Windows PowerShell Cookbook

Transcription

1 Windows PowerShell Cookbook Lee Holmes O'REILLY' Beijing Cambridge Farnham Koln Paris Sebastopol Taipei Tokyo

2 Table of Contents Foreword Preface xvii xxi Part I. Tour A Guided Tour of Windows PowerShell 3 Introduction 3 An Interactive Shell 4 Structured Commands (Cmdlets) 6 Deep Integration of Objects " 7 Administrators As First-Class Users 8 Composable Commands. 9 Techniques to Protect You from Yourself 9 Common Discovery Commands ' 10 Ubiquitous Scripting 11 Ad Hoc Development 12 Bridging Technologies 12 Namespace Navigation Through Providers 14 Much, Much More 9 16 Part II. Fundamentals 1. The Windows PowerShell Interactive Shell Introduction Run Programs, Scripts, and Existing Tools Run a PowerShell Command 21

3 1.3 Customize Your Shell, Profile, and Prompt Find a Command to Accomplish a Task Get Help on a Command Program: Search Help for Text Invoke a PowerShell Script From Outside PowerShell Program: Retain Changes to Environment Variables Set by a Batch File Get the System Date and Time Determine the Status of the Last Command Measure the Duration of a Command Customize the Shell to Improve Your Productivity Program: Learn Aliases for Common Commands Access and Manage Your Console History Store the Output of a Command into a File Add Information to the End of a File Record a Transcript of Your Shell Session Display the Properties of an Item As a List Display the Properties of an Item As a Table Manage the Error Output of Commands Configure Debug, Verbose, and Progress Output Extend Your Shell with Additional Snapins Use Console Files to Load and Save Sets of Snapins Pipelines * Introduction Filter Items in a List or Command Output Program: Simplify Most Where-Object Filters Program: Interactively Filter Lists of Objects Work with Each Item in a List or Command Output Automate Data-Intensive Tasks Variables and Objects Introduction Store Information in Variables Access Environment Variables Control Access and Scope of Variables and Other Items Work with.net Objects Create an Instance of a.net Object Program: Create Instances of Generic Objects Reduce Typing for Long Class Names 74 Table of Contents

4 3.8 Use a COM Object Learn About Types and Objects Get Detailed Documentation About Types and Objects Add Custom Methods and Properties to Objects Add Custom Methods and Properties to Types Looping and Flow Control Introduction Make Decisions with Comparison and Logical Operators Adjust Script Flow Using Conditional Statements Manage Large Conditional Statements with Switches Repeat Operations with Loops Add a Pause or Delay Strings and Unstructured Text Introduction Create a String Create a Multiline or Formatted String Place Special Characters in a String Insert Dynamic Information in a String ' Prevent a String from Including Dynamic Information Place Formatted Information in a String Search a6tring for Text or a Pattern Replace Text in a String Convert a String to Upper/Lowercase Trim a String ' ", Format a Date for Output^ ' Program: Convert Text Streams to Objects Generate Large Reports'and Text Streams Calculations and Math Introduction Perform Simple Arithmetic * Perform Complex Arithmetic Measure Statistical Properties of a List Work with Numbers As Binary Simplify Math with Administrative Constants Convert Numbers Between Bases 128 Table of Contents I vii

5 Part III. Common Tasks 7. Simple Files Introduction Get the Content of a File Search a File for Text or a Pattern Parse and Manage Text-Based Logfiles Parse and Manage Binary Files Create a Temporary File Search and Replace Text in a File Structured Files Introduction Access Information in an XML File Perform an XPath Query Against an XML File Modify Data in an XML File Easily Import and Export Your Structured Data Store the Output of a Command in a CSV File Import Structured Data from a CSV File Use Excel to Manage Command Output Internet-Enabled Scrjpts Introduction Download a File from the Internet Download a Web Pa'ge from the Internet Program: Get-PageUrls -' 163 ; 9.4 Program: Connect-WebService Export Command Output As^a Web Page Program: Send an " Program: Interact with Internet Protocols Code Reuse r Introduction Write a Script Write a Function Write a Script Block Return Data from a Script, Function, or Script Block Place Common Functions in a Library Access Arguments of a Script, Function, or Script Block 185 viii I Table of Contents

