Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Deemed to-be University), Allahabad (U.P.) India

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1 International Journal Of Scientific Research And Education Volume 2 Issue 7 Pages July-2014 ISSN (e): Website: Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Organic Manure on Physicochemical Properties of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler Authors Sevan Das Khunte 1, Anil Kumar 2, Vijay Kumar 3, Shambhu Singh 4, S. Saravanan 5 1,2,3,5 Department of Horticulture, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Deemed to-be University), Allahabad (U.P.) India 4 Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V.Raipur (C.G.) Correspondence Author: Sevan Das Khunte, id- khuntesevandas@gmail.com Mo. No ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted during the winter season at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad (U.P.) entitled Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on physico-chemical properties of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv Chandler. PGRs namely NAA (100, 150 and 200 ppm), GA 3 (100, 150 and 200 ppm), Triacontanol (100, 150 and 200 ppm) and CCC (400, 800 and 1200 ppm) were applied as foliar spray and organic manure (2.50, 5.50 and 8.50 tones ha -1 ) was mixed in soil during field preparation. The results revealed that treatment T 3 (2.50 tones ha -1 poultry manure ppm triacontanol) showed the maximum fruit weight (16.84g), fruit length diameter ratio (1.58) and specific gravity (1.34). Maximum p H value (3.90) and total soluble solid ( brix) were reported with the treatment T 12 (8.50 tones ha -1 poultry manure ppm CCC). The maximum juice content (90.12%) of fruit was recorded with treatment T 10 (8.50 tones ha -1 poultry manure ppm NAA). However the maximum acidity of fruit juice (0.87 %) was observed under treatment T 9 (5.50 tones poultry manure ppm GA 3 ). Keywords: Cycocel (CCC), GA 3, NAA, Poultry Manure (PM) and Triacontan INTRODUCTION Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a non-climateric fruit which develops by simultaneous ripening of the number of separate berries of a single flower, adhering as the common unit on the common receptacle, botanically called as etaerio of achenes. [Type text] Page 1424

2 Strawberry can be grown in wide climatic conditions, ranging from temperate to tropical climate. An optimum growing season temperature of 15 0 C has been reported for most of the strawberry cultivars and species (Larson, 1994) have found range between 20 and 26 0 C, the ambient temperature for proper growth. The fruit quality is very good in hills as compared to plains. Similarly, the colour and flavor development is not proper in plains. Strawberry consumption can reduce the risk of cancer by 50% due to high level of vitamin - C ( mg/100 g) foliate and photochemical compound such as the ellagic acid present in the fruit. Organic manures in soil have been associated with increases in water-holding capacity, cation-exchange capacity, aeration and root depth as well as decrease in soil crusting, erosion and maintain the soil ecosystem. Vegetative growth of plant was increased by organic manures treated strawberry (Ngodup and Saravanan, 2010) % N, 2.63 % P 2 O 5 and 1.4 % K 2 O nutrient composition of poultry manures (Katyayan, 2008). Poultry manure was fruit yield increased with 50% NPK combination and ascorbic acid also increased (Subhjith and Prasad, 2010). The use of cycocel (CCC) was reported to increase fruit yield but reducing plant height (Benoit and Aerts, 1975). Triacontanol treated plants increased number of root which causes plants to take up more nutrients from soil and increased production per plants (Blarke and Lenz, 1983). The application of NAA was delayed ripening and anthocyanin accumulation of strawberry fruits (Villrreal et al., 2009). The highest number of leaves per plant and leaf area was found with triacontanol and anthocyanin content was increased with CCC treated plant (Thakur et al., 1991). Ascorbic acid content was increased with CCC treated strawberry plants (Singh and Phogat, 1983). TSS and Acidity were increased by GA 3 (Singh and Singh, 1979). The highest fruit diameter, weight, volume, acidity per cent (as citric acid equivalent) and the lowest sugar: acid ratio with 400 ppm NAA treated strawberry plant (Techawongstein, 1989). MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation was carried out under Allahabad agro-climatic conditions at the Research Field of the Department of Horticulture during winter season. The soil ploughed 2-4 times by cultivator, harrowed, leveled and the weeds were rooted out from experimental field. Runners of strawberry cv. Chandler transplanted in uniform plots during evening with 45cm x 30cm planting spacing. Thirteenth treatment combinations were randomized in three replications. The various combination of poultry manure (tonne/ha) and different plant growth regulators were as: T 1 control, T 2 - PM (2.50 tones + NAA 100 ppm), T 3 -PM (2.50 tones + Triacontanol 100 ppm), T 4 - PM (2.50 tones + Cycocel 400 ppm), T 5 - PM (2.50 tones + GA ppm), T 6 - PM (5.50 tones + NAA 150 ppm), T 7 - PM (5.50 tones + Triacontanol 150 ppm), T 8 - PM (5.50 tones + Cycocel 800 ppm), T 9 - PM (5.50 tones + GA ppm), T 10 - PM (8.50 [Type text] Page 1425

