Assignment 4. Assignment 4. Assignment 4. Love Darts in Snails and Slugs. Assignment 4: Constructing an Ethogram and Hypotheses about Animal Behavior
|
|
- Drusilla Heath
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Assignment 4 Assignment 4: Constructing an Ethogram and Hypotheses about Animal Behavior 1. The goal of this assignment is to have you apply your knowledge of behavioral ecology to behaviors that you personally observe. a. First, you will quantify behavioral observations using an ethogram. You will use your ethogram to construct a behavior budget that describes how often the animal performs each behavior. b. Second, you will generate a hypothesis about your behavioral observations and propose a way to experimentally test your hypothesis. Assignment 4 Example Ethogram from MacNulty 2007 Assignment 4 Assignment 4: Constructing an Ethogram and Hypotheses about Animal Behavior 5. Develop a hypothesis or set of hypotheses about one or more of the behaviors that you observed. The hypothesis should deal with a reason why the animal that you observed exhibited the behavior or behavioral budget that you documented. You should have both a null and alternative hypothesis. 6. Develop a hypothetical experiment or set of experiments that could be used to test your hypothesis. A good source of inspiration of possible experiments are the studies discussed in class. Note that your experiments should be feasible for one person to do with a budget of up to $10,000 (the budget of many graduate student projects) in the time frame of one year. Proposing to do a breeding experiment with elephant seals is not feasible because they are not easily manipulated. Love Darts in Snails and Slugs 1. During copulation, partners place large spermatophores in the spermatophore-receiving (SRO) organ of their partner. 2. The spermatophore is then digested in the SRO. Only ~0.1% of the spermatozoa escapes to where fertilization occurs. 3. Individuals shoot each other with love darts. The love dart is laced with hormones and increases the number of escaping spermatozoa from the SRO 4. By darting its partner, a snail can increase its chances of paternity. 5. The Japanese Euhadra subnimbosa uses its darts to stab its partner >3000 times during 22 min of foreplay before copulation.
2 Diversity in Love Darts Lesson: Sexual conflict can lead to diversification. Love Darts in Snails and Slugs 1. Darts have evolved multiple times, and have been lost multiple times. 2. Darting species may be locked in sexually antagonistic selection which leads to an arms race of defense/offense. a. SRO complexity correlates positively with dart shape (e.g. the presence of flanges). Hermaphroditic flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordi. Have two penises, which they fence with. Each tries to smear the other with sperm, but tries to avoid getting smeared. Hermaphroditic flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordi. St = areas with sperm
3 Hermaphroditic flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordi. H = holes caused by sperm, Sc = Scars Hermaphroditic flatworm, Pseudobiceros bedfordi. * = Large hole where large amount of sperm hit Body then tore in two! Lessons 1. Sexual conflict can be costly. Can impose a large selective force. Can lead to partner manipulation. 2. Even hermaphrodites have different interests when mating. Each is trying to maximize its individual fitness. 3. Sexual antagonism can select for diversity in weapons and mating behaviors. Mediating the Conflict 1. Many hermaphrodites inseminate reciprocally. This sperm trading ensures reciprocity during mating. 2. Test: Create cheaters by vasectomizing one partner of hermaphroditic sea slugs (Study by Anthes, 2005) 3. Result: Partners of the cheaters were less likely to trade intromissions/inseminations, and were more likely to terminate a mating encounter.
4 Further Reading on Wacky Mating Systems: Dr. Tatiana s Sex Advice to all Creation Lecture Outline: Mating Systems Diversity among species Basic Categories of Mating Systems and How they are determined by ecology. Diversity within species Alternative mating strategies and their evolution. Reminder: Assignment 2 is due on Wednesday Basic Categories of Mating Systems 1. Monogamy: A male and female form a pair bond (short or long term). Often both parents care for eggs/young. 2. Polygyny: A male mates with several females. Females mate with just one male. Usually female provides parental care. 3. Polyandry: A female mates with several males. Often the male provides parental care. 4. Promiscuity: Both males and females mate several times with different individuals. Either sex may care for the young. 5. Polygamy: a general term for when an individual of either sex has more than one mate. Ecological Theory of Mating System Evolution Emlen and Oring, Mating systems depend on the ability of a portion of the population to control the access of others to potential mates. 2. Multiple mates must be energetically defendable by individuals a. Even distribution of mates = little polygamy potential. b. Patchy distribution = high polygamy potential.
