NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 1 of 9. Question Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence. (a), (b), (c) plus

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1 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 1 of 9 Assessment Schedule 2006 Geography: Examine population patterns, processes and issues (90203) Evidence Statement Question Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence One (a) (b) (d) Japan Myanmar (Burma) Philippines TWO physical factors: eg lowlands, fresh water, soil fertility (a), (b), plus ONE part of (d). Must give the factor, and a reason with a reference to specific places or features. OR (a), (b), plus Must answer BOTH parts of (d) correctly. With references to specific places or features. Any TWO of (a), (b) and BOTH parts of (d) with references to specific places or features. Evidence may include but is not limited to: Natural/Physical factor: Lowland, plains, river valleys, or river deltas Reasons River valleys have a higher population density because the more soil is more fertile. Agriculture is more productive. People have access to water. It is easier to travel, build roads, and trade in river valleys. It is easier to build cities on flatter land. Named places can include: Ganges River / delta, Mekong River /delta, Yangtze river valley/delta, North China Plain, Kanto Plain, Indus Valley Natural/Physical factor Coastline Reasons Coast line can have higher population density because there is better access for trade. Good access to fishing Named places can include: West Indian coast, China coastline Natural/Physical factor: Soil fertility Reasons Where the soil is fertile the population density will be higher because it is easier to produce sufficient food for large numbers of people. Named places could include: Java, Ganges River / delta, Mekong River / delta, Yangtze River valley / delta, North China Plain, Kanto Plain, Indus Valley Natural/Physical factor: Mountainous Reason Population density will be low in mountainous regions because the steep slopes make it hard for farming, travel, or building. Shallow infertile soils Colder, more extreme climate Named places could: include Himalayas, Tibetan plateau

2 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 2 of 9 Natural/Physical factor: Deserts Reason Population density will be low because there is little or no soil. Lack of water Extremes of temperature Named places could include: Thar desert (or Great Indian Desert), Gobi Desert Natural/Physical factor: Climate Reason Population density tends to be higher in warmer or more temperate climates rather than extreme climates. Where the rainfall is more reliable may mention monsoon Accept opposite that is low population density in area where temperature are extreme, cold. Named places could include: North Indian plains, Ganges, southern and north coastal China or may mention places such as extremes in mountain and deserts where these conditions are not met Natural/Physical factor: Vegetation Reason Low population density where there is tropical forest No vegetation grows, such as in deserts Named places could include as appropriate: Central Borneo, Thar and Gobi Deserts

3 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 3 of 9 Question Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence Two Understanding of the migration model. Able to describe the push and pull factors and an obstacle, with reference to a named type of migration and specific places / case studies. Vague opposites not accepted. Two clearly described factors push / pull opposites = achieved only Migration type named. ONE push, ONE obstacle and ONE pull factor clearly described and appropriate to the named migration type. Migration type named. THREE parts of the model complete with a reference to specific case studies / places. Description must be clear and appropriate to the named migration type. Depth or breadth. Migration type named. All THREE parts of the model completed comprehensively with reference to specific case studies / places Description must be clear and appropriate to the named migration type. Depth and breadth. Depth could include: Case study material in two of three parts, or one part if the case study detailed and the rest of the answer shows an excellent (comprehensive) understanding of the migration model. Evidence could include but is not limited to Migration type: Rural-urban migration Push factors: Poverty due to population pressure on land Less people needed on land as farming modernises Lack of opportunity (employment, pay, education, health) Poor living conditions (eg sanitation, overcrowding) Village life seen as unexciting Obstacles: Lack of money Long distances Cost of transport Family ties Pull factors: Hope for employment in urban areas Perceived better standard of living Sense of adventure Better marriage prospects Better educational prospects Case studies will vary and could include: China where there is such a pressure of rural and urban migration that control policies (Hukou system) Variation in rural urban balance with some highly urban like Singapore and some very rural like East Timor. May have figure showing change for particular countries ie Indonesia s urban population has quadrupled between 1961 and Growth of mega-cities: 12 of world s 21 mega cites in Asia. Great Jakarta is one of largest urban areas in world with 20 million people.

