Arithmetic operators Bitstring Operators Bit-Shift Operators Selection Operators

Transcription

1 10 - APPENDIX CoDeSys supports all IEC operators. In contrast with the standard functions (see appendix D, Standard library), these operators are recognized implicitly throughout the project. Besides the IEC operators : INDEXOF and SIZEOF (see Arithmetic Operators), ADR and BITADR (see Address Operators). Operators are used like functions in POU. Arithmetic operators Bitstring Operators Bit-Shift Operators Selection Operators At operations with floating point variables the result depends on the currently used target system! Comparison Operators Address Operators Calling Operators Type Conversions Numeric Operators Addition of variables of the types: BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL and LREAL. Two TIME variables can also be added together resulting in another time (e.g., t#45s + t#50s = t#1m35s) & ' ( ) ' ' * +, + ( -. / ( 8 * 8, 8 ( 9 CoDeSys V

2 H U V V V Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions = >? Multiplication of variables of the types: BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL and LREAL. & ' A & * +, + ( -. / ( B * B, B ( 9 > C Subtraction of one variable from another of the types: BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL and LREAL. A TIME variable may also be subtracted from another TIME variable resulting in third TIME type variable. Note that negative TIME values are undefined. & ' ( - A D * -. / ( E * 9 F G Division of one variable by another of the types: BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL and LREAL. & ' ' I / * -. / J B K L M N O P Q M, B R H S * 9 T W X < Y ; Z W X < Y [ \ ] If you W X < define Y < [ \ ] functions W in X < your Y ^ # project with the names U, U V, and U, you can use them to check the value of the divisor if you use 10-2 CoDeSys V2.3

3 o Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions the operator DIV, for example to avoid a division by 0. The functions must have the above listed names. Please regard, that different target systems may behave differently concerning a division by zero! See in the following an example for the implementation of function CheckDivReal: Example for the implementation of the function CheckDivReal: _ A ` a. I b ` a c L d e ' Q 5 K L 0 O 6 K f ) & / ) K g I ` h A. i Q 5 Q M j 1 6 K f ) & 9 f ` ' g / ) K I _ i Q 5 Q M j 1 7 k. l f ` a c L d e ' Q 5 K L 0 O f & - f a c L d e ' Q 5 K L 0 O 6 7 i Q 5 Q M j 1 9 f ` ' g I _ 9 Operator DIV uses the output of function CheckDivReal as divisor. In a program like shown in the following example this avoids a division by 0, the divisor (d) is set from 0 to 1. So the result of the division is 799. h K b m K h & a g h K m / ) K L 1 n 6 K f ) & K f ) & 6 7 ( o o 9 i 6 K f ) & 9 f ` ' g / ) K L 1 n S i 9 The CheckDiv-functions provided by the Check.Lib library just are sample solutions! Before using those library modules check whether they are working in your sense, or implement appropriate functions directly as a POU in your project. = p Modulo Division of one variable by another of the types: BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT. The result of this function will be the remainder of the division. This result will be a whole number. & b ' * -. / J B K L M N O P Q M 2 B R b ' * 9 = p G q Assignment of a variable to another variable of an appropriate type. As MOVE is available as a box in the graphic editors LD, CFC, there the (unlocking) EN/EN0 functionality can also be applied on a variable assignment. In the FBD editor this is not possible however. Example in CFC in conjunction with the EN/EN0 function: Only if en_i is TRUE, var1 will be assigned to var2. CoDeSys V

4 & ' Q b / f -. Q * J B K L M N O P 6 Q * n L P M 0 M M Q n r L i 5 0 O N L j s Q B R (! you get the same result with: & ' Q Q * R Q * 6 b / f J Q R 9 (! you get the same result with: ivar2 := ivar1; ) F t q u p v This function is not prescribed by the standard IEC Perform this function to find the internal index for a POU I ` ' f w b _ J h b A * R 9 F x q p v This function is not prescribed by the standard IEC Perform this function to determine the number of bytes required by the given variable ) K K ) y z k { {, b _ I `. 9 / I `. & ' I } f b _ -. / J B K L M N O P Q M 2 k B R I } f b _ J R 9 t Bitwise AND of bit operands. The operands should be of the type BOOL, BYTE, WORD or DWORD. / D y. f & ' * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 ) ` ' * ~ 2 k k k g 2 k 2 k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M * ~ 2 k k k g k k 2 k B R * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 ) ` ' * ~ 2 k k k g 2 k 2 k 10-4 CoDeSys V2.3

5 p T T T Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions If you have a program step in the SFC like the following and if you use 68xxx generators, please note the following: The allocation of the value of the second input variable at the AND operator module to variable z will not be executed! This is due to the optmized processing in the SFC in case of value FALSE at the input variable. Bitwise OR of bit operands. The operands should be of the type BOOL, BYTE, WORD or DWORD D y. f 9 & ' * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 b K * ~ 2 k k k g 2 k 2 k J B K L M N O P Q M * ~ 2 k k 2 g 2 k 2 2 B R / * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 b K * ~ 2 k k k g 2 k 2 k If you have a program step in the SFC like the following and if you use 68xxx generators, please note the following: The allocation of the value of the second input variable at the OR operator module to variable z will not be executed! This is due to the optmized processing in the SFC in case of value FALSE at the input variable. u p Bitwise XOR of bit operands. The operands should be of the type BOOL, BYTE, WORD or DWORD. Regard the behaviour of the XOR function in extended form, that means if there are more than 2 inputs. The inputs will be checked in pairs and the particular results will then be compared again in pairs (this complies with the standard, but may not be expected by the user). / D y. f 9 & ' * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 w b K * ~ 2 k k k g 2 k 2 k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M * ~ k k k 2 g 2 k k 2 B R / * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 w b K * ~ 2 k k k g 2 k 2 k CoDeSys V

6 t p Bitwise NOT of a bit operand. The operand should be of the type BOOL, BYTE, WORD or DWORD. / D y. f 9 & ' * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 ` b. -. / J B K L M N O P Q M * ~ k 2 2 k g 2 2 k k B R / ` b. * ~ 2 k k 2 g k k 2 2 T Please note, that the amount of bits, which is regarded for the arithmetic operation, is pretended by the data type of the input variable!. If the input variable is a constant the smallest possible data type is regarded. The data type of the output variable has no effect at all on the arithmetic operation.? Bitwise left-shift of an operand : erg:= SHL (in, n) in gets shifted to the left by n bits. If n > data type width, for BYTE, WORD and DWORD will be filled with zeros. But if signed data types are used, like e.g. INT, then an arithmetic shift will be executed in such cases, that means it will be filled with the value of the topmost bit. T h K b m K M c O g M P See in the following example in hexadecimal notation that you get different results for erg_byte and erg_word depending on the data type of the input variable (BYTE or WORD), although the values of the input variables in_byte and in_word are the same. / ) K Q r g ƒ P L 6 D y. f ~, 9 Q r g j 1 i 6 b K ' ~, 9 L 1 n g ƒ P L 6 D y. f 9 L 1 n g j 1 i 6 b K ' 9 r 6 D y. f 6 7 * 9 f ` ' g / ) K L 1 n g ƒ P L l & J Q r g ƒ P L + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 ~ 2, B R L 1 n g j 1 i l & J Q r g j 1 i + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 ~ k 2 2, 2 B R & ' 2 ~, - l & * -. L 1 n g ƒ P L 10-6 CoDeSys V2.3