5 Ecological Theory of Mating System Evolution Emlen and Oring, Benefits of defense must outweigh the costs. a. Energy spent defending or seeking mates comes at the cost of parental care. 4. Environmental factors determine the costs and benefits. For instance, how females are spaced. 5. Ecology constrains the degree to which sexual selection can operate. Monogamy 1. Sexual selection theory suggests that a male s reproductive success is usually related to the number of females he inseminates. 2. Why monogamy? Hypotheses for Monogamy 1. Mate guarding hypothesis: Monogamy may be adaptive if a female left by the male would probably acquire another mate who would fertilize her eggs. 2. Mate guarding likely to occur if females are receptive after mating, widely scattered, and difficult to locate. 3. Example: Clown shrimp, females are widely dispersed, males spend weeks with a female. Hypotheses for Monogamy 1. Mate assistance hypothesis: Males stay with a single female to help rear their mutual offspring. 2. The additional offspring that survive due to paternal care may more than compensate the male for the chance to reproduce with other females. 3. Example: Seahorse Hippocampus whitei, pairs ignore any others of the opposite sex. The male s pouch can only hold 1 clutch of eggs, so as long as his pouch is full he is maximizing his reproduction. 4. Example: Monogamous California mice, males help rear offspring. ~2 offspring born. With male: 1.5 on average survive. Without male:.6 on average survive.
6 Hypotheses for Monogamy 1. Female enforced monogamy: Females attempt to block their partners polygynous moves in order to monopolize their parental assistance. 2. Example: Razorbills (a seabird), females attack their partner if they show interest in a neighbor. Monogamy 2. Example: Burying beetles. Male and female bury a mouse to feed offspring. Once buried, the male may release a pheromone to attract other females. His mate pushes him from his perch, reducing his ability to signal. (from Eggert and Skaluk, 1995). Social vs Genetic Monogamy 1. About 90% of all birds are socially monogamous: form long-term partnerships during a breeding system. a. Male birds (unlike many mammals) can increase fitness substantially by helping with eggs/nestlings. Mate assistance hypothesis. 2. In some birds social monogamy = genetic monogamy. Ex. Common loons and Florida scrub jays. 3. Many socially monogamous birds have extra pair copulations (EPCs). Not genetically monogamous. 4. EPCs benefit males by allowing him to sire offspring. Tradeoff is while he is gone, he gives up mate guarding. Females and EPCs 1. What do females gain from EPCs? 2. Good genes hypothesis: Gain good genes for offspring. a. Female tits seek EPCs if mated to an unattractive partner (ie the partner gets few EPCs). 3. Fertility insurance hypothesis: EPCs reduce risk of having infertile parter. Test = look at fertilization success. a. Gunnison s praire dogs: Polyandrous females: pregnant 100% of time, monogamous females: pregnant 92% of the time. 3. More resources hypothesis: Mating with multiple males allows access to more resources. a. Dunnocks: Females seek out a subordinate mate. Will copulate 100s of times for a clutch of eggs. Both males help rear the offspring.
7 Polyandry 1. Galapagos hawks: As many as 8 males may pair with a female, helping her rear a single offspring per breeding episode. a. Suitable breeding territories are scarce, males may cooperate to keep other males out, all males have an equal chance of fertilization. Polyandry 1. Spotted sandpipers a. Females fight other females for territories. b. A territory may attract more than one male who incubate a single female s clutches. c. This sex role reversal could be due to female only being able to lay 4 eggs at a time. If resources are abundant, they need another mate to take care of another clutch. d. Food is often abundant. Female Defense Polygyny 1. Female defense polygyny: Females occur in defensible clusters, males compete for control of the clusters. 2. Examples: a. Male Greater Spear-Nosed Bats defend roosting females. Successful defenders may sire up to 50 offspring. Female Defense Polygyny b. A marine amphipod: Forms a house out of shells and pebbles. Males capture females and glue their houses to his!
8 Resource Defense Polygyny 1. Resource defense polygyny: a. Females do not live together permanently. b. Male may become polygynous if he controls a rich patch of resources that the female s visit 2. Examples: a. Male black-winged damselflies defend floating vegetation. Females mate with the male and lay eggs on the vegetation. Resource Defense Polygyny Example 2 a. African cichlid fish, Lamprologus callipterus. Need safe location for eggs. b. Female lays eggs in an empty snail shell, and guards them. c. Males collect shells, sometimes stealing them from rival males. Observed to collect up to 86 shells. Up to 14 females nesting on one male s territory Testing Resource Defense Polygyny 1. Predicts that female distribution is controlled by key resources 2. Test = Manipulate the resources, see if females alter their locations. 3. Example: Dunnocks (a songbird), Davies and Lundberg a. Normally females search for food widely. This means that female go on multiple males territories. They are polyandrous. b. Experiment: Supplemented some home ranges with food. Testing Resource Defense Polygyny Result: With supplemented food, females decreased their range size. This decreased the number of mates that they had. Males were able to monopolize females.
9 Scramble Competition Polygyny 1. Scramble competition polygyny: Females are widely dispersed, which reduces the benefits of territorial behavior. Males try to outrace rivals to receptive females. 2. Examples: a. Male thirteen-lined squirrels search widely for females that are receptive for 4-5 hours during the breeding season. Males bias their searching at places where a female was about to go into estrous. Scramble Competition Polygyny Example 2: Explosive breeding assemblages a. Horseshoe crabs: Females lay eggs during just a few nights. Males scramble to get a mate. b. Wood frogs: Females lay eggs in just one or a few nights. The high density of females and rival males does not make territoriality feasible. Lek Polygyny 1. Lek Polygyny: Sometimes males advertise to females with elaborate visual, acoustic, or olfactory displays. Males do not hunt for mates. Females watch males display at territories that do not contain food, nesting sites, or anything useful. 2. Sometimes males aggregate into groups and each male defends a small territory that contains no resources at all-sometimes just a bare patch of ground. a. When territories are clumped in a display area = a lek. 2. Male mating success is highly skewed on lecks a. Manakins: males jump between perches, snapping. feathers. At a lek of 10, there were 438 copulations. One male = 75%, second male = 13%, six others = 10%. Leks Mating success if usually strongly skewed on leks with the majority of matings going to a small proportion of males. 36
10 Leks 1. Leks have been reported in only 7 species of mammals and 35 species of birds 2. Thought to occur when males are unable to defend economically either the females themselves or the resources they require a. In both antelope and grouse, the lekking species are those with the largest female home ranges b. In Uganda kob, topi and fallow deer, males lek at high population densities but defend territories or harems at low densities Why Lek? 1. Why do males all congregate to display? Lots of competition. 2. Hotspot hypothesis: females tend to travel along certain routes and males congregate where routes intersect. 3. Hotshot hypothesis: subordinate males cluster around highly attractive males hoping to interact with females attracted to the hotshots. 4. Test: Remove males that were successful in attracting females. a. Hotspot prediction = other males will move into best site. b. Hotshot prediction = subordinates will leave site. 5. Example: Great snipe. Removal of dominant male caused subordinates to leave. Removal of a subordinate resulted in another subordinate coming in. Why Lek? 6. Female preference hypothesis: females prefer groups of large males where they can more quickly compare the quality of males. 7. Test: Look at whether reproductive success varies with number of males at lek. 8. Example: Ruffs (a sandpiper). More males attract more females up to a point. After 6 or more males, the dominant s reproductive success goes down. Why Lek? 9. Reducing male predation hypothesis: As lek size increases likelihood of any one male being predated decreases (dilution effect) a. Tungara frogs are safer from bat predation when calling in large choruses (panel a). 10. Increased female attraction hypothesis: By displaying together males provide greater attraction for females and draw them in from a greater distance a. Tungara frog payoffs per individual male increased with lek size (panel b). 11. These hypotheses are not exclusive and many be important depending on species and spatial scale.
11 Alternative Mating Systems 1. Monopolization of females by males, leaves many males without a mate. 2. This can favor the evolution of sneaking strategies. Often get female mimics. 3. Traits favored for sneaking may differ from those of territorial males. Often different morphs become markedly distinct. 4. Selection is often frequency dependent selection. The rare types have a fitness advantage. This leads to the stable maintenance of multiple morphs. a. Prediction: over time the fitnesses of the strategies should be about equal. 5. Can be polymorphic, polyphenic, or plastically determined. Polymorphic side-blotched lizard strategies Orange Morph: Territory Usurper Large size Large territories Tradeoff: Low survival to next year Yellow Morph: Sneaker Mimics females Not territorial Blue Morph: Mate Guarder Small territories Sinervo & Lively 1996, Zamudio & Sinervo 2000, Sinervo et al 2000, Sinervo & Svensson 2002, Sinervo & Clobert, 2003, Sinervo et. al Selection on males is frequency dependent: rock-paper-scissors Alternative Mating Strategies Marine Isopod Morphs Shuster and Wade 1. Male types are a polymorphism. a. Alpha males: Have pincers and defend sponges. b. Beta males: Female mimics c. Gamma males: Invest in sperm, dive into matings. 2. Mating success approximately equal: Alpha = 1.51 mates, Beta = 1.35 mates, gamma = 1.37 mates.
12 Dung Beetle Mating Strategies Emlen & Nijhout 1. Male types are a polyphenism. Morphology (horns/no horns) is plastically determined by the amount of dung the larva was raised on. 2. Mating behavior is variable: defend or sneak. 3. Developmental tradeoff: Big horns can mean small eyes! Plastic Natterjack Toad Mating Strategies 1. Male types are plastic. Males make the best of a bad job = makes best of poor circumstances by adopting alternative strategy. 2. Large males call loudly and attract the most females. 60% were callers, but got 80% of matings. 3. Small males are satellites and attempt to intercept females. Will switch behaviors when they get bigger. Also, if remove the large males, then they will call.
