Drilling Engineering. is not an oxymoron. Dr. Alfred William Eustes III

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1 Drilling Engineering is not an oxymoron Dr. Alfred William Eustes III

2 Basic Drilling Philosophy Philosophy: To construct a useable hole! Drilling Water Oil Gas Minerals Geothermal Environmental Evaluation Disposal Military Science Ice Coring Neutrino Telescopes Geology Teamwork Costs 2

3 Drilling in the Grand Scheme of Things 3 Geology Geophysics Land Legal Reservoir Drilling Production Completion Workover

4 Drilling People 4 Drilling Contractor Well Operator Service Companies Accounting Rig Design and Maintenance Accounting Land Department Reservoir Engineering Drilling Fluids Cements Drilling Superintendent Operations Geology and Geophysics Well Monitoring Formation Evaluation Directional Drilling Well Casing Drilling Production Tool Pusher Drilling Bits Well Completion Equipment Drilling Superintendent Blowout Prevention Miscellaneous Driller Driller Drilling Engineering Drilling Manager Rental Fishing Derrickman Derrickman Field Representatives Floorhand Floorhand Operator's Representative Floorhand Floorhand Motorman Rig Mechanic Rig Electrician Crane Operator

Pusher Drilling Bits Well Completion Equipment Drilling Superintendent Blowout Prevention Miscellaneous Driller Driller Drilling Engineering Drilling Manager Rental

5 Drilling Rig Classification Drilling Rigs 5 Rotary Rotary Table or Top Drive Cable Tool Marine Land Bottom Support Floating Conventional Mobile Semisubmersible Drillship Jacknife Portable Mast Platform Barge Jackup Self-Contained Tendered

Floating Conventional Mobile Semisubmersible Drillship

6 Overall Drilling Rig Diagram 6

7 Rig Equipment 7 Power Motors Compound Hoisting Drawworks Blocks and Tackle Mast Substructure Circulation System Mud Pumps Capacity Solids Control System Rotary Table Drill String Swivel and Kelly Drill Pipe Bottom Hole Assembly Bit Well Control Blow-out Prevention Equipment Ancillary Instruments and Doghouse

Rotary Table Drill String Swivel and Kelly Drill Pipe Bottom Hole Assembly

8 Power - Motors 8 Power Hoisting - Drawworks Fluid Circulation - Mud Pumps Rotary Table Other Miscellaneous pumps Lights Television sets Coffee pots Types Diesel - electric Diesel - direct drive Steam

9 Power - Compound 9 It s a transmission Distributes power throughout rig Types Mechanical V-belts Chains Gears Sprockets Clutches Electrical Power cables

10 Hoisting - Drawworks 10 Winch used to lift and lower pipe into the hole Hoisting Braking Power Electrical (see diagram) Mechanical (see diagram) Drum Stores drilling line Brakes Band Auxiliary Catheads Hydrodynamic Electromagnetic (eddy current) Used to lift and to make and break connections

Drum Stores drilling line Brakes Band Auxiliary Catheads Hydrodynamic

11 Hoisting - Components 11 Crown block (see diagram) Traveling block Drilling line Fast line Load Cell Anchor Dead line Spool Ton-mileage

12 Hoisting - Blocks and Tackle Provide a mechanical advantage, M: Fast line tension, F f : M F = W = Ff W ne f = n 12 Hook power, P h : P h = WV b Fast line power, P i : P = FV i f f M= mechanical advantage n= number of lines W P h V b = weight on blocks F = fast line tension = hook power P = input power = block velocity V = fast line velocity E = efficiency f i f

M= mechanical advantage n= number of lines W P h V b = weight on blocks F = fast line

13 Hoisting - Mast 13 Provides height to raise and lower pipe Stands 2 - double 3 -thribbles 4 -fourbles Loads Compressive Aerodynamic

14 Hoisting - Substructure 14 Provides space for well control equipment Subject to load from mast and all equipment on the floor Foundation Ground Boards Cement

15 Hydrostatic Pressure 15 Pressure exerted by a fluid within a gravity field Pressure exerted equally in all directions at a given depth Pressure calculated in the direction of gravity True vertical depth Measured depth Gradient is first derivative of pressure versus depth chart Calculated using MW in ppg and G in psi per foot: G = MW MW = G

of gravity True vertical depth Measured depth Gradient is first derivative of pressure

16 Equivalent Mud Weights Pressure at any point in a well can be converted to an equivalent mud weight. For example: 16 P = 1, 000 psi MW = 10 ppg D = 10, 000 ft s P = P + P P = 5, psi P = 6, psi d s h h d EMW P d 6, psi psi = = = = D 10, 000 ft ft ppg

For example: 16 P = 1, 000 psi MW = 10 ppg D = 10, 000 ft s P = P + P

17 Circulation System 17 Pump Rig lines Standpipe Rotary hose Swivel Kelly Drill pipe Drill collar Bit nozzles Hole annulus Casing annulus Bell nipple Mud flowline Shale shaker Settling pit Solids control equipment Desander Desilter Mud cleaner Cyclone Suction pit Mud mixing equipment Mixing pit

nipple Mud flowline Shale shaker Settling pit Solids control equipment

18 Pumps circulation fluid Circulation System - Mud Pumps Usually a positive displacement type (see diagram) Triplex Duplex Pump Factors Triplex: Duplex: Pump hydraulic horsepower, P hp : Fpt = 3 π 2 LstrokedlinerEV 4 π F = L c2d 2 d 2 he 2 pd stroke liner rod V P hhp = Q P 18