7 Bitwise right-shift of an operand: erg:= SHR (in, n) in gets shifted to the right by n bits. If n > data type width, for BYTE, WORD and DWORD will be filled with zeros. But if signed data types are used, like e.g. INT, then an arithmetic shift will be executed in such cases, that means it will be filled with the value of the topmost bit. See the following example in hexadecimal notation to notice the results of the arithmetic operation depending on the type of the input variable (BYTE or WORD). h K b m K M c 1 g M P / ) K Q r g ƒ P L 6 D y. f ~, 9 Q r g j 1 i 6 b K ' ~, 9 L 1 n g ƒ P L 6 D y. f 9 L 1 n g j 1 i 6 b K ' 9 r 6 D y. f 6 7 * 9 f ` ' g / ) K L 1 n g ƒ P L l K J Q r g ƒ P L + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 2 B R L 1 n g j 1 i l K J Q r g j 1 i + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M k k 2 2 B R & ' 2 ~, - l K * -. L 1 n g ƒ P L p? Bitwise rotation of an operand to the left: erg:= ROL (in, n) erg, in and n should be of the type BYTE, WORD or DWORD. in will be shifted one bit position to the left n times while the bit that is furthest to the left will be reinserted from the right. See in the following example in hexadecimal notation that you get different results for erg_byte and erg_word depending on the data type of the input variable (BYTE or WORD), although the values of the input variables in_byte and in_word are the same. h K b m K 1 j O g M P / ) K Q r g ƒ P L 6 D y. f ~, 9 Q r g j 1 i 6 b K ' ~, 9 L 1 n g ƒ P L 6 D y. f 9 L 1 n g j 1 i 6 b K ' 9 r 6 D y. f 6 7 * 9 f ` ' g / ) K L 1 n g ƒ P L 6 7 K b & J Q r g ƒ P L + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 ~ 2 B R L 1 n g j 1 i 6 7 K b & J Q r g j 1 i + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 ~ k 2 2, B R & ' 2 ~, K b & * CoDeSys V

8 -. L 1 n g ƒ P L p Bitwise rotation of an operand to the right: erg = ROR (in, n) erg, in and n should be of the type BYTE, WORD or DWORD. in will be shifted one bit position to the right n times while the bit that is furthest to the left will be reinserted from the left. See in the following example in hexadecimal notation that you get different results for erg_byte and erg_word depending on the data type of the input variable (BYTE or WORD), although the values of the input variables in_byte and in_word are the same. h K b m K 1 j 1 g M P / ) K Q r g ƒ P L 6 D y. f ~, 9 Q r g j 1 i 6 b K ' ~, 9 L 1 n g ƒ P L 6 D y. f 9 L 1 n g j 1 i 6 b K ' 9 r 6 D y. f 6 7 * 9 f ` ' g / ) K L 1 n g ƒ P L 6 7 K b K J Q r g ƒ P L + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 ~ 2 B R L 1 n g j 1 i 6 7 K b K J Q r g j 1 i + r R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 ~, k 2 2 B R & ' 2 ~, K b K * -. L 1 n g ƒ P L All selection operations can also be performed with variables. For purposes of clarity we will limit our examples to the following which use constants as operators. q? Binary Selection. b A f & J m + I ` k + I ` 2 R ˆ L 0 r M 6 b A. 6 7 I ` k Q s m 7 _ ) & - f 9 b A. 6 7 I ` 2 Q s m 7. K A f { IN0, IN1 and OUT can be any type of variable, G must be BOOL. The result of the selection is IN0 if G is FALSE, IN1 if G is TRUE. & '. K A f - f & +, J B I ` k 7 + I ` 2 7, B R -. / J B K L M N O P Q M, B R & ' _ ) & - f - f & +, -. / J B K L M N O P Q M B R 10-8 CoDeSys V2.3

9 T Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions / f & J. K A f + +, R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M, B R Note that an expression occurring ahead of IN1 or IN2 will not be processed if IN0 is TRUE. = u Maximum function. Returns the greater of the two values. b A. 6 ) w J I ` k + I ` 2 R IN0, IN1 and OUT can be any type of variable. & ) ) y o k k, ) w ( ( -. / J B K L M N O P Q M o k B R / ) w J k +, k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M, k B R / ) w J, k ) w J o k + k R R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M o k B R = F t Minimum function. Returns the lesser of the two values. b A. 6 I ` J I ` k + I ` 2 R IN0, IN1 and OUT can be any type of variable. & ' o I ` I `, I ` ( ( -. / J B K L M N O P Q M k B R / I ` J o k + k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M k B R 9 / I ` I ` J o k + k R +, k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M k B R 9 CoDeSys V