4 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 4 of 9 Pull factor Could have pulled to a place not too big as this is seen as not too threatening Migration type: Labour migration (temporary or seasonal) Push factor Poverty or at least need to increase income Lack of work in local region Obstacles Distance to travel Need for visas if to overseas place Risks of exploitation and abuse Cost of travel Family commitments Pull factors Hope of higher income to improve life for family Chance to increase skills Countries or case studies could include: From Philippines to Thailand or Saudi Arabia To South Korea Migration type: International migration (include permanent and short term such as for education) Push factors Lack of freedom, lack of democracy or repression (but not refugee) Environmental concerns Concern about crime Poor economic position not happy with income Low education opportunities Low living standards Hard to get into good schools because of large numbers of young people Obstacles Entry requirements of destination Official paperwork such as visas and passports Cost of travel Fear of unknown cultural and other differences Family commitments and ties Pull factors Perception of a free, more interesting, less repressive lifestyle Improved standard of living Less crowded (perhaps) Improved income, education, or living standard. Adventure, new experiences cultural experience (if student for education) Chance to improve English Countries could include: Chinese, Korean, Indian migration to USA, Australia, NZ. Could include migration to countries within Asia. Receiving countries include Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia. and Thailand, Source countries include China, Philippines, Cambodia, Indonesia, Bangladesh. Migration type: Refugees Push factors (must have idea of lack of choice not just that don t like the regime or that country is poor) A fear for their life Political repressions Extreme natural diaster such as famine Note: The UNHCR has identified four root causes of refugee flows - political instability; economic tensions; ethnic conflict; and environmental degradation.

5 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 5 of 9 Obstacles Physical risks of travelling to another place Loss of possession, status Fear of unknown might be worse Pull factors Chance of saving one s life and that of one family Change to begin again Countries can include: Indochinese crisis in 1970 s (Vietnam, Cambodia), Afghanistan, more recent conflict in Cambodia and Myanmar. Accept Iraq to Pakistan and Indonesia (and thence attempts to Australia). Migration type: counter flow say urban to rural Push factors Unemployment in city Isolation Language or cultural problems Living conditions poor slums Obstacles Cost Loss of face returning Pull factors Family Sense of belonging to a place rather than lost in a large city Government inducements Countries or case studies could include: Indonesia s and China s policies of moving people to rural areas ie Papua in Indonesia, Tibet in China

6 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 6 of 9 Question Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence Three (a) Generalisation. Note: change (a), (b) all correct (a), (b), correct. (b) Southern Africa / North-East Asia and Social advantage / disadvantage of multicultural population. ONE part of. 0r Any 2 of (a), (b) and BOTH parts of Change = Increase or decease. Grow, rises, more than before The percentage of New Zealand population born overseas has increased or the proportion of New Zealanders who are born in NZ has declined Migrants alone not accepted as migrants can include tourists and NZer s returning home Best answers will give some brief reason why being multicultural is an advantage or disadvantage. Evidence relating to migration rather than multiculturalism not accepted. May include but not limited to: Social Advantages: Increase in awareness of other cultures More tolerances Exposure to a wider range of food, customs, festivals Social disadvantages: Discrimination and racism Segregation specific cultural areas developed in migrant regions Possible increased pressure on public services, such as schools, housing, health, and benefits Negative, stereotypical attitudes towards migrants eg perception of jobs being taken off people. Disadvantage to Maori as tangata whenua Don t accept: Becoming too crowded this is a growth issue, not where people are from Cultural diversity needs a reason why this is an advantage or disadvantage