Triplex: Duplex: Pump hydraulic horsepower, P hp : Fpt = 3 π 2

19 Circulation System - Capacity Use HOWCO, Dowell, BJ Services, etc. handbooks Equations Hole For D in inches: Barrels per foot Cap = π hole D 4 2 Caphole = D 2 19 Cubic foot per foot Cap hole = D 2 Gallons per foot Annulus Displacement Open pipe Closed pipe Caphole = Cap πc ann D 4 d Cap πc disp D 4 d h h D 2

= 0. 0009714 D 2 19 Cubic foot per foot Cap hole = 0.

20 Circulation System - Solids Control System 20 Solids can be detrimental or helpful Cuttings are detrimental Barite and bentonite are helpful Primary control Settling Shale shaker Single, double, and triple Mesh size Secondary control Hydrocyclones Desanders - 6 or bigger cones Desilters - 4 or smaller cones Mud Cleaners Shaker and desilter in one Centrifuges

shaker Single, double, and triple Mesh size Secondary control Hydrocyclones Desanders - 6

21 Rotary Table 21 Imparts rotation into the drill string Power and torque Top drive P P = = ωτ 2πNΤ

22 Drill String - Swivel and Kelly 22 Swivel Contains fluid pressure Holds string load Allows rotation Kelly Drives string Sits in kelly bushing KB, GL, RF, RT Kelly bushing sits in rotary table Top Drive No kelly

23 Drill String - Drill Pipe 23 Lighter weight pipe connects kelly to bottomhole assembly Tool joints Pin Box Upset Internal External Internal and External

24 Drill Sting - Bottom Hole Assembly Drill Collars Bending Weight Stabilizers Reamers Tools Non-magnetic collars MWD - measurement while drilling LWD - logging while drilling Mud motors Jars Shock subs Heavy-weight drill pipe 24

25 Drill String - Bit 25 The business end of drilling Everything on the surface and subsurface is used to support drilling with the bit! Bit Roller cone Drag Steel teeth Tungsten carbide insert Diamond Polycrystalline Diamond Cutter (PDC) Nozzles or total flow area Expend hydraulic energy for cleaning the bottom of the hole

26 Well Control - Blow-out Prevention Equipment 26 Valves on top of casing control the flow of fluids from the annulus Rams (see diagram) Annular preventers (see diagram) Accumulators (see diagram) Stack arrangement (see diagram) API RP53 Test pressure Working pressure

27 Ancillary - Instruments and Doghouse 27 Instruments Weight indicator Pump pressure Drill string torque indicator Connection torque Pit level indicators Doghouse Nerve center of the rig Place to stay warm Information IADC records Mud reports Permits

28 Conductor 28 Returns mud to elevated pits Supports weight of other casing strings Keeps hole from washing out under the rig

29 Surface Casing 29 Protects fresh water Anchors the first blow-out prevention equipment Protects hole from potentially poor shallow formations

30 Intermediate Casing, Liner, or Tieback 30 Protects holes from abnormally pressured zones Low High Transition zone Protects holes from poor formations Salts Sloughing shales A liner is a casing string that terminates below the surface A tieback is a casing string that connects a liner to the surface

31 Production Casing, Liner, or Tieback 31 Acts as the conduit for production fluid tubing The production tubing fits inside the production string

32 How to Drill a Well - Part 1 32 Determine location Geology Legal Economic Prepare site Survey Clear Level Water source Reserve pit Roads Reclamation Dig cellar Dig rat hole and mouse hole Set conductor pipe Move in rig up (MIRU) drilling rig Rigs are portable Assembly Drilling Keep a sharp bit on bottom Add joints every 30 feet Tripping Use mud Liquid Oil Water Pneumatic Air Natural gas Nitrogen Drill surface hole

33 How to Drill a Well - Part 2 33 Run surface pipe Protect fresh water Anchor BOPE Cement surface pipe WOC Nipple up BOPE Drill out of surface pipe Leak off test Drill ahead (turn to the right) Evaluation while drilling Mud logging Coring MWD Drill stem tests (DST) Trouble Kicks and blow-outs Lost circulation Stuck pipe Fishing Mechanical breakdown Lost hole Run intermediate casing Protects hole Sloughing High pressure Low pressure Salt Cement intermediate casing Drill out of intermediate casing

34 How to Drill a Well - Part 3 34 Drill ahead Reach total depth (TD) Evaluate Logging Electrical Acoustical Radioactive DST Three things can happen Production is found Dry hole Learned science If a keeper Run production casing A liner is casing that doesn t reach the surface. Cement If a dry hole Plug and abandon as per regulatory requirement and prudent operators procedures Rig down move out (RDMO) drilling rig

Fundamentals of Drilling Course Outline

Fundamentals of Drilling Course Outline (1)Basics of Rotary Drilling (2)Rotary (1) Operations/Coring Basics of Rotary Drilling (3)Directional -Rotary Drilling Process (4)Fishing-Bit (5)Casing/Cementing