10 k Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions? F = F Limiting b A. 6 7 & I. Q r + I ` 0 Š R ˆ L 0 r M 6 b A. 6 I ` ) w J I ` Q r R 0 Š R Max is the upper and Min the lower limit for the result. Should the value IN exceed the upper limit Max, LIMIT will return Max. Should IN fall below Min, the result will be Min. IN and OUT can be any type of variable. & ' o k & I. k + H k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M H k B R / & I. J k + o k + H k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M H k B R 9 ; " # : ; < = > u Multiplexer b A. 6 A w J Œ + I ` k + { { { + I ` r R ˆ L 0 r M 6 b A. 6 7 I ` Œ { IN0,...,INn and OUT can be any type of variable. K must be BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT or UDINT. MUX selects the Kth value from among a group of values. & A w k +, k + k + k + ( k + H k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M k B R / A w J k + k +, k + k + k + ( k + H k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M k B R 9 # An expression occurring ahead of an input other than INK will not be processed to save run time! Only in simulation mode all expressions will be executed CoDeSys V2.3

11 Ž Greater than A Boolean operator which returns the value TRUE when the value of the first operand is greater than that of the second. The operands can be BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL, LREAL, TIME, DATE, TIME_OF_DAY, DATE_AND_TIME and STRING. & ' * k m. k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M _ ) & - f B R / ) K * k k, k k k ( k 9? Less than A Boolean operator that returns the value TRUE when the value of the first operand is less than that of the second. The operands can be BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL, LREAL, TIME, DATE, TIME_OF_DAY, DATE_AND_TIME and STRING. & ' * k &. k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R / ) K * k k 9? q Less than or equal to A Boolean operator that returns the value TRUE when the value of the first operand is less than or equal to that of the second. The operands can be BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL, LREAL, TIME, DATE, TIME_OF_DAY, DATE_AND_TIME and STRING. & ' * k & f k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R CoDeSys V

12 Ž t q q Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions / ) K * k 7 k 9 Greater than or equal to A Boolean operator that returns the value TRUE when the value of the first operand is greater than or equal to that of the second. The operands can be BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL, LREAL, TIME, DATE, TIME_OF_DAY, DATE_AND_TIME and STRING. & ' m f k, k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R / ) K k 7, k 9 q Equal to A Boolean operator that returns the value TRUE when the operands are equal. The operands can be BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL, LREAL, TIME, DATE, TIME_OF_DAY, DATE_AND_TIME and STRING. & ' f, k, k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R / ) K 2 6 7, k 7, k 9 Not equal to A Boolean operator that returns that value TRUE when the operands are not equal. The operands can be BOOL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, SINT, USINT, INT, UINT, DINT, UDINT, REAL, LREAL, TIME, DATE, TIME_OF_DAY, DATE_AND_TIME and STRING CoDeSys V2.3

13 Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions & ', k ` f, k -. / J B K L M N O P Q M _ ) & - f B R / ) K 2 6 7, k, k 9 : After an Online Change there might be changes concerning the data on certain addresses. Please regard this in case of using pointers on addresses. Address Function not prescribed by the standard IEC ADR returns the address of its argument in a DWORD. This address can be sent to manufacturing functions to be treated as a pointer or it can be assigned to a pointer within the project. dwvar:=adr(bvar); & ' / 0 1 ) ' K -. i / 0 1 ˆ 0 r g s N r 2 F t Adress function, not prescribed by the standard IEC ADRINST within a function block instance returns the address of the instance in a DWORD. This address then can be sent to functions and be treated there as a pointer or it can be assigned to a pointer within the project.! " # 3 4 (within a function block instance): i ) ' K I ` -. J R 9 J B 1 Q P L 0 i i 1 L M M j s P c L Q r M P 0 r d L j r Q 0 O L i B R s N r J ) ' K I ` -. J R R 9 J B m Q 5 L Q r M P 0 r d L 0 i i 1 L M M P j Q r N P 0 j s s N r d P Q j r s N r B R! " # $ % ) ' K I ` i ) ' K I ` -. s N r C F Address function, not prescribed by the standard IEC BITADR returns the bit offset within the segment in a DWORD. Regard that the offset value depends on whether the option byte addressing in the target settings is activated or not. / ) K ). I w * { 6 D b b & 9 Q P j s s M L P 6 ' b K ' 9 f ` ' g / ) K CoDeSys V