6 10.7 Access Pipeline Input Write Pipeline-Oriented Scripts with Cmdlet Keywords Write a Pipeline-Oriented Function Lists, Arrays, and Hashtables Introduction Create an Array or List of Items Create a Jagged or Multidimensional Array, Access Elements of an Array Visit Each Element of an Array Sort an Array or List of Items Determine Whether an Array Contains an Item Combine Two Arrays Find Items in an Array That Match a Value Remove Elements from an Array Find Items in an Array Greater or Less Than a Value Use the ArrayList Class for Advanced Array Tasks Create a Hashtable or Associative Array Sort a Hashtable by Key or Value User Interaction Introduction Read a Line of User Input Read a Key of User Input Program: Display a Menu to the User Display Messages and Output to,the User Provide Progress Updates on Long-Running Tasks Write Culture-Aware Scripts' Program: Invoke a Script Block with Alternate Culture Settings Access Features of the Host's User Interface Program: Add a Graphical User Interface to Your Script Tracing and Error Management T Introduction View the Errors Generated by a Command Handle Warnings, Errors, and Terminating Errors Output Warnings, Errors, and Terminating Errors Debug a Script Collect Detailed Traces of a Script or Command Program: Analyze a Script's Performance Profile 234 Table of Contents ix

7 14. Environmental Awareness Introduction ' View and Modify Environment Variables Access Information About Your Command's Invocation Program: Investigate the Invocationlnfo Variable Find Your Script's Name Find Your Script's Location Find the Location of Common System Paths Program: Search the Windows Start Menu Get the Current Location Safely Build File Paths Out of Their Components Interact with PowerShell's Global Environment Extend the Reach of Windows PowerShell Introduction Access Windows Management Instrumentation Data Program: Determine Properties Available to WMI Filters Program: Search for WMI Classes Use.NET to Perform Advanced WMI Tasks Convert a VBScript WMI Script to PowerShell Automate Programs Using COM Scripting Interfaces Program: Query a SQL Data Source Access Windows Performance Counters Program: Invoke Native Windows API Calls Program: Add Inline C# to Your PowerShell Script Access a.net SDK Library / Create Your Own PowerShell Cfndlet Add PowerShell Scripting to Your Own Program Security and Script Signing Introduction Enable Scripting Through an Execution Policy Sign a PowerShell Script or Formatting File Program: Create a Self-Signed Certificate Manage PowerShell Security in an Enterprise Verify the Digital Signature of a PowerShell Script Securely Handle Sensitive Information Securely Request Usernames and Passwords Program: Start a Process As Another User 300 x Table of Contents

8 16.9 Securely Store Credentials on Disk Access User and Machine Certificates Program: Search the Certificate Store 304 Part IV. Administrator Tasks 17. FilesandDirectories Introduction Find All Files Modified Before a Certain Date Clear or Remove a File Manage and Change the Attributes of a File Get the Files in a Directory Find Files That Match a Pattern Manage Files That Include Special Characters Program: Get Disk Usage Information Determine the Current Location Monitor a File for Changes Program: Get the MD5 or SHA1 Hash of a File Create a Directory Remove a File or Directory Rename a File or Directory Move a File or Directory Get the ACL of a File or Directory Set the ACL of a File or Directory Program: Add Extended File Properties to Files Program: Create a FilesystenrHard Link Program: Create a ZIP Archive The Windows Registry Introduction Navigate the Registry View a Registry Key " Modify or Remove a Registry Key Value Create a Registry Key Value Remove a Registry Key Add a Site to an Internet Explorer Security Zone Modify Internet Explorer Settings Program: Search the Windows Registry 344 Table of Contents xi

