SUSTAINABILITY MODELLING FOR NATURAL DISASTER AFFECTED CITIES IN JAPAN

Transcription

1 SUSTAINABILITY MODELLING FOR NATURAL DISASTER AFFECTED CITIES IN JAPAN Sustainable Building 2013 Hong Kong Regional Conference Urban Density & Sustainability September 2013 Dr. Thomas Tang, Ms. Risa Onishi and Ms. Mansi Sachdev AECOM Asia

2 Outline Introduction Methodology Findings Discussion Conclusions Page 2

3 Introduction On Friday 11th March 2011, a powerful earthquake struck Japan and triggered a massive tsunami off the north east coast in the Sendai area. AECOM was commissioned to carry out a review of sustainable cities to find out what models could be applied to rebuild affected cities as well as measures that would revitalize existing Japanese cities. Key factors were identified that contribute to the broader vision of sustainable urban development, which would assist urban planning authorities of various cities in Japan. Page 3

4 Methodology Desk top survey of existing city sustainability and environmental performance indices and programs to generate a list of global cities to compare sustainable initiatives. Aim was to identify a list of cities with successful sustainability strategies but avoid attempting to collate and rationalize metrics 54 cities were selected based on GDP per capita, tourist figures, economic anchor industries, education, transport ridership, recycling, water consumption, carbon emissions per capita, green space per capita and smart growth. Page 4

5 Distribution of Cities by Location and Size Page 5

6 Findings Resource availability (water and energy are prerequisites) impacts political stability and public security. In cities, the economic drivers are key industries and supporting factors such as education, healthcare and housing. Environmental protection and provision of space for enjoyment and leisure, serves commercial purpose, and attracts talent. Balance between environmental quality (air, water, waste etc.) and economic development Page 6

7 Findings Large cities attract investment and people and have infrastructure to support populations, e.g. efficient public transportation networks. Medium cities have a critical size based around a core industry; plus flexible systems to change with market trends and incentives to promote entrepreneurial businesses. Small cities focus on niche industries such as tourism or culture with unique resources; in some cases shifting from a sunset industry. Exclusivity is a critical success factor. Page 7

8 Lessons learnt 1. Build on local assets Set up focused towns e.g. R&D towns, tourist towns, and university towns 2. Promote green economic development Establish green business programs and green home schemes 3. Attract new investment Ensure family-friendliness through high quality of life and subsidies for education 4. Local and regional connection Develop flexible and accessible transit systems 5. Multiple modes to enable shift to transport Encourage pedestrianisation as well as alternative and non-motorised transport modes connected to transit hubs 6. Clean fuels for vehicles Shift to CNG/LPG/Biofuels 7. Other innovative tools and techniques Examples: smart road, congestion pricing, swipe cards, mobile phone applications and passenger systems, corporation shuttle programs, and car sharing 8. Integrate regional and local planning systems Regional scale planning to coordinate land use planning and transportation improvements 9. Implement transit oriented development (TOD) Concentrate high intensity development within short walking distance to transport centres 10. Densify urban core Increase mixed use development at key locations in city along transit lines, major growth corridors and arterial streets 13. Cut high energy use in buildings Establish government building requirements for new buildings and retrofitting with incentives for energy efficient appliances supported by energy audits 14. Use of renewable and low carbon energy sources Examples: wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, bio-fuel, hydro-power and waste energy 15. Innovate and implement green infrastructure Examples: water recycling, rainwater harvesting, waste segregation, waste pricing, composting, district heating 16. Automated smart management systems Examples: networks, sensors, electronics integrated with computerized control and communication systems and databases 17. Culture, social events, sporting events and programs Set up vibrant communities where people want to participate e.g. family friendly, green, open spaces, multi-cultural venues 18. Create facilities for healthy communities Set up sports fields, gyms, playgrounds, cycle paths, and walkways 19. Provide world class medical care Provide comprehensive medical facilities as well as childcare and elderly care programmes 20. Designing a differently-abled friendly environment Provide universal access for physically challenged, children and elderly 21. Practise organic and urban agriculture Examples: farmers markets, home grown produce, community gardening and organic farms 22. Establish community sustainability champions and departments Promote strong leadership and political will; identify green champions 11. Habitat and agricultural preservation 23. Inform and involve community Preserve areas for natural habitats, open space, recreation and agricultural Examples: public campaigns, advertising and corporate campaigns uses coordinated with urban development policies 24. Habitat restoration 12. Migration Presentation and Title immigration policy October 21, 2013 Page 8 Designate restricted areas for repopulating flora and fauna; set up Encourage diverse and multi-cultural city populated by dynamic workforce genome banks

9 Lessons learnt 1. Build on local assets Set up focused towns e.g. R&D towns, tourist towns, and university towns Promoting sustainable economic Establish green business programs and green home schemes development 2. Promote green economic development 3. Attract new investment Ensure family-friendliness through high quality of life and subsidies for education 4. Local and regional connection Develop flexible and accessible transit systems 5. Multiple modes to enable shift to transport Encourage pedestrianisation as well as alternative and non-motorised transport modes connected to transit hubs Shifting to sustainable transport 6. Clean fuels for vehicles Shift to CNG/LPG/Biofuels 7. Other innovative tools and techniques Examples: smart road, congestion pricing, swipe cards, mobile phone applications and passenger systems, corporation shuttle programs, and car sharing 8. Integrate regional and local planning systems Regional scale planning to coordinate land use planning and transportation improvements 9. Implement transit oriented development (TOD) Concentrate high intensity development within short walking distance to Implementing smart growth planning transport centres 10. Densify urban core Increase mixed use development at key locations in city along transit lines, major growth corridors and arterial streets 11. Habitat and agricultural preservation Preserve areas for natural habitats, open space, recreation and agricultural uses coordinated with urban development policies 12. Migration and immigration policy Encourage diverse and multi-cultural city populated by dynamic workforce 13. Cut high energy use in buildings Establish government building requirements for new buildings and retrofitting with incentives for energy efficient appliances supported by energy audits Shifting to clean energy 14. Use of renewable and low carbon energy sources Examples: wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, bio-fuel, hydro-power and waste energy Creating sustainable infrastructure 15. Innovate and implement green infrastructure Examples: water recycling, rainwater harvesting, waste segregation, waste pricing, composting, district heating 16. Automated smart management systems Examples: networks, sensors, electronics integrated with computerized control Employing and communication smart systems and technologies databases 17. Culture, social events, sporting events and programs Set up vibrant communities where people want to participate e.g. family friendly, green, open spaces, multi-cultural venues Creating liveable communities 18. Create facilities for healthy communities Set up sports fields, gyms, playgrounds, cycle paths, and walkways 19. Provide world class medical care Provide comprehensive medical facilities as well as childcare and elderly care programmes Encouraging healthy communities 20. Designing a differently-abled friendly environment Provide universal access for physically challenged, children and elderly 21. Practise organic and urban agriculture Examples: farmers markets, home grown produce, community gardening and organic farms 22. Establish community sustainability champions and departments Promote strong leadership and political will; identify green champions Promoting leadership and awareness 23. Inform and involve community Examples: public campaigns, advertising and corporate campaigns Preserving 24. Habitat restoration environmental habitat and Designate restricted areas for repopulating flora and fauna; set up genome banks open space

10 Discussion Government can influence the supply conditions of key production factors, demand conditions in the home market, and competition between firms Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Firm strategy, structure and rivalry determine the way in which companies are created, set goals and are managed. The presence of intense rivalry in the home base is also important; it creates pressure to innovate in order to upgrade competitiveness. Factor conditions are human resources, physical resources, capital resources and infrastructure Chance events are occurrences that are outside of control of a firm. They are important because they create discontinuities in which some gain competitive positions and some lose. Factor Chance Related & Supporting Industries Demand Demand conditions in the home market can help companies create a competitive advantage, when sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and to create more advanced competitors than those of competitors. Related & supporting industries can produce inputs which are important for innovation & internalisation. These industries provide cost-effective inputs, and they participate in the upgrading process, thus stimulating other companies in the chain to innovate Porter s Diamond Model Page 10

11 Tourism/Outdoor Government can provide land, public infrastructure, subsidies and tax breaks. Also set up school of hospitality to train local labour force. Also set up museums, libraries, cultural centres. Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Emphasis on service quality. May leverage on technology applications for marketing and operation efficiency. Natural resources e.g. slopes, marine areas, hot springs. Factor Demand Domesticated international tourists drive up service quality standards. Opportunities are: favourable currency exchange rates. Threats are: Climate change affecting natural resources. Chance Related & Supporting Industries Culture and heritage industries can coexist with tourism. Also support service industries such as hospitality, F&B, transport, cottage craft. Porter s Diamond Model Page 11

12 College Town Government can provide land, public infrastructure to support citizens. Also set up museums, libraries. Also make it conducive for philanthropic donations. Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Emphasis on academic excellence. May leverage on commercial applications of academic research e.g. business schools, research parks. Established academic institutions. Strong brand and reputation. Good quality of campus life. Factor Demand Domestic and international education seekers will insist on a high qualityof academic excellence. Opportunities are: Investment interest by companies to seek talent from pool of academics. Threats are: Technology providers offering online courses. Chance Related & Supporting Industries Culture and heritage industries can co-exist with education. Also support service industries like book stores, F&B, entertainment. Porter s Diamond Model Page 12

13 Agriculture Government can provide land, public infrastructure, subsidies and tax breaks to local firms. Also set up school of agriculture to train local labour force. Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Emphasis on traditional farming knowledge. Leverage on supply chains to get produce to retail outlets. Strong farming background, lush and fertile land. Unique and distinctive food products. Factor Demand Healthy lifestyle seekers and organic food devotees will be highly selective on choice of food. Opportunities are: Use of technology to improve efficiency. Threats are: climate change, blight. Chance Related & Supporting Industries Culture and heritage industries can co-exist with farming. Also support service industries like event management, F&B, hospitality, retail outlets, cottage craft. Porter s Diamond Model Page 13

14 Knowledge-Based Government can provide public infrastructure, and tax breaks to individuals. Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Emphasis on knowledge and intellectual offerings. Leverage on technology enablers. Critical mass of retired professionals. Housing and living conditions above average. Factor Demand Demand from local industries seeking knowledge transfer will be choosy on service providers. Opportunities are: Industrial revolution/technology wave. Threats are: Financial crisis. Chance Related & Supporting Industries ICT industries. Business centres. Porter s Diamond Model Page 14

15 Applicability of Findings Issue Japan has potential tourism destinations that are not fully recognized due to transportation and branding shortcomings. Small Japanese cities are losing populations to bigger cities, leaving behind the aged population affecting the tax revenue and increased healthcare/social welfare fees. Fukushima incident has highlighted Japan s energy vulnerability and cities need to harness renewable energy, with help from municipal governments. More buildings and products will be expected to be energy efficient Growing ageing population and declining birth rate is declining causing need for facilities and transportation. Need for disaster prevention systems Proposed Solution Promotion of local festivals (matsuri) may be a new industry in the rural areas. Densifying the urban core for bonding different kinds of people e.g. different generations to help each other and develop security and disaster prevention practices. New feed-in tariff scheme is expected to accelerate the implementation of renewable energy in Japan. District cogeneration facilities that provide steam and hot water. Daily exercise opportunities for both young and elderly as preventive measure to decrease expenditure on healthcare Smart technology applied as earthquakeabsorbing structures and systems for uninterruptible power supply. Page 15

16 Lessons learnt Priorities for Japanese Cities Health Eco Tourism Energy Disaster 1. Build on local existing assets 2. Promoting green economic development 3. Attracting new investment 4. Local and regional connections and management planning 5. Multiple modes to enable shift to transit 6. Clean fuels for vehicles 7. Other innovative tools and techniques 8. Integrating the regional and local planning system 9. Implementing transit oriented development (TOD) 10. Densifying the urban core 11. Habitat and agricultural preservation 12. Migration and immigration policy 13. Cutting high energy use in buildings 14. Use of renewable and low-carbon energy sources 15. Innovate and implement green energy structure 16. Automated smart management systems 17. Culture, social events, sporