EDUCATION. Ethernet Technology. Allen Light, Broadcom Corp.
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1 Ethernet Technology Allen Light, Broadcom Corp.
2 SNIA Legal Notice The material contained in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA. Member companies and individuals may use this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions: Any slide or slides used must be reproduced without modification The SNIA must be acknowledged as source of any material used in the body of any document containing material from these presentations. This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee. SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 2
3 Abstract Ethernet, the standard local area network (LAN) access method. A specification for "LAN," "LAN connection" or "network card" automatically implies Ethernet without saying so. This session provides an overview of Ethernet technology, with an emphasis on the evolution of the standards from the original implementation of Ethernet on coax cable to the latest 10Gb Ethernet implementations. SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 3
4 Agenda The Original Standard Evolution of Ethernet Elements of Ethernet The Frame / Addressing Media Access Controller Physical Media SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 4
5 'net-"w&rk A system of computers, terminals, and databases connected by communications lines Local Area Network (LAN) A network of personal computers in a small area (like an office) that are linked by cable, can communicate directly with other devices in the network and can share resources (from Merriam Webster) So why is this guy talking about a LAN technology at a storage networking conference? SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 5
6 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) was conceived by Bob Metcalfe in Formal specifications published in 1980 by DEC-Intel-Xerox Became IEEE standard in Mbps eye triple - eee Coaxial cable Updated to include new technologies Twisted pair 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet - IEEE 802.3U Next generation : Gigabit Ethernet Z June 1976 National Computer Conference Nearly all of the traffic on the Internet either originates or terminates with an Ethernet connection SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 6
7 Original Ethernet COAX Tap Single coaxial bus Multiple Taps, one per node Have a shared media Medium Attachment Unit CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 7
8 Shared vs. Switched Switched pairs communicate at same time: point-to-point connections Aggregate BW in switched network is many times shared point-to-point faster since no arbitration, simpler interface Arbitration in Shared network? CSMD/DS OK if low utilization Modern implementations of Ethernet are Switched SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 8
9 Neat Facts Why is Ethernet capitalized? The word Ethernet is capitalized to signify the official standard. Or it may be lowercased to suggest a medium without switches, routers and other intelligence. Why ether? In 1973, Bob Metcalfe wrote: While we may end up using coaxial cable trees to carry our broadcast transmissions, it seems wise to talk in terms of an ether, rather than `the cable... Who knows what other media will prove better than cable for a broadcast network: maybe radio or telephone circuits, or power wiring, or frequency-multiplexed cable TV or microwave environments, or even combinations thereof. The essential feature of our medium the ether is that it carries transmissions, propagates bits to all stations. SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 9
10 Ethernet Evolution Ethernet (10 Mbps) Thick Coax a Ethernet Thin Coax i Ethernet Twisted Pair (TP) u Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) Fiber, TP z Gig Ethernet (1 Gbps) Fiber ab Gig Ethernet Twisted Pair ae 10G Ethernet (10 Gbps) Fiber an 10G Ethernet Twisted Pair Gig! Ethernet next data rate The rapid evolution of Ethernet has taken the technology a long way from it s original implementation. SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 10
11 OSI, Fiber Channel and Ethernet / IP Communications Fiber Channel OSI Ethernet / IP FC3 and 4 FC2- Framing / Flow Co,trol FC1 Encd/Decd FC0 - Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical FireFox, etc. Http iwarp, iscsi, FTP TCP, UDP, etc. Internet Protocol Ethernet (802.3) SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 11
12 Elements of Ethernet Ethernet Frame Medium Access Control (MAC) Physical Medium (PHY) Layer 7 Layer 1 Ethernet consists of layers 1 and 2 of the Open System Interconnect (OSI) model SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 12
13 Frame Format Ethernet (IEEE802.3) format Destination Address 6 bytes Source Address 6 bytes EtherType 2 bytes Message bytes CRC-32 4 bytes Ethernet addresses (48 bits) are unique and controlled by IEEE 24 bit Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) by the IEEE 24 bit by the organization Multicast and Broadcast addresses High order address bit is 1 for multicast and broadcast A destination address of only 1s is accepted by all stations SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 13
14 Higher level addresses Ethernet is a trucking system and can operate with different higher level protocols, like TCP/IP, AppleTalk, Novel etc. Higher level protocols have their own addressing schemes. They must find the right Ethernet address in order to communicate with each other. SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 14