Ecology - scientific study of how individuals interact with their environment 34.1
Biology 1407 Exam 4 Notes - Ecology Ch.35-36 Ecology - scientific study of how individuals interact with their environment 34.1 - organisms have adapted to - evolved in - a particular set of conditions;
More informationNature vs. Nurture. Animal Behavior. Classical Studies. Fixed Action Patterns External Cues Niko Tinbergen
Animal Behavior What is Behavior? What an organism does and how it does it Why do it? Proximate Ultimate causes Fish example What controls behavior? Nature (genes) Nurture (environment) Innate Behavior
More informationParental care and sexual conflict. Email: R.E.van.Dijk@bath.ac.uk
Parental care and sexual conflict René van Dijk Email: R.E.van.Dijk@bath.ac.uk Papers for 15 November Team 1 Royle,, N. J., I. R. Hartley & G. A. Parker. 2002. Sexual conflict reduces offspring fitness
More informationCourse Outline. Parental care and sexual conflict. Papers for 22 October. What is sexual conflict? 10/19/2009
Parental and sexual conflict Course Outline 1. Sexual selection * 2. Parent offspring conflict * 3. Sexual conflict over parental René van Dijk Email: R.E.van.Dijk@bath.ac.uk 19 October 2009 4. Genomic
More informationUnique reproductive strategies have developed to ensure maximum reproductive success.
Animal Reproductive Strategies The ultimate goal of each species is to produce the maximum number of surviving offspring using the least amount of energy. This is called the reproductive effort. Asexual
More informationThe Cricket Lab. Introduction
The Cricket Lab Introduction Humans have always been fascinated by crickets, mostly because crickets sing. Movie producers add their songs to sound tracks. The Chinese have used them for medicinal purposes,
More informationAnimal behavior can be investigated in a variety of
7 Behavioral Ecology Concept Outline 7. Evolutionary forces shape behavior. Behavioral Ecology. Behavior is shaped by natural selection. Foraging Behavior. Natural selection favors the most efficient foraging
More informationName That Adaptation. Background: Link to the Plan Read Section 5 (Whooping Crane Ecology and Biology) in the Management Plan
Summary Students will explore structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations of whooping cranes. Objectives: Students will be able to: Define an adaptation Describe several whooping crane adaptations
More informationA Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture
Biology 103 A Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture Objectives: 1. Learn one method used by wildlife biologists to estimate population size of wild animals. 2. Learn how sampling size effects
More informationSpecies-of-the-Week. Blanding s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) Species of Special Concern in Michigan
Species-of-the-Week Blanding s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) Habitat Productive & clean shallow water (soft substrates) = ponds, marshes, swamps, bogs, wet prairies, slow rivers Spring & summer = terrestrial
More informationLecture 2: GLOBAL ISSUES OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Sept 29th, 2015 Lecture Outline
Lecture 2: GLOBAL ISSUES OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Sept 29th, 2015 Lecture Outline 1) More about the Mind/Brain Problem Monism vs. Dualism, Results of Survey 2) Different Levels of Psychology Social, Cognitive,
More informationMARCH OF THE PENGUINS
MARCH OF THE PENGUINS S C I E N C E M O V I E N I G H T The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 127 Page 1 of 33) The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 127 Page
More informationPractice Questions 1: Evolution
Practice Questions 1: Evolution 1. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A. natural selection B. genetic manipulation C. dynamic equilibrium D. material cycles 2. The diagram below
More informationAnimal Models of Human Behavioral and Social Processes: What is a Good Animal Model? Dario Maestripieri
Animal Models of Human Behavioral and Social Processes: What is a Good Animal Model? Dario Maestripieri Criteria for assessing the validity of animal models of human behavioral research Face validity:
More informationEvolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions
Evolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions Grade 7 (Evolution) 3.a Students know both genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and diversity of organisms. (pg. 109 Science
More informationLogistic Paradigm. Logistic Paradigm. Paradigms. How should we consider them?
Harvesting Paradigms Sustained Yield Harvesting Paradigms Net-Annual Increment Paradigm The Myth of MSY How should we consider them? The logistic paradigm obviously arises from logistic model. Says that
More informationScience 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction
Science 10-Biology Activity 14 Worksheet on Sexual Reproduction 10 Name Due Date Show Me NOTE: This worksheet is based on material from pages 367-372 in Science Probe. 1. Sexual reproduction requires parents,
More informationTitle. Euphausia superba. Author. Sophia Erb
Title Using geometric probability to compare the random and actual mating success of Atlantic Krill, Euphausia superba Author Sophia Erb Abstract Currently the most abundant species on Earth, Atlantic
More informationBiology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15
Biology 1406 - Notes for exam 5 - Population genetics Ch 13, 14, 15 Species - group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; genetically similar 13.7, 14.2 Population
More informationFAQs: Gene drives - - What is a gene drive?
FAQs: Gene drives - - What is a gene drive? During normal sexual reproduction, each of the two versions of a given gene has a 50 percent chance of being inherited by a particular offspring (Fig 1A). Gene
More informationSocial Insects. Social Insects. Subsocial 4/11/10. More widespread 13 orders of insects no reproductive division of labor
Social Insects Sociality evolved multiple times in insects Much of Earth s fauna consists of social insects They play major roles in entire ecosystems Proliferation of ants and termites associated with
More informationwww.irishseedsavers.ie Natural surface water on earth includes lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans.
www.irishseedsavers.ie POND LIFE FACT SHEET Natural surface water on earth includes lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans. A pond is a small body of fresh water shallow enough for sunlight
More informationBiology 300 Homework assignment #1 Solutions. Assignment:
Biology 300 Homework assignment #1 Solutions Assignment: Chapter 1, Problems 6, 15 Chapter 2, Problems 6, 8, 9, 12 Chapter 3, Problems 4, 6, 15 Chapter 4, Problem 16 Answers in bold. Chapter 1 6. Identify
More informationreflect What about other living things? Do all animals look the same as their parents?
reflect Look at the boy and his father. How do they look the same? They both have two arms and two legs. They both have eyes and a nose. They look a lot alike! People can look like their parents. We get
More information9/14/2015. Innate behavior. Innate behavior. Stimuli that trigger innate behaviors are called releasers.
& & has a fixed, genetic component. Despite differing environments, the behavior develops in all individuals. Learned behavior is acquired and modified over development. s can be triggered or enhanced
More informationBiology 170: Exam 3. Multiple choice (2 pts each). Mark (bubble-in) the correct answer on your scantron.
Name Biology 170: Exam 3 Multiple choice (2 pts each). Mark (bubble-in) the correct answer on your scantron. 1. All of the following are unique (only found in) mammalian characters, EXCEPT: a. Hair b.
More informationLesson 3: Fish Life Cycle
Lesson 3: Fish Life Cycle Activity: Diagram fish life cycle. Grade level: 4-8 Subjects: Science, social studies Setting: Classroom Duration: 50 minutes Key Terms: Fry, life cycle, life history, spawn,
More informationThe Concept of Inclusive Fitness 1 Ethology and Behavioral Ecology Spring 2008
The Concept of Inclusive Fitness 1 Ethology and Behavioral Ecology Spring 2008 I. The components of Fitness A. Direct fitness W d, darwinian fitness, W gained by increasing ones own reproduction relative
More informationStructures of animals
Structures of animals Name: All animals have been designed with different parts, which we call structures, that make up their bodies. Each of these structures is important as it is used to perform a specific
More information14.1. Every organism has a habitat and a niche. A habitat differs from a niche. Interactions in Ecosystems CHAPTER 14.
SECTION 14.1 HABITAT AND NICHE Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. VOCABULARY habitat ecological niche competitive exclusion ecological equivalent A habitat differs from a
More informationLevel Topic Basic Intermediate Advanced Open. What is a typical How common is sexchanging clownfish family like? father)?
Examples of potential biology topics in Finding Nemo (Pixar Animation Studios 2003, G). Clownfish mating What are other complex Can you compare and What is a typical How common is sexchanging in fish?
More informationCrotophaga ani (Smooth-billed Ani)
Crotophaga ani (Smooth-billed Ani) Family: Cuculidae (Cuckoos and Anis) Order: Cuculiformes (Cuckoos, Anis and Turacos) Class: Aves (Birds) Fig. 1. Smooth-billed ani, Crotophaga ani. [http://www.hoteltinamu.com/wp-content/uploads/crotophaga-ani-garrapatero-piquiliso-smooth-billed-ani-
More informationEvolution by Natural Selection 1
Evolution by Natural Selection 1 I. Mice Living in a Desert These drawings show how a population of mice on a beach changed over time. 1. Describe how the population of mice is different in figure 3 compared
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this
Unit B: Anatomy and Physiology of Poultry Lesson 4: Artificial Poultry Reproduction Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives:
More informationLesson Title: Constructing a Dichotomous Key and Exploring Its Relationship to Evolutionary Patterns
Lesson Title: Constructing a Dichotomous Key and Exploring Its Relationship to Evolutionary Patterns NSF GK-12 Fellow: Tommy Detmer Grade Level: 4 th and 5 th grade Type of Lesson: STEM Objectives: The
More informationAnimals and Adaptation
Animals and Adaptation From: http://www.learninghaven.com/science/articles/animals_and_adaptation.htm In order for animals to survive, they need to be able to adapt. In this lesson we will look at the
More informationActivity 12 Zoos: Past and Present
Activity 12 Zoos: Past and Present Objective & Overview: Through surveys and research, students will learn about the evolution of zoos, from menageries to educational and conservation institutions. Teacher
More informationSimulation Model of Mating Behavior in Flies
Simulation Model of Mating Behavior in Flies MEHMET KAYIM & AYKUT Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics Lab. Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University International Workshop on Hybrid Systems
More informationSilent, Nighttime Hunters By Guy Belleranti
By Guy Belleranti Owls are raptors, or birds of prey. They are carnivores who quickly and silently swoop down on their prey from above. Most raptors such as eagles, hawks and falcons are day hunters. They
More informationPreparation. Educator s Section: pp. 1 3 Unit 1 instructions: pp. 4 5 Unit 2 instructions: pp. 6 7 Masters/worksheets: pp. 8-17
ActionBioscience.org lesson To accompany the article by Lawrence M. Page, Ph.D.: "Planetary Biodiversity Inventories: A Response to the Taxonomic Crisis" (May 2006) http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/page.html
More informationGenetics for the Novice
Genetics for the Novice by Carol Barbee Wait! Don't leave yet. I know that for many breeders any article with the word genetics in the title causes an immediate negative reaction. Either they quickly turn
More informationReptile reproduction. ALL Reptiles have internal fertilization. Intromission organs. Hemipenes. Sperm storage
ALL Reptiles have internal fertilization Reptile reproduction Intromission organs hemipenes in squamates (paired evaginations in the wall of cloaca that are everted to expose a complex surface) proper
More informationLesson Overview. Biodiversity. Lesson Overview. 6.3 Biodiversity
Lesson Overview 6.3 6.3 Objectives Define biodiversity and explain its value. Identify current threats to biodiversity. Describe how biodiversity can be preserved. THINK ABOUT IT From multicolored coral
More informationAnimals of the Desert
Animals of the Desert (NatureScope Discovering Deserts page 26-27) Third Grade Core: Standard 2 Objective 2 Describe the interactions between living and nonliving things in a small environment. Teach a
More informationPRODUCERS can choose to use natural
Artificial Insemination PRODUCERS can choose to use natural or artificial means of breeding their animals. Technology has advanced in the last 30 to 40 years to allow animal producers to use means other
More informationLecture 10 Friday, March 20, 2009
Lecture 10 Friday, March 20, 2009 Reproductive isolating mechanisms Prezygotic barriers: Anything that prevents mating and fertilization is a prezygotic mechanism. Habitat isolation, behavioral isolation,
More informationWhat activities do you think an organism would use bioluminescence for?
Relationships for Survival: The Role of Bioluminescence overview In these activities, students will focus on ecological relationships and investigate the many ways that species might interact using bioluminescence.
More informationAnimal Colors and Shapes Teacher s Guide
Teacher s Guide Grade Level: K 2 Curriculum Focus: Math, Science Lesson Duration: 1 2 class periods Program Description Animals come in all colors, shapes, and sizes. Learn about the shapes animals have
More informationRain Forests. America's. Web of Life. Rain Forest Ecology. Prince William Network's OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES SUBJECTS
Rain Forest Ecology National Science Education Standards Standard C: Life Sciences Populations and ecosystems. Standard C: Life Sciences Diversity and adaptation of organisms. Standard F: Science in Personal
More informationLAB : PAPER PET GENETICS. male (hat) female (hair bow) Skin color green or orange Eyes round or square Nose triangle or oval Teeth pointed or square
Period Date LAB : PAPER PET GENETICS 1. Given the list of characteristics below, you will create an imaginary pet and then breed it to review the concepts of genetics. Your pet will have the following
More informationBiological Sciences Initiative. Human Genome
Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI Human Genome Introduction In 2000, researchers from around the world published a draft sequence of the entire genome. 20 labs from 6 countries worked on the sequence.
More informationGrade 5 Standard 5 Unit Test Heredity. 1. In what way will a kitten always be like its parents? The kitten will...
Grade 5 Standard 5 Unit Test Heredity Multiple Choice 1. In what way will a kitten always be like its parents? The kitten will... A. be the same color. B. learn the same things. C. have the same body structures.
More informationFishy Adaptations. Adapted from: Fashion a Fish in Project Wild Aquatic Education Activity Guide. The Council for Environmental Education, 1992
Fishy Adaptations Adapted from: Fashion a Fish in Project Wild Aquatic Education Activity Guide. The Council for Environmental Education, 1992 Physical Structure Grade Level: Basic Duration: 45 minutes
More informationPSY 2364 Animal Communication. PSY 2364 Animal Communication. Course Description. Textbook. Course Requirements. Course Requirements
PSY 2364 Animal Communication PSY 2364 Animal Communication Instructor: Dr. Peter Assmann Class meetings: MW 11:30-12:45 AM Classroom: GR 4.301 Office: GR 4.118 Tel: 972-883-2435 Office hours: Wed 10:30-11:30
More informationFeb 26: Song Dialects: Birds. Why Do Birds Sing?
Feb 26: Song Dialects: Birds Why Do Birds Sing? Why this is an ill-posed question need to specify the correct level of analysis (for now, we are referring to the functional question of survival value)
More informationIntroduction: Agonistic Behavior in Betta splendens
Introduction: Agonistic Behavior in Betta splendens Ethology is a branch of zoology focused on the study of animal behavior in natural situations. While the ethologist usually spends a great deal of time
More information1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes?
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 1. Why is mitosis alone insufficient for the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes? 2. Define: gamete zygote meiosis homologous chromosomes diploid haploid
More informationThese pages build on Units 2B & C and introduce predator-prey relationships and food chains.
Unit 4B Habitats Teaching Notes These pages build on Units 2B & C and introduce predator-prey relationships and food chains. Curriculum, resource and other links Sc1 & Sc2 Resources Associated with this
More informationProcess 3.5. A Pour it down the sink. B Pour it back into its original container. C Dispose of it as directed by his teacher.
Process 3.5 Biology EOI sample test questions Objective numbers correspond to the State Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) standards and objectives. This number is also referenced with the local objective
More informationYou are What You Eat
You are What You Eat By: Tanja Schollmeier, marine biologist, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks Grade level: 6-8th grade Context: This lesson emphasizes human impacts
More informationCCR Biology - Chapter 14 Practice Test - Summer 2012
Name: Class: Date: CCR Biology - Chapter 14 Practice Test - Summer 2012 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Zebras live on the savannas of
More informationClass Insecta - The insects
A Introduction 1. Very species rich 2. Characteristics a. 3 pairs of legs b. 2 pairs of wings (most) except flies (1 pair of wings - Diptera) B. Distribution 1. All habitats except saltwater - replaced
More informationPond Vocabulary Words and Meanings
Pond Vocabulary Words and Meanings Adapt: to adjust to a use or situation Aquatic: from or in the water Bacteria: tiny organisms, too small to be seen with the naked eye Carnivore: an animal that eats
More informationWorksheet: The theory of natural selection
Worksheet: The theory of natural selection Senior Phase Grade 7-9 Learning area: Natural Science Strand: Life and living Theme: Biodiversity, change and continuity Specific Aim 1: Acquiring knowledge of
More informationLesson 6: Fisheries Management in the Open Ocean. Open Ocean
!!! Open Ocean Concepts How does fishing equipment affect the amount of fish and bycatch caught in a fishery? How can we change the way we fish to use the ocean better? Standards Addressed HCPS 5. & 5.2
More informationEach person normally has 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 in all. We inherit one chromosome per pair from our mother and one from our father.
AP Psychology 2.2 Behavioral Genetics Article Chromosomal Abnormalities About 1 in 150 babies is born with a chromosomal abnormality (1, 2). These are caused by errors in the number or structure of chromosomes.
More informationWho Eats What in the Woods?
Who Eats What in the Woods? Developed with teachers at Tolworth Junior School in Kingston upon Thames in 2000. The webaddress for this activity is; Last updated 26th February 2008 This activity has now
More informationA Hands-On Exercise To Demonstrate Evolution
HOW-TO-DO-IT A Hands-On Exercise To Demonstrate Evolution by Natural Selection & Genetic Drift H ELEN J. YOUNG T RUMAN P. Y OUNG Although students learn (i.e., hear about) the components of evolution by
More informationMonstrous Mutations Lab on the Effect of Random Mutations on Animals Survival Skills
Name: Life Science Date: Period: Change Over Time Natural Selection Monstrous Mutations Lab on the Effect of Random Mutations on Animals Survival Skills Introduction The process of evolution involves changes
More informationLAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Period Date LAB : THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationThe Need Is Mutual: The Importance of Biological Interactions
The Need Is Mutual: The Importance of Biological Interactions Science Topic: Food Webs Grades: 6 th -8 th Essential Question: What kinds of relationships are involved in biological interactions? Lesson
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 3 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 3 1 Chapter in Review 1. Heredity is the tendency of offspring to resemble their parents in various ways. Genes are units of heredity. They are functional strands of DNA grouped
More informationWorld Oceans Day at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo
World Oceans Day at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo Teachers notes KS 1 & KS 2 This booklet will help you to focus your self guided trail on ocean animals, looking at the adaptations of the species and focusing in on
More informationMeiosis is a special form of cell division.
Page 1 of 6 KEY CONCEPT Meiosis is a special form of cell division. BEFORE, you learned Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells In sexual reproduction, offspring inherit traits from both parents
More informationTask 3 Reading into Writing: Endangered Animals
At a glance Level: ISE II Task 3 Reading into Writing: Endangered Animals Focus: Task 3 Reading into writing Aims: To read information about endangered animals, to answer questions about the information
More informationScientific Method Worksheet
Scientific Method Worksheet Anyone who has ever read a mystery novel or seen a whodunit on TV, has seen the scientific method in action. Anyone who has ever tried to figure out what happens to the refrigerator
More informationWild About... Frogs and Frogspawn
a Wild About... Rutland County Council Nature notes Frogs belong to a group of animals called amphibians, which also includes newts and toads. Amphibians live both on land and in water. Water is needed
More informationAnimal Adaptations -- Vocabulary
Section 1 Objectives o Children will understand what animal adaptations are. o Children will be able to explain why animal adaptations are important. o Children will be able to explain different types
More informationCrabs. Focus Question
Topics Crabs, Adaptations Crabs Grades PreK-2 Site Indoors Duration 30 minutes (minimum) Materials Crab Cards Clay or foil Pipe cleaners Egg carton sections, small boxes, jars, lids, food cups, yogurt
More informationCycles of life. You will be visiting the museum to see some baby animals and their parents. Here are some of their stories.
Cycles of life Some animals die of old age, some die of disease, some are killed and eaten by other animals. But the world does not run out of animals because more are being born or hatched all the time.