14 D Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions Q P j s s M L P 6 7 D I. ) ' K J R 9 J B K L M N O P Q s ƒ P L 0 i i 1 L M M Q r n 7. K A f 6 2 o + Q s ƒ P L 0 i i 1 L M M Q r n 7 _ ) & - f 6 B R & ' / I. ) ' K -. / 0 1 * p A pointer can be dereferenced by adding the content operator "^" after the pointer identifier. P 6 h b I `. f K. b I ` g Q r P 2 6 I ` g Q r P * 6 I `. 9 P 6 7 ) ' K J g Q r P 2 R g Q r P * 6 7 P 9? Calling a function block or a program Use CAL in IL to call up a function block instance. The variables that will serve as the input variables are placed in parentheses right after the name of the function block instance.! " # š œ š œ ž a ) & I ` -. J h ) K k + h ) K * 6 7. K A f R Calling up the instance from a function block where input variables and are 0 and TRUE respectively. Its is forbidden to implicitly convert from a "larger" type to a "smaller" type (for example from INT to BYTE or from DINT to WORD). Special type conversions are required if one wants to do this. One can basically convert from any elementary type to any other elementary type. Syntax: L O L ˆ {. ƒ 2 g. b g L O L ˆ {. ƒ * Please regard that at...to_string conversions the string is generated left-justified. If it is defined to short, it will be cut from the right side. C p p? Ÿ p Conversion from type BOOL to any other type: For number types the result is 1, when the operand is TRUE, and 0, when the operand is FALSE. For the STRING type the result is TRUE' or FALSE'.! " # $ % & '. K A f D b b & g. b g I `. -. Q J B K L M N O P Q M 2 B R CoDeSys V2.3

15 & '. K A f D b b & g. b g -. K -. M P 1 I ` m J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R & '. K A f D b b & g. b g. -. P f J B K L M N O P Q M. ~ 2 ˆ M B R & '. K A f D b b & g. b g. b ' -. & ' _ ) & - f D b b & g. b g ' ). f -. i 0 P & '. K A f D b b & g. b g '. -. i 0 r i P J B K L M N O P Q M. b ' ~ k k 6 k k 6 k k { k k 2 B R J B K L M N O P Q M ' ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E k 2 B R J B K L M N O P Q M '. ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E k 2 E k k 6 k k 6 k 2 B R! " # 3 4 Q 6 7 D b b & g. b g I `. J. K A f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 B R M P D b b & g. b g -. K I ` m J. K A f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R P 6 7 D b b & g. b g. f J. K A f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. ~ 2 ˆ M B R P j s 6 7 D b b & g. b g. b ' J. K A f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. b ' ~ k k 6 k k 6 k k { k k 2 B R i 0 P 6 7 D b b & g. b g ' ). f J _ ) & - f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M ' ~ 2 o ( k B R i 0 r i P 6 7 D b b & g. b g '. J. K A f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M '. ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E k 2 E k k 6 k k 6 k 2 B R! " # : ; < J B K L M N O P Q M 2 B R J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R J B K L M N O P Q M. ~ 2 ˆ M B R J B K L M N O P Q M. b ' ~ k k 6 k k 6 k k { k k 2 B R J B K L M N O P Q M ' ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E k 2 B R J B K L M N O P Q M '. ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E k 2 E k k 6 k k 6 k 2 B R p Ÿ C p p? Conversion from another variable type to BOOL: The result is TRUE when the operand is not equal to 0. The result is FALSE when the operand is equal to 0. CoDeSys V

16 k Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions The result is true for STRING type variables when the operand is "TRUE", otherwise the result is FALSE.! " # $ % & ' * 2 D y. f g. b g D b b & -. & ' I `. g. b g D b b & -. & '. ~ ˆ M. f g. b g D b b & -. & '. K A f -. K I ` m g. b g D b b & -. J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R J B K L M N O P Q M _ ) & - f B R J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R! " # : ; < J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R J B K L M N O P Q M _ ) & - f B R J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R! " # D y. f g. b g D b b & J * ~ 2 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R 6 7 I `. g. b g D b b & J k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M _ ) & - f B R 6 7. f g. b g D b b & J. ~ ˆ M R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R K I ` m g. b g D b b & J. K A f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R F t Conversion from an integral number type to another number type: When you perform a type conversion from a larger to a smaller type, you risk losing some information. If the number you are converting exceeds the range limit, the first bytes for the number will be ignored. M Q 6 7 I `. g. b g - I `. J, * * R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 * ( B R If you save the integer 4223 (16#107f represented hexadecimally) as a SINT variable, it will appear as 127 (16#7f represented hexadecimally). & ' * I `. g. b g K f ) A & CoDeSys V2.3