7 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 7 of 9 Question Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence Four (a) A C C A TWO correct responses in (a). THREE correct responses in (a). THREE correct responses in (a). (b) THREE changes to the population identified with evidence from the population pyramid: eg; life expectancy increased increasing percentage of elderly (population ageing) increasing median age reduced youth dependency increased elderly dependency TWO changes identified with evidence. OR TWO changes identified with evidence. AND THREE changes identified with evidence. AND Birth rate decreased Change in female survival Explanation for ONE change in the population structure evident on the population pyramids. ONE change with evidence and an explanation attempted with some understanding. Explanation for ONE of the changes clearly demonstrates understanding of population processes. Depth or breadth. Explanation for ONE of the changes clearly demonstrates understanding of population processes. Shows excellent (ie comprehensive) understanding of the processes involved in population change. (a) Change: A change must be clear could use word like in 1901 while in 2001, increase, decrease Don t accept a description of each graph with no comment on relationship to other graphs Depth and breadth. There must be evidence clearly stated from the graphs don t accept as you can see on the graph. Allow figures and description of the length of the bar as long as the link to the graphs is clear. (a) Specific changes shown on the pyramids can include but not limited to: Any of these have similar evidence 1. life expectancy increased 2. increasing percentage of elderly (population ageing) 3. increasing median age 4. decreasing youth dependency and increasing elderly dependency (b) Evidence (accept estimations that are descriptive or approx calculations) Increased number living to 90+ in 2001 and 2101 pyramids 4% over 90 and 8% in 2101 compared with insignificant in 1901 Over 65 4% of population. Proportion over 65+ in 2001 now about 12% and will rise to about 26% in 2101 Median age around 23 in 1901 around 35 in 2001 around 45 in 2101 Changes in dependency ratio. In 1901 over half population was under 24. Under 15 from 33% in 1901 to 23% 2001 Elderly from 4% in 190 to 12% in Birth rate decreased (b) Evidence Reduce proportion of population in the 0-14 cohorts In 1901 over half population was under 24, 33% under 15 in

8 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 8 of compared with around 23% in Change in female survival ( or male/ female ratios becoming more even) (b) Evidence In the 1901 pyramid that more males survive past 40 than females. This is the impact of poor maternal health deaths in childbirth, and childbearing into the 40 s leading to early death 7. More events spread between age cohorts (b) Evidence 1901 high % in young age and lower in older compared with 2101 where the proportion in each age group is similar Explanations Change Median age increased Life expectancy increased Increasing proportion of elderly Reduced youth dependency and increased elderly dependent These have basically the same explanation: change in the death rate of young adults between 1901 and 2001 especially women with improved public health care, better medical care, better diet People are living longer there will be a peak in the number of elderly dependents but by 2101 this has stablised this peak is due to the large number of people born after WWII aging from 2010 on but by 2101 the elderly will be people who will be born in the next 20 years not expecting either natural increase or migration to lead to a large increase in young people. If students mention reduced birthrates, treat this as neutral and don t accept on its own. It is not the reason; it merely accentuates the increase in median age, increased life expectancy and increasing proportion of elderly. It is possible to have increasing elderly dependency with a high birth rate the population explosion scenario. Lower birth rate (or fertility rate) Fewer young people are being born because of social change such as the changing role of women, higher use of contraceptives, increased emphasis on economic productivity, changes in individual lifestyle expectations, and delayed child-bearing with resulting increase in infertility Infant mortality rates are low they are now 6/1000. This is due to lack of TB, diphtheria, and whopping cough so don t need as many births to have surviving children. Change in female survival Improved health standards have had a major impact on the survival of women through pregnancy and childbirth ranging from hand-washing in hospitals to high-tech fetal monitoring. Note: Migration does not really show up on the pyramids when we have only three over such a large time range. Nor do changes with WWII, 1930 depression More even spread between age cohorts Stabilising of birth and death rates. Similar number of people are dying in the older age group as are being born. Will discuss improvements to health and reasons for lower birth rates.

9 NCEA Level 1 Geography (90203) 2006 page 9 of 9 Judgement Statement Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence 2 A 2 M 1 A 1 E 1 M 1 A Codes Student gives evidence / No evidence or incorrect evidence given Case study C In Question Four : Description makes relevant point Makes a relevant point with specific detail D Dd If student has more than one D in evidence = breadth Dd = Depth So an achieved answer would have one D A merit would have at least two D or a Dd A comprehensive answer at minimum would have two D s, one of which was Dd Use this as a guide look for the student s reasoning how well do they understand the process Underline relevant material (especially if it is in the midst of irrelevant material) Circle errors and don t forget double slashes With letters NRQ = nor relevant to question. These codes are to assist you to make consistent judgement and also to assist check marking and overall transparency.