energy consumption that is based upon operating parameters and traffic patterns of both real and simulated buildings 1. With a minimal amount of input, the energy can be predicted based on several assumptions that emulate conditions consistent with building type, use and traffic patterns. This energy calculator estimates the baseline energy consumption and predicts potential energy savings from modernization. ASHRAE LEVEL II ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS A Level II audit includes the preliminary ASHRAE Level I analysis, but also includes more detailed building energy usage. Onsite monitoring of the elevator machine duty cycle affords better estimates for machine run time versus idle time, which helps to identify lighting and energy use patterns. Understanding these energy patterns enables better management of energy use. Average wait times (waiting for an elevator), average transport times and traffic patterns are determined. This information is then used to either optimize the elevator characteristics (when technology permits) or suggest overlay systems, such as smart destination-based software to improve tenant satisfaction. Services: More extensive building survey (over many days) Breakdown of energy use by machine, drive, generators, lights, transformers, exhaust fans, heaters and cooling units Savings and cost analysis of all energy conservation measures Identification of potential rebate programs offered through utility and transmission companies ASHRAE LEVEL III DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL INTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS A Level III audit is also known as a comprehensive audit, detailed audit or technical analysis audit. This audit focuses on potential capital-intensive projects and involves more detailed field-data gathering and a more rigorous engineering analysis. It provides detailed project energy usage and savings calculations with a high level of confidence. A Level III audit measures the energy consumption analysis on the existing elevator equipment. Existing utility data is supplemented with sub-metering of major energy consuming systems. Services: Attention to capital-intensive projects More detailed field analysis In-depth discussions with utility companies Submittal of rebate application, subsequent follow-up Pre- and post-energy consumption metrics with a high level of accuracy The calculations and parameters used in ThyssenKrupp s energy calculator are modeled after actual-use data within our test facility. It is periodically cross-referenced with actual energy measurements from on-site metering during the pre- and post-audits of similar elevator modernizations. 1 ThyssenKrupp s energy calculator is available at: // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 6

10 3. PROJECT DETAILS 3.1 Starting Point THE CLIENT Hyatt Hotels Corp. expanded its presence in Hawaii with the conversion of the Ocean Resort Hotel Waikiki into the Hyatt Place Waikiki Beach. The 451-room hotel, which is located at the Diamond Head end of Waikiki, was being renovated and repositioned to become a 425-room Hyatt Place when the elevator modernization project began. PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT Year Built: 1974 Number of Floors: 20 Number of Elevators: 2 Line Voltage: 208V The Hyatt wanted improved ride performance, improved dispatching, energy efficiency, increased dependability and an interior cab face lift. Without a costly replacement of the entire elevator, the Hyatt wanted to make a 30-year-old elevator look, ride and perform like a brand new elevator. PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT CONDITION Machines Geared Geared machines were originally used because they require a less powerful motor to drive it, but any time mechanical energy is transferred from a motor shaft through a series of gears, there is inherent energy loss. Hoist Motors 20 HP DC A DC hoist motor was originally installed for high starting torque and good speed control. Motor Generators 10 kw - 15 HP DC An AC induction motor was required to turn the DC generator, which powered the DC hoist motor. Controllers Relay Logic Electromechanical relay controllers relied upon magnetism between metal contacts, which means that the mechanical components wore out over time and took longer to operate. Lighting Incandescent Incandescent bulbs, which were technologically advanced at the time of construction, are now well known to be the least energy-efficient option for lighting. Cab Interior Hall Fixtures Dated, worn looking 30 years of wear and tear made the elevator components appear unreliable and in need of maintenance. Elevator Code Not up to code Elevator would stop during a power outage, leaving passengers stranded until power was restored. PASSENGER CAR #1 Stops Capacity (lbs) Speed (fpm) Average Car Load Operating Hours* Estimated Duty Cycle* PASSENGER CAR #2 300 lbs 300 lbs 10 hours/ day 5 days/ week 52 weeks/ year 35% 35% 10 hours/ day 5 days/ week 52 weeks/ year *Operating hours and estimated duty cycle data are not available for this project. Both elevators were out of service because the entire building was already under renovation when the elevator modernization began. 7