17 q? Ÿ p? q? Ÿ p Converting from the variable type REAL or LREAL to a different type: The value will be rounded up or down to the nearest whole number and converted into the new variable type. Exceptions to this are the variable types STRING, BOOL, REAL and LREAL. Please regard at a conversion to type STRING that the total number of digits is limited to 16. If the (L)REAL-number has more digits, then the sixteenth will be rounded. If the length of the STRING is defined to short, it will be cut beginning from the right end. When you perform a type conversion from a larger to a smaller type, you risk losing some information. Q 6 7 K f ) & g. b g I `. J 2 { R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M * B R 6 7 K f ) & g. b g I `. J 2 {, R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 B R Q 6 7 K f ) & g. b g I `. J E 2 { R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M E * B R 6 7 K f ) & g. b g I `. J E 2 {, R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M E 2 B R & ' * { ( K f ) & g. b g I `. m H F = q Ÿ p F = q Ÿ p v Ÿ Converting from the variable type TIME or TIME_OF_DAY to a different type: The time will be stored internally in a DWORD in milliseconds (beginning with 12:00 A.M. for the TIME_OF_DAY variable). This value will then be converted. When you perform a type conversion from a larger to a smaller type, you risk losing some information For the STRING type variable, the result is a time constant.! " # $ % & '. ~ 2 * ˆ M. f g. b g -. K I ` m -. M P 1 J B K L M N O P Q M. ~ 2 * ˆ M B R & '. ~ k k k k k ˆ M. f g. b g ' b K ' -. i J B K L M N O P Q M k k k k k B R & '. b ' ~ k k 6 k k 6 k k { k 2 *. b ' g. b g - I `. -. M Q J B K L M N O P Q M 2 * B R! " # 3 4 M P f g. b g -. K I ` m J. ~ 2 * ˆ M R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. ~ 2 * ˆ M B R i 6 7. f g. b g ' b K ' J. ~ ˆ R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M k k k k k B R M Q 6 7. b ' g. b g - I `. J. b ' ~ k k 6 k k 6 k k { k 2 * R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 * B R CoDeSys V

18 ! " # : ; < q Ÿ p Ÿ p Converting from the variable type DATE or DATE_AND_TIME to a different type: The date will be stored internally in a DWORD in seconds since Jan. 1, This value will then be converted. When you perform a type conversion from a larger to a smaller type, you risk losing some information For STRING type variables, the result is the date constant.! " # $ % & ' ' ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E k 2 ' ). f g. b g D b b & -. J B K L M N O P Q M _ ) & - f B R & ' ' ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E 2 ' ). f g. b g I `. -. Q J B K L M N O P Q M * o o * B R & ' '. ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E 2 E k 6 k 6 k '. g. b g D y. f -. ƒ P J B K L M N O P Q M 2 * o B R & ' '. ~ 2 o o H E k * E 2 E 2, 6 * k '. g. b -. K I ` m -. M P 1 J B K L M N O P Q M '. ~ 2 o o H E k * E 2 E 2, 6 * k B R! " # ' ). f g. b g D b b & J ' ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E k 2 R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M _ ) & - f B R Q 6 7 ' ). f g. b g I `. J ' ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E 2 R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M * o o * B R ƒ P 6 7 '. g. b g D y. f J '. ~ 2 o ( k E k 2 E 2 E k 6 k 6 k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 * o B R M P '. g. b g -. K I ` m J '. ~ 2 o o H E k * E 2 E 2, 6 * k R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M '. ~ 2 o o H E k * E 2 E 2, 6 * k B R! " # : ; < CoDeSys V2.3

19 F t Ž Ÿ p Converting from the variable type STRING to a different type: The operand from the STRING type variable must contain a value that is valid in the target variable type, otherwise the result will be 0.! " # $ % & '. K A f -. K I ` m g. b g D b b & -. J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R & ' 0 d, -. K I ` m g. b g b K ' -. J B K L M N O P Q M k B R & ' P ~ 2 * ( ˆ M -. K I ` m g. b g. f -. P J B K L M N O P Q M. ~ 2 * ( ˆ M B R! " # K I ` m g. b g D b b & J. K A f R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. K A f B R K I ` m g. b g b K ' J 0 d, R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M k B R P K I ` m g. b g. f J. ~ 2 * ( ˆ M R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M. ~ 2 * ( ˆ M B R! " # : ; < > t Converting from REAL to INT. The whole number portion of the value will be used. When you perform a type conversion from a larger to a smaller type, you risk losing some information. & ' * { (. K A ` a m H! " # 3 4 Q 6 7. K A ` a J 2 { o R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M 2 B R Q 6 7. K A ` a J E 2 {, R 9 J B K L M N O P Q M E 2 B R { CoDeSys V

20 C Returns the absolute value of a number. ABS(-2) equals 2. The following type combinations for input and output variables are possible: $ T 4 INT REAL BYTE WORD INT, REAL, WORD, DWORD, DINT REAL INT, REAL, BYTE, WORD, DWORD, DINT INT, REAL, WORD, DWORD, DINT DWORD REAL, DWORD, DINT SINT USINT UINT DINT UDINT REAL REAL INT, REAL, WORD, DWORD, DINT, UDINT, UINT REAL, DWORD, DINT REAL, DWORD, DINT, UDINT & ' E * ) D - -. Q J B K L M N O P Q M * B R Q 6 7 ) D - J E * R 9 Returns the square root of a number. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' 2 - K. -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M, B R ª K. J 2 R CoDeSys V2.3

21 ? t Returns the natural logarithm of a number. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' & `, -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M { H k B R ª 6 7 & ` J, R 9? p Ž Returns the logarithm of a number in base 10. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' 2, { & b m -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M * {, o ( * B R ª 6 7 & b m J 2, { R 9 q u «Returns the exponential function. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' * f w h -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M ( { H o k k o o B R ª 6 7 f w h J * R 9 CoDeSys V

22 F t Returns the sine of a number. The input value IN is calculated in arch minutes. It can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT. OUT must be type REAL. & ' k { - I ` -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M k {, ( o, * B R ª I ` J k { R 9 p Returns the cosine of number. The result is calculated in arch minutes. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type Typ REAL. & ' k { a b - -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M k { H ( ( H B R ª 6 7 a b - J k { R 9 t Returns the tangent of a number. The value is calculated in arch minutes. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' k {. ) ` -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M k {, k * B R ª 6 7. ) ` J k { R CoDeSys V2.3

23 F t Returns the arc sine (inverse function of sine) of a number.. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' k { ) - I ` -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M k { * o o B R ª 6 7 ) - I ` J k { R 9 p Returns the arc cosine (inverse function of cosine) of a number. The value is calculated in arch minutes. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' k { ) a b - -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M 2 { k, ( * B R ª 6 7 ) a b - J k { R 9 t Returns the arc tangent (inverse function of tangent) of a number. IN can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT. The result OUT is calculated in arch minutes and must be type REAL. & ' k { ). ) ` -. ª J B K L M N O P Q M k {,, H B R ª 6 7 ). ) ` J k { R 9 CoDeSys V

24 V V V Appendix A: - IEC Operators and additional norm extending functions q u «Exponentiation of a variable with another variable: b A. 7 I ` 2 I ` * { IN1 and IN2 can be type BYTE, WORD, DWORD, INT, DINT, REAL, SINT, USINT, UINT, UDINT, OUT must be type REAL. & ' ( f w h. * J B K L M N O P Q M, o B R f w h. J ( + * R 9 F t F p The INI operator can be used to initialize retain variables which are provided by a function block instance used in the POU. The operator must be assigned to a boolean variable. Syntax: <bool-variable> := INI(<FB-instance, TRUE FALSE) If the second parameter of the operator is set to TRUE, all retain variables defined in the function block FB will be initialized. Declaration in POU: s Q r M P 6 s 9 6 j j O 9 W W # W X W \ Y \ # \ Y \ ] ] ± Implementation part: 6 7 I ` I J s Q r M P +. K A f R 9 Q s Q r M P { 1 L P J B 7 1 L P n L P M Q r Q P Q 0 O Q ² L i B R! " # " \ \ W # # $ % & ' s Q r M P I ` I. K A f -.! " # " \ \ W # # : ; < CoDeSys V2.3