International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine, 2013, 3(1): 1-6 International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine

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1 Article International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine, 2013, 3(1): 1-6 International Journal of Modern Biology and Medicine Journal homepage: ISSN: Florida, USA Assessment of Uric Acid and Fasting Blood Glucose Level among Pre-menopausal and Post-menopausal Obese House Wives in Semi-urban Areas of West Bengal, India Dibyendu Bhowmick *, Mita Manna, Chandradipa Ghosh Department of Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore , West Bengal, India * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; dibyendubhowmick777@yahoo.co.in; Tel.: Article history: Received 24 November 2012, Received in revised form 8 January 2012, Accepted 10 January 2012, Published 13 January Abstract: The present study was aimed to assess the uric acid and fasting blood glucose level among sedentary obese pre-menopausal and post-menopausal housewives in semiurban areas of West Bengal, India. The 261 pre-menopausal and 239 post-menopausal obese housewives of upper socioeconomic groups were selected for this study and they were interviewed with self-reported questionnaire method. Their uric acid and fasting blood sugar levels were measured by standard methods. Then statistical analysis was performed. The result showed that uric acid and fasting blood glucose levels of both groups were below normal but in post-menopausal group uric acid and blood glucose levels were elevated significantly (p < 0.05) than pre-menopausal group. This study suggested that the obese post-menopausal sedentary house wives have higher probability to onset gout and diabetes and other cardiovascular complications than pre-menopausal group. Keywords: obesity; pre-menopausal; post-menopausal; sedentary; uric acid; blood; glucose. 1. Introduction Obesity is the most prevalent disorder in which there is excessive storage of energy in the form of fat as per height, weight, race and gender (WHO, 2005). The prevalence of obesity is increasing

2 2 worldwide and is reaching epidemic proportions. Majority of adults are becoming increasingly overweight and one of the subpopulations in which this prevalence is growing most rapidly is postmenopausal women. The 8.3 million populations are forecasted to be obese in age of 50 years or older in 2010 (Wang et al., 2007). The women of both developed country and developing country are affecting by Obesity. Obesity is increasing alarmingly in West Bengal and it now holds the 16 th position in India ( Problems of overweight and obesity are caused by a chronic imbalance between energy intake and actual energy needs of the body. The metabolic factors concerned include a low metabolic rate, low insulin sensitivity and high respiratory quotient. In addition, various socio-demographic factors such as smoking habits, dietary habits, socioeconomic situation, education level, use of contraceptives, postpartum status and rapid weight gain in childhood, have been recognized as modifying factors (Bray, 1999). Food habits are the way in which individuals or groups of person responses to social and cultural pressures, choose, consume, and make use of available foods (Mead, 1962). As populations become more westernized, dietary composition changes to include more saturated fat and less fiber. Although this leads to more energy-dense diets, the actual energy intake may not be greater (Taylor et al., 1992). An urban population has a distinctly different diet from a rural population. Urban diets include superior grains, more milled and polished grains, higher fat content, more animal products, more sugar, and more prepared and processed food (Popkin, 1996). Several studies in India have related overweight conditions with diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease (Misra, 2001; Venkatramana and Reddy, 2002). Now it is believed that overweight and obesity is related to onset of gout which is caused by the elevated level of uric acid in the serum. Most of the work was done abroad and in the urban area. We do not have information about the uric acid and blood glucose levels of sedentary obese pre-menopausal and post-menopausal house wives. Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the uric acid and blood glucose level of pre-menopausal and post-menopausal semi-urban obese housewives of West Bengal, India. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area The present cross sectional study was performed among house wives of Midnapore, Contai, Haldia, Tamluk, Ghatal of District Paschim Medinipur and Purba Medinipur, West Bengal. These areas are small town but the populations are increasing rapidly and people of these towns have good economic conditions.

3 Anthropometric Measurement and Evaluation of Nutritional Status A questionnaire was prepared to know the reproductive history and the socioeconomic status. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height were taken on each subject using standard methodology (Weiner and Lourie, 1981). After calculating BMI and comparing with suggested critical limits by Table 1 (WHO, 2000) total 500 obese house wives were taken into the study of which 261 were premenopausal i.e. those having regular menstrual bleeding and remaining 239 were classified as post menopausal; that is, those who has reached natural menopause and had their last menstrual status of an individual was calculated (Mishra and Singh, 2003) Blood Samples All participated women were instructed to fast 12 hours before blood collection. Serum separated by centrifuging blood for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm. Then decanted 5 ml plain plastic tube, labeled with name, date, time of collection, identification number of the volunteer and stored frozen at -4 C for biochemical analysis. These tests were conducted in biochemistry laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University. Fasting blood glucose and uric acid levels were measured by GOD-POD method Statistical Analyses Data was managed on an excel spread sheet. Statistical analyses were done. Significant difference between different parameters of premenopausal and postmenopausal group Student t-test was performed. Table 1. Suggested critical limits of BMI by WHO (2000) Body Mass Index (BMI) kg/m 2 Classification <18.5 Underweight Normal Overweight >25 Obese 3. Results The distribution of the study subjects of pre-menopausal and post-menopausal sedentary obese house wives is presented in Table 2. Out of 500 obese housewives in this study 261 were premenopausal and 239 were post-menopausal.

4 4 Table 2. Distribution of pre-menopausal and post-menopausal housewives (N=500) Pre-menopausal Post-menopausal Total % of Premenopausal % of Postmenopausal Table 3 represents the fasting blood sugar and uric acid levels of pre-menopausal and postmenopausal group. The concerned values were compared with reference values. Student one tail t test was conducted to find out significant difference in respective values. It has been noted that in case of both fasting sugar and uric acid the values were less or almost marginal of the recommended values. In case of fasting sugar and uric acid level the value are significantly high in the post-menopausal groups than pre-menopausal groups. Table 3. Comparison of Biochemical parameters between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal sedentary obese Variable Age group Pre-menopausal Sedentary (n=261) Post-menopausal Sedentary (n=239) Note: Student one tail t test; values are mean ± SD; * = p < Recommended Value t - value Uric acid (mg/dl) 5.09 ± ± 0.27* 6.00 <0.05 Sugar (mg/di) ± ± 3.16* < Discussion Uric acid concentrations were elevated in post-menopausal obese house wives. Our study confirms the previously noted association between obesity and high uric acid concentrations (Roubenoff et al., 1991). Fasting blood glucose level was elevated in post-menopausal obese house wives. This result might be due to the direct effect of obesity which causes elevation of glucose and triglycerides levels. So the post-menopausal obese house wives are more susceptible to diabetes and other metabolic syndrome. This result was similar to that stated by the literature (Okosun, 2001; Perry, 2002). This result also proved the association age with obesity. The hormonal changes in post-menopausal obese groups might play an important role to raise blood glucose level. This finding might be explained with the strong positive correlation between glucose and uric acid level. This interaction can be used to predict obese diabetic patients (Balasubramanian, 2003). WHO documented that uric acid can act on the urinary bladder mucosa and increases the blood

5 5 glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels. This high uric acid level with high blood glucose level may lead to cardiovascular disease (Lin et al., 2000). 4. Conclusions From the result of this study we can concluded that there is correlation between obesity, uric acid level, blood glucose level and menopause in sedentary obese housewives. Post-menopausal women have probability to onset gout and type II diabetes. Acknowledgment References Authors are thankful to all the subjects who supported us and participated in this study. Balasubramanian, T. (2003). Uric acid or 1-methyl uric acid in the urinary bladder increases serum glucose, insulin, true triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels in wister rats. Sci. World J., 3: Bray, G. A. (1999). Nutrition and obesity: Prevention and treatment. J. Nutr. Met. Cardiovas. Disease, 9: Mead, M. (1962). Cultural Change in Relation to Nutrition. Burgess & Lane, pp Misra, A., Pandey, R. M., Devi, J. R., Sharma, R., Vikram, N. K., and Khanna, N. (2001). High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Met. Disord., 25: Mishra, D., and Singh, R. (2003). Kuppuswami s socioeconomic status scale-a revision. Ind. J. P. Pediat., 70: Nielsen, M. F., Nyholm, B., Caumo, A., Chandramouli, V., Schumann, W. C., Cobelli, C., Landau, B. R., Rizza, R. A., and Schmitz, O. (2000). Prandial glucose effectiveness and fasting gluconeogenesis in insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes, 49: Okosun, I. S. (2001). Racial differences in rates of type 2 diabetes in American women: How much is due to differences in overall adiposity? Ethn. Health, 6: Perry, I. J. (2002). Healthy diet and lifestyle clustering and glucose intolerance. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 61: 543. Popkin, B. M. (1996). Understanding the nutrition transition. Urbanizat. Health Newslett., 30: 3-19.

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