3 tones + NAA 200 ppm) T 11 - PM (8.50 tones + Triancontanol 200 ppm), T 12 - PM (8.50 tones + CCC 1200 ppm) and T 13 - PM (8.50 tones + GA ppm). Poultry manure was broadcasted according to various treatment combinations during layout of experimental plots twenty days before transplanting. GA 3 and triacontanol were dissolved in a small volume of alcohol (5-10 ml). GA 3 solution was slightly heated to improve solubility. Then it was mixed in 1.0 litre of good quality water along with liquid hand dish washing soap 1-5 drops. It was best to shake before each spray. It was aimed to coat the upper surface of the plant leaves thoroughly. Spray enough to allow drip down from the leaves, stems and shoots also. Spraying with GA 3 and CCC was done 30 days after transplanting but triacontanol and NAA were sprayed 45 days after transplanting. The quantity was measured by measuring cylinder and the chemical were sprayed with the help of small hand sprayer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fruit weight (fruit/g): The maximum weight of each fruit (16.84 g) was observed with treatment T 3 (2.50 tones poultry manure ppm triacontanol) followed by (16.46 g) with treatment T 7 (5.50 tones poultry manure ppm triacontanol). Length: Diameter Ratio of fruit (cm): The maximum length diameter ratio of fruit (1.58 cm) was observed with treatment T 3 (2.50 tones poultry manure +100 ppm triacontanol) while the minimum length diameter ratio of fruit (1.36 cm) was observed with treatment T 1 (control). These results were in close conformity with the findings of Kumar et al. (2011). Specific gravity of fruit: It is clear that the maximum specific gravity (1.34) was recorded with treatment T 3 (2.50 tones poultry manure ppm triacontanol). The minimum specific gravity (1.14) was recorded in plant treated with T 5 (2.50 tones poultry manure ppm GA 3 ). Similar results were also reported by Kumar et al. (2011). ph of juice fruits: The maximum ph of the fruit juice (3.90) was observed with treatment T 12 (8.50 tones poultry manure ppm CCC) followed by treatment T 4 (2.50 tones poultry manure ppm CCC). The minimum ph of the fruit juice (3.34) was observed with treatment T 3 (2.50 tones poultry manure ppm triacontanol). These results were in close conformity with the findings of Kumar et al. (2011). Acidity of fruit juice (%): The maximum acidity of fruit juice (0.87 %) was observed under treatment T 9 (5.50 tones poultry manure ppm GA 3 ) while the minimum acidity of fruit juice (0.74%) was observed with treatment T 5 (2.50 tones poultry manure ppm GA 3 ). Similar findings were also reported by Singh and Singh (1979) and Kumar et al. (2012). Total soluble solids ( o Brix): The maximum TSS of fruit (10.19) was noticed with treatment T 12 (8.50 tones poultry manure ppm CCC) while the minimum TSS of fruit (7.86) was observed with treatment T 13 (8.50 tones poultry manure ppm GA 3 ). Similar results were also reported by Kumar et al. (2012) and Kumar et al. (2011). [Type text] Page 1426

4 Ascorbic acid of fruit (mg/100g pulp): The data are presented in table 6 depicted in fig. 6 revealed that the treatments had significant effect on ascorbic acid of fruits. The maximum ascorbic acid (58.71 mg) was observed with treatment T 4 (2.50 tones poultry manure CCC) while the minimum ascorbic acid of fruit (50.51 mg) was observed under treatment T 1 (control). Similar findings were also reported by Singh and Phogat (1983) and Kumar et al. (2011). Juice content of fruit (%): The data are presented in table 7 and depicted in fig. 7 revealed that the treatments showed significant effect on juice content of fruit. The maximum juice content of fruit (90.12%) was observed with treatment T 10 (8.50 tones poultry manure ppm NAA) while the minimum juice content of fruit (83.71 %) was observed with treatment T 13 (8.50 tones poultry manure ppm GA 3 ). Similar findings were also reported by Kumar et al. (2012). CONCLUSION Poultry manure and triacontanol treated plants gave highest results in terms weight of each fruit, length: diameter ratio and specific gravity. However the highest ph value, total soluble solid (TSS) and ascorbic acid was recorded with poultry manure and cycocel (CCC) treated plants. Hence the application of poultry manure, triacontanol and cycocel is recommended for better fruit quality in strawberry under Allahabad region, (U.P). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would also like to express my sincere sense of gratitude to my advisor Dr. S. Saravanan, Associate Professor of the Department of Horticulture for his valuable guidance, kind co-operation, critical suggestions and constant encouragement not only for the thesis work but also during the entire course of my study. I show my gratefulness to my senior Mr. Anil K. Bharti, Ph. D. Scholar of the Department of Horticulture, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad. REFERENCES 1. Larson, K.D. (1994). Strawberry in Hand book of environment physiology of fruit crop, vol. 1, temperate crops. (Eds.) Schaffer, B. and Andersen.P. C., C. R. S. Press Inc. pp Ngodup, Tsering and Saravanan, S. (2010). Effect of organic fertilizers on plant growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa Duch). cv. Chandler. M. Sc. Thesis, SHIATS, Allahabad. 3. Katyayan, A. (2008). Fundament of Agriculture. Kushal Publication and Distribution Varanasi, India, vol. 1: 205. [Type text] Page 1427