11 3.2 Energy Use Analysis Findings & Recommendations ThyssenKrupp Elevator provided a Level III energy audit for the Hyatt. CURRENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION BASELINE Since the elevator modernization project began after the building renovation was already underway, the duty cycle and traffic patterns of the previously existing elevators could not be captured for this study. The figures below are estimates for one run (empty elevator sent from the bottom to the top floor and then back down). Energy Consumption Baseline Lighting Controller* Motor 0.72 kwh 1.33 kwh 0.13 kw/run RECOMMENDED ENERGY REDUCTION PROJECT As a result of the Level III energy audit, ThyssenKrupp Elevator recommended that the DC motors be replaced with high-efficiency permanent-magnet hoist machines. The permanent-magnet motor will increase energy efficiency because high-intensity permanent-magnets are used instead of drawing from an external electrical source. Permanent-Magnet Motor DC Motor *Included all standby power excluding hoist motion. // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 8

12 The audit findings also recommended installing regenerative drives to feed the energy produced directly back into the building. Previously existing controllers were recommended to be replaced with ThyssenKrupp TAC micro-processor controllers in order to improve ride dispatching, improve energy efficiency, reduce noise and provide precision acceleration/deceleration and leverage accuracy. ThyssenKrupp was also able to offer a gearless option for these elevators, which until recently was unavailable in elevators operating at speeds below 350 fpm. ThyssenKrupp is the only company currently offering the 2:1 roping that is required to accommodate the more energy-efficient gearless motor. PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT Machines Geared Gearless RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT Hoist Motors 20 HP DC Permanent-magnet motor AC Motor Generators 10 kw - 15 HP DC Removed (no longer necessary) Controllers Relay Logic ThyssenKrupp TAC with smart destination-based software Lighting Incandescent LED Cab Interior Hall Fixtures Dated, worn looking Modern cab and hall fixtures, low-vocemitting material Elevator Code Not up to code Up to code according to equipment design safety compliance and life-safety compliance standards 9

13 ESTIMATED PROJECT RESULTS It was estimated that electricity use will result in a 48 percent reduction in electricity costs. Estimates of project electricity savings were made by utilizing ThyssenKrupp Elevator s Energy-Cost Analysis: Previously Existing Drive Type New Drive Type MG VVVF Regen Application Data PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT NEW EQUIPMENT Application Type Geared Gearless Speed (fpm) Capacity (lbs) CWT% (if applicable) 45% 50% Net Travel (ft) Roping (if applicable) 1:1 2:1 Variable Parameters Local Electrical Cost $ per kw-h Elevator operating hours per day 10 hours Elevator operating days per week 5 days Elevator operating weeks per year 52 weeks Average load in car 300 lbs % running duty cycle 35% # of Cars in Group 2 2 Transformer No Yes Include Power Factor No ANNUAL COST PER UNIT $586 PER UNIT $1,129 PER GROUP $1,172 PER GROUP $2,258 MG VVVF $0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 ANNUAL COST SAVINGS PER UNIT $543 PER GROUP $1,086 PERCENTAGE 48% // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 10

14 3.3 Results TESTING PROCEDURES ELITEpro energy-data loggers were used during controlled test runs to measure the previously existing motor generators against the new permanent-magnet hoist system. The elevators being tested were servicing the same elevator bank and same number of floors. Elevators were sent from the bottom to the top floor and then back down with a variety of loads and no intermediate stops. Data was logged at the same sampling rates for both elevators and measurements of the kvar and average kw were taken for both the MG and the new permanent-magnet machines. A review of the data verified that no anomalies or events skewed the data or introduced uncommon patterns. ENERGY PERFORMANCE RESULTS The energy use logged during the test runs is shown below. The permanent-magnet motor outperformed the MG in all five test runs. The permanent-magnet motor consumed 45 percent to 70 percent less energy than the MG, depending upon the elevator load. The controller standby energy use was 55.9 percent less with the new TAC microprocessor controller, and the new LED lighting contributed to an 85.9 percent reduction in lighting energy use Relay Logic Controller vs. TAC Controller PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT NEW EQUIPMENT LESS ENERGY USED Controller Standby kwh kwh 55.9% 3.32 Incandescent Lighting vs. LED Lighting per run PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT NEW EQUIPMENT LESS ENERGY USED Lighting kwh kwh 85.9% 11

15 3.33 Motor Generator vs. Permanent-Magnet Motor Average kw per run, 0 lbs (no load) COMBINED - MG vs PM One Cycle (kwh) PM MG % Average kw with 0 lbs Motor Generator Permanent-Magnet Motor MG = Motor Generator Geared Machine PM = Permanent-Magnet Motor Gearless Machine KW Motor Generator vs. Permanent-Magnet Motor Average kw per run, 320 lbs COMBINED - MG vs PM One Cycle (kwh) PM MG % Average kw with 320 lbs Motor Generator Permanent-Magnet Motor MG = Motor Generator Geared Machine PM = Permanent-Magnet Motor Gearless Machine KW // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 12

16 3.35 Motor Generator vs. Permanent-Magnet Motor Average kw per run, 640 lbs COMBINED - MG vs PM One Cycle (kwh) PM MG % Average kw with 640 lbs Motor Generator Permanent-Magnet Motor MG = Motor Generator Geared Machine PM = Permanent-Magnet Motor Gearless Machine KW Motor Generator vs. Permanent-Magnet Motor Average kw per run, 960 lbs COMBINED - MG vs PM One Cycle (kwh) PM MG % Average kw with 960 lbs Motor Generator Permanent-Magnet Motor MG = Motor Generator Geared Machine PM = Permanent-Magnet Motor Gearless Machine KW

17 3.37 Motor Generator vs. Permanent-Magnet Motor Average kw per run, 2500 lbs COMBINED - MG vs PM One Cycle (kwh) PM MG % Average kw with 2500 lbs Motor Generator Permanent-Magnet Motor MG = Motor Generator Geared Machine PM = Permanent-Magnet Motor Gearless Machine KW Generator vs. Permanent-Magnet Motor Average kvar per run, 0 lbs (no load) COMBINED - MG vs PM Motor Generator Permanent-Magnet Motor 9 7 Average kvar with 0 lbs MG = Motor Generator Geared Machine PM = Permanent-Magnet Motor Gearless Machine kvar The kvar measurements reveal yet another way that the modernized equipment can improve the energy efficiency of the building. The lower kvar measurement for the new equipment indicates that the new equipment accepts and uses electricity more efficiently. This is because a lower kvar indicates a higher power factor, that could result in lower electricity costs in cases where the local utility company considers the power factor in commercial billing calculations. The data shows that the new permanent-magnet drive increases the power factor by 8 to 44 percent depending on motor loading conditions, which could generate an additional 10 percent in cost savings. // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 14

18 OVERALL PROJECT RESULTS Two factors in the Hyatt modernization project diminished the actual energy cost savings. Typical 1970 s construction in this location utilized 208 line voltage, therefore a transformer was required in order to bring the line voltage up to industry standards. Energy required to run the transformer diminishes the net energy reduction by about 10 percent. Also, if the local utility company s billing calculations utilized an adjusted rate due to lower power factor, then the Hyatt can realize an additional 10 percent reduction in energy costs. In any case, it is anticipated that this building will notice a 50 to 60 percent reduction in energy consumption under normal operating conditions. In addition to the reduction in energy use, the cycle time, or the time it takes to go from the bottom to the top floor and then back down has improved by 8 seconds (22 percent) with the new permanent-magnet hoist system. This is due to two main factors (1) the previously existing MG hoist system could not operate at the specified 350 fpm due to performance issues, and (2) the new, solid-state controller allows for improved speed over the traditional mechanical switches and relays. This improvement in dispatching, ride time, ride performance and reliability results in improved guest satisfaction in the newly renovated facility. Several factors contributed to improved ride performance after the modernization process was complete. First, vibration in the elevator was significantly decreased. Vibration is defined as a variation with time of the magnitude of acceleration, when the magnitude is alternately greater and smaller than a reference level. Within a moving elevator, vibration is caused by surfaces and a component vibrating strongly enough to turn them into a secondary sound source. This vibration is generated by an elevator moving through the shaft and changes in intensity during the acceleration, full speed and deceleration elements of each elevator ride. Apart from this vibration, elevator passengers are also generally subjected to a high frequency vibration generated by a primary source vibration through the rotating drive machinery which is transmitted into the elevator car by the suspension ropes. The rotating components transmitting vibration are classified as motors, sheaves, rollers, bearings and gears which all have differing levels of frequency generation which, at high rotating speeds, should be dynamically balanced to reduce unwanted vibration. The ThyssenKrupp Elevator exclusive geared to gearless conversion improved ride performance to an industry record of 9 to 12 m-g*. Most elevators utilizing geared machines are unable to limit vibration below 15 to 20 m-g. Ride performance has also improved because the elevators can now level themselves more precisely at the stopping point of each floor. This is a common issue for aging elevators, and with these modernizations, the leveling along with acceleration and deceleration issues were remedied. The previously existing machines were noisy and took up a large amount of space, making it difficult to plan where the machine rooms were placed in relation to the guest rooms. The new equipment reduces the noise in the machine room, thus improving guest satisfaction in the adjacent hotel rooms. The required amount of space in the room itself was also reduced by approximately 12 percent, thus providing greater flexibility for the architects that designed the renovated hotel. The previously existing equipment also used carbon brushes that contributed to dust in the machine room. The modernization project eliminated the carbon dust associated with carbon brushes, reduced the frequency with which the air filters needed to be replaced and improved indoor air quality. The new elevators are also fit with ThyssenKrupp s signature UL Environment listed cab interiors. UL Environment verified that the materials used in the modernization process were low-vocemitting material compliant with the stringent indoor air quality standard established by California s Section (CA 01350). A new backup, uninterrupted power supply (UPS) was also installed, enabling passengers to safely exit the elevator in the event of a power outage. Overall, the modernization of the elevator cab and hall fixtures mean the elevators provide a more peaceful, reliable and safe ride for the guests and significant savings on energy costs for the building owner. *Acceleration is normally expressed in terms of milli-g (m-g) or one thousandth of a g (.001 g) 15

19 Gearless Permanent-Magnet Motor with VVVF Drive Counterweight 2:1 Roping Modernized Elevator at Hyatt Place Waikiki Beach Image is a not an exact representation of an elevator product. // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 16

20 APPENDIX A: PICTURES OF PREVIOUSLY EXISTING EQUIPMENT AND NEW EQUIPMENT Previously Existing Equipment Heater bank for waste-energy dissipation Mechanical floor position controller Relay logic controller Motor generator Geared machine 17

21 New Equipment TAC controller Governor PM Hoist Machine // Technical Analysis Study Report // ThyssenKrupp Elevator // 18

22 ThyssenKrupp Elevator P.O. Box 2177, Memphis, TN Phone (877) thyssenkruppelevator.com All illustrations and specifications are based on information in effect at time of publication approval. ThyssenKrupp Elevator reserves the right to change specifications or design and to discontinue items without prior notice or obligation. Copyright 2011 ThyssenKrupp Elevator Corporation.