More informationwww.nationalgeographic.com/education
Crittercam Classroom Companion Related Materials from National Geographic Crittercam http://www.nationalgeographic.com/crittercam/ What do wild animals do when we're not around? Find out with National
More informationPOLICY ON THE RELOCATION OF WILDLIFE
State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Mail Code 501-03 Division of Fish and Wildlife PO Box 420 / 501 East State Street Trenton, NJ 08625-0420 POLICY ON THE RELOCATION OF WILDLIFE
More informationAP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST. Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics
Ms. Foglia Date AP: LAB 8: THE CHI-SQUARE TEST Probability, Random Chance, and Genetics Why do we study random chance and probability at the beginning of a unit on genetics? Genetics is the study of inheritance,
More informationThe Seven Characteristics of Life
Jennifer Hepner Maureen Frandsen Fall 2003 Grade Level: 3 rd grade The Seven Characteristics of Life Abstract: The purpose of this lesson is for students to learn the characteristics of living organisms.
More informationInference for two Population Means
Inference for two Population Means Bret Hanlon and Bret Larget Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin Madison October 27 November 1, 2011 Two Population Means 1 / 65 Case Study Case Study Example
More informationEcology Symbiotic Relationships
Ecology Symbiotic Relationships Overview of the Co-evolution and Relationships Exhibited Among Community Members What does Symbiosis mean? How do we define Symbiosis? Symbiosis in the broadest sense is
More informationName Class Date. Adapting to the Environment Adaptations and Survival
CHAPTER 3 4 SECTIN Adapting to the Environment Adaptations and Survival EFRE YU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What adaptations help animals survive? What
More informationRecommended Land Use Guidelines for Protection of Selected Wildlife Species and Habitat within Grassland and Parkland Natural Regions of Alberta
Fish and Wildlife Division Sustainable Resource Development Recommended Land Use Guidelines for Protection of Selected Wildlife Species and Habitat within Grassland and Parkland Natural Regions of Alberta
More informationWolf? Wolf? A L A. Whatever Happened. Term. The word alpha applied to wolves. to the
Whatever Happened to the Term A L A P H Wolf? The word alpha applied to wolves has had a long history. For many years books and articles about wolves have mentioned the alpha male and alpha female or the
More informationDUNGENESS CRAB REPORT
DUNGENESS CRAB REPORT Dungeness crabs range from the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to perhaps Santa Barbara; however, the species is considered rare south of Point Conception. Temperature apparently
More informationReproductive technologies. Lecture 15 Introduction to Breeding and Genetics GENE 251/351 School of Environment and Rural Science (Genetics)
Reproductive technologies Lecture 15 Introduction to Breeding and Genetics GENE 251/351 School of Environment and Rural Science (Genetics) Animal Breeding in a nutshell Breeding objectives Trait measurement
More informationCATS and WILDLIFE HOW YOU CAN PROTECT BOTH
CATS and WILDLIFE HOW YOU CAN PROTECT BOTH Where is your cat right now? Could it be harming native wildlife? Is it roaming in your neighbour s yard? Is it crossing a busy road? Could it be returned to
More information4THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
4THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK GRADE 4 ELEMENTARY-LEVEL SCIENCE TEST WRITTEN TEST JUNE 6, 2011 Student Name School Name Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. The test
More informationDissect a Flower. Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Dissect a Flower Overview Students dissect an Alstroemeria or similar flower to familiarize themselves with the basic parts of a flower. They
More informationMaintenance of Diversity
Maintenance of Diversity 1. Succession 2. Loss of Diversity 3. General Mechanisms that Maintain Diversity 4. Specific Mechanisms that Maintain Diversity Maintenance of species diversity 1. Ecological succession
More informationSummary. 16 1 Genes and Variation. 16 2 Evolution as Genetic Change. Name Class Date
Chapter 16 Summary Evolution of Populations 16 1 Genes and Variation Darwin s original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. Beginning with variation, we now know that traits are controlled by
More informationHeredity - Patterns of Inheritance
Heredity - Patterns of Inheritance Genes and Alleles A. Genes 1. A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a special functional product a. Transfer RNA b. Enzyme c. Structural protein d. Pigments 2. Genes
More informationThe evolution of male mate choice in insects: a synthesis of ideas and evidence
Biol. Rev. (2001), 76, pp. 305 339 Printed in the United Kingdom Cambridge Philosophical Society 305 The evolution of male mate choice in insects: a synthesis of ideas and evidence RUSSELL BONDURIANSKY
More informationELEMENTARY-LEVEL SCIENCE TEST
4THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SPRING 2008 GRADE 4 ELEMENTARY-LEVEL SCIENCE TEST WRITTEN TEST Student Name School Name Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. The test
More informationYMCA Basketball Games and Skill Drills for 3 5 Year Olds
YMCA Basketball Games and s for 3 5 Year Olds Tips ( s) Variations Page 2 Dribbling Game 10 Players will learn that they must be able to dribble to attack the basket (target) to score in basketball. The
More information