5 4. Subhajith, S. S. and Prasad, V. M. (2010). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, Yield and quality of strawberry cv. Chandler. M. Sc. thesis, SHIATS, Allahabad. 5. Benoit, F. and Aerts, J. (1975). Growth control of forced strawberries with CCC. Fruitteelt, 19: Blarke, Z. and Lenz, A. (1983).Effect of triacontanol on dry matter accumulation of quality and production of strawberry. Eruuebsobstbau. 25: Kumar, R., Bakshi, M., and Singh, D.B. (2012). Influence of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of strawberrry (Fragaria x Ananassa Duch.) under U.P. sub tropics. Asian Journal of Horticulture; 7(2): Villarreal, N. M., Martinez, G. A. and Marcos Civello, P. (2009). Influence of plant growth regulators on polygalacturonase expression in strawberry fruit. Plant Science, 176 (6): Singh, O. P. and Phogat, K. P. S. (1983). Effect of plant growth regulators on strawberry. Prog. Hort. J., 15: Singh, H. and Singh, R. (1979). Effect of GA 3 and manuring on fruit quality of strawberry.punjab Hort. J., 34: Kumar, R., Saravanan, S., Bakshi, Parshant and Srivastava, J.N. (2011). Influence of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. Sweet Charlie. Progressive horticulture. 43 (2): Thakur, A. S., Jindal, K. K. and Sud, A. (1991). Effect of growth substances on vegetative growth, yield and quality parameters in strawberry cv. Teoga. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 48(4): Techawongstein, S. (1989). The effect of NAA on fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) cv. Tioga. Kaen Kaset = Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 17(1): [Type text] Page 1428

6 TABLES AND FIGURES Table: 1 Effect of plant growth regulators and Organic manure on length diameter ratio of fruit (cm) of Strawberry. Table: 2 Effect of plant growth regulators and poultry manure on specific gravity of fruit of Strawberry. Treatment Length: diameter T T T T T T T T T T T T T S CD at Treatment Specific gravity T T T T T T T T T T T T T S CD at [Type text] Page 1429

7 Table: 3 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on ph of fruit juice of Strawberry. Treatment ph value T T T T T T T T T T T T T S CD at Table: 4 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on acidity of fruit juice of Strawberry. Treatment Acidity (%) T T T T T T T T T T T T T NS CD at [Type text] Page 1430

8 Table: 5 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on total soluble solids ( o Brix) of fruit of Strawberry Treatment Total soluble solid T T T T T T T T T T T T T S CD at Table: 6 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on ascorbic acid (mg/100g pulp) of fruit of Strawberry Treatment Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) T T T T T T T T T T T T T S CD at [Type text] Page 1431

9 Length : diameter ratio Table: 7 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on Juice content (%) of fruit of Strawberry Treatment Juice content (%) T T T T T T T T T T T T T S CD at FIGURES Length : diameter ratio Fig. 1 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on length: diameter ratio of fruit of Strawberry Treatments [Type text] Page 1432

10 ph value Specific gravity Specific gravity Treatments Fig. 2 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on specific gravity of fruit of Strawberry ph value Treatments Fig. 3 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on ph of fruit juice of Strawberry [Type text] Page 1433

11 Total Soluble solid Acidity % Acidity % Fig. 4 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on acidity of fruit juice (%) of Strawberry Treatments Total Soluble solid (obrix) Fig. 5 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on total soluble solids ( o Brix) of Strawberry Treatments [Type text] Page 1434

12 Juice content (%) Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) Treatments Fig: 6 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on ascorbic acid of fruits (mg/100 g pulp) of Strawberry Juice content (%) Treatment Fig: 7 Effect of plant growth regulators and organic manure on Juice content of fruit (%) of Strawberry [Type text] Page 1435