9 18.9 Get the ACL of a Registry Key Set the ACL of a Registry Key Work with the Registry of a Remote Computer Program: Get Registry Items from Remote Machines Program: Get Properties of Remote Registry Keys Program: Set Properties of Remote Registry Keys Discover Registry Settings for Programs Comparing Data Introduction Compare the Output of Two Commands Determine the Differences Between Two Files Verify Integrity of File Sets Event Logs Introduction List All Event Logs Get the Newest Entries from an Event Log Find Event Log Entries with Specific Text Retrieve a Specific Event Log Entry Find Event Log Entries by Their Frequency Back Up an Event Log Create or Remove an Event Log Write to an Event Log Access Event Logs of a Remote Machine Processes ^-r Introduction ' List Currently Running Processes Launch a Process Stop a Process Program: Invoke a PowerShell Expression on a Remote Machine System Services Introduction List All Running Services Manage a Running Service Access Services on a Remote Machine 383 xii I Table of Contents

10 23. Active Directory Introduction Test Active Directory Scripts on a Local Installation Create an Organizational Unit Get the Properties of an Organizational Unit Modify Properties of an Organizational Unit Get the Children of an Active Directory Container Create a User Account Program: Import Users in Bulk to Active Directory Search for a User Account Get and List the Properties of a User Account Modify Properties of a User Account Create a Security or Distribution Group Search for a Security or Distribution Group Get the Properties of a Group Find the Owner of a Group Modify Properties of a Security or Distribution Group Add a User to a Security or Distribution Group Remove a User from a Security or Distribution Group List a User's Group Membership List the Members of a Group, List the Users in an Organizational Unit Search for a Computer Account Get and List the Properties of a Computer Account Enterprise Computer Management. / Introduction ; ' '' Program: List Logon or Logoff Scripts for a User Program: List Startup or Shutdown Scripts for a Machine Enable or Disable the Windows Firewall Open or Close Ports in the Windows Firewall Program: List All Installed Software^ Uninstall an Application Manage Scheduled Tasks on a Computer Retrieve Printer Information Retrieve Printer Queue Statistics Manage Printers and Print Queues Determine Whether a Hotfix Is Installed Program: Summarize System Information 419 Table of Contents I xiii

11 < Renew a DHCP Lease Assign a Static IP Address List All IP Addresses for a Computer List Network Adapter Properties Manage an Exchange 2007 Server Introduction Experiment with Exchange Management Shell Automate Wizard-Guided Tasks Manage Exchange Users Manage Mailboxes Manage Distribution Groups Manage Transport Rules, Manage Outlook Web Access Manage an Operations Manager 2007 Server Introduction Experiment with the Command Shell Manage Operations Manager Agents Schedule a Maintenance Window Get, Install, and Uninstall Management Packs Enable or Disable Rules List and Start Tasks Manage Alerts 439 PartV. References A. PowerShell Language and Environment 443 Commands and Expressions Comments 444 Variables 444 Booleans * 446 Strings 446 Numbers 448 Arrays and Lists 449 Hashtables (Associative Arrays) 451 XML 452 Simple Opera'tors 453 xiv I Table of Contents

12 Comparison Operators 458 Conditional Statements 460 Looping Statements 464 Working with the.net Framework 467 Writing Scripts, Reusing Functionality 473 Managing Errors 478 Formatting Output 480 Capturing Output 482 Tracing and Debugging 482 Common Customization Points 484 B. Regular Expression Reference 488 C. PowerShell Automatic Variables 496 D. Standard PowerShell Verbs 499 E. Selected.NET Classes and Their Uses 502 F. WMI Reference 509 G. Selected COM Objects and Their Uses 516 H..NET String Formatting 519 Standard Numeric Format Strings 519 Custom Numeric Format Strings 520 I..NET DateTime Formatting.'". >. 522 Index '.' 529 Table of Contents I xv