15 Address Example Address Resolution Protocol (ARP for IPv4) Station A sends a broadcast requesting the Ethernet address the station B that has the specific IP address All stations receive the message Only the station with the requested IP address reply ARP Request Packet Destination Address Broadcast Source Address Requestor EtherType 2 bytes Message Request for IP Address CRC-32 4 bytes ARP Response Packet Destination Address Requestor Source Address Responder EtherType 2 bytes Message Response CRC-32 4 bytes SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 15
16 What is an Ethernet PHY? PHYsical Layer Device The PHY converts digital data into waveforms that can be transmitted over coax cable, twisted pair cabling, optical cabling, or backplanes and can convert received signals back to digital data The PHY sits between the Media Connector (BNC, RJ- 45, Optical) and the repeater, switch, or MAC controller logic SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 16
17 Gigabit Ethernet Media Types Two optical standards plus shielded copper cable initially. Unshielded twisted pair (CAT5) eventually SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 17
18 Changes with 10GbE 802.3ae defines 10GbE 10Gbps Data Rates Full-duplex only; no more carrier-sensing multiaccess / collision detection (CSMA/CD) Optical Physical Layer LAN PHY and WAN PHY options WAN PHY compatible with SONET 802.3an adds twisted pair cabling Cat 6 and Cat ap adds backplane specifications Blade servers and communications equipment SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 18
19 10GbE Standards 802.3ae Media Access Controller (MAC) Full-Duplex 10 Gigabit Media Independent Interface (XGMII) or 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI) LAN PHY (8B/10B) Serial LAN PHY (64B/66B) Serial WAN PHY (64B/66B + WIS) 10G BaseT 10G Backplane Various Optical Technologies Cat6/7 Cable 802.3an 802.3ap 802.3an and 802.3ap make 10GbE even more compelling for data center applications SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 19
20 10Gig PHY Technology Technology Length 120KM Media Several options targeted for specific application, span length, and media 10GBase-KR 10GBase-CX4 10GBase -T --T 10GBASE-LRM (MMF) 10G EDC OIF 80KM 40KM 10KM 2KM 300M 100M 10M 2M 1M <1M SMF-28 Fibre (MMF) RJ45 Cable Infiniband Cable Backplane Fibre (Optical) Single Mode Fibre Multi-mode Fibre Many choices Copper 10G Base-T Serial 10G Copper Cable Backplane XAUI (4 x 3.125) 10G Base-KR SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 20
21 10Gb Optical Choices Device Range Optics PCS WIS Fiber 10GBASE-LX4 300m MMF / 10km SMF 1310nm WWDM 8B/10B No Multimode or singlemode 10GBASE-SR 300 m 850nm 64B/66B No Multimode 10GBASE-LR 10 km 1310nm 64B/66B No Singlemode 10GBASE-ER 40 km 1550nm 64B/66B No Singlemode 10GBASE-SW 300 m 850nm 64B/66B Yes Multimode 10GBASE-LW 10 km 1310nm 64B/66B Yes Singlemode 10GBASE-EW 40 km 1550nm 64B/66B Yes Singlemode PCS = Physical Coding Sub layer WIS = WAN Interconnect Sub layer IEEE has been working on a new 10GBASE-LRM standard for intrabuilding legacy MMF in the datacenter (~300M) SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 21
22 IEEE 10GE Standards IEEE P802.3ae, 10GE Working Group Definition of the 10GE MAC architecture and components IEEE P802.3an, 10GBASE-T Task Force. Definition of 10GE encoding over CAT 6/7 (Copper) cable IEEE P802.3ap, Backplane Ethernet Task Force. Definition of 1/10GE encoding over backplanes (KX, KX4, KR) IEEE P802.3aq, 10GBASE-LRM Task Force. Definition of short haul MMF/1310nm LR encoding IEEE P802.3ar, Congestion Management Task Force. Definition of L2 congestion discovery and avoidance protocols and more IEEE P802.3as, Frame Expansion Task Force. Not Jumbo frames; expansion of frame envelope, not data size IEEE P802.3at, DTE Power Enhancements Task Force. Definition of how to deliver power at 40-60W over 1 and 10GE SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 22
23 10GE Provides a New Innovation Landscape See tutorial on Unified Fabric for 10GbE for more on this vision I/O Virtualization Acceleration OS Virtualization Offload 10 GE Copper/Backplane UNIFIED FABRIC 1 GE 10 GE SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 23
24 Q&A / Feedback Please send any questions or comments on this presentation to SNIA: tracknetworking@snia.org Many thanks to the following individuals for their contributions to this tutorial. SNIA Education Committee Allen Light - Author Howard Goldstein Tutorial and Presentation Review Walter Dey Tutorial Review Robert Peglar Tutorial Review Matthew Brisse Tutorial Review SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 24
25 Questions?
26 CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detect sis muh, see - dee Listen for the media to be quiet If quiet, you can transmit Listen while you transmit to make sure it is just what you are sending If not, then someone else is sending at the same time COLLISION Backoff and repeat process SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 26
27 New MSA for Next Generation 10G Optical Modules - SFP+ The SFP+ MSA has been kicked off to develop a low cost and low power 10G serial optical interface and leverages existing SFP standard The SFP+ MSA Rev 1.0 released next week and expect stability by next Rev. ~30 companies actively participating in this effort ~65 companies monitoring activities Key difference versus existing XFP optical modules SFP+ removes a 10G retiming stage (saving size, cost, and power) SFP+ is a smaller form factor (~46% Area Savings) SFP+ Power target for up to 10km optical links (>800mW) Mechanical Specification SFF-8432 improved but compatible with existing SFP SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 27
28 Quad 2x4 SFP+ Concept The demand for XFP and SFP+ are for port density and lower cost. Rack spacing and port density equates to real states SNIA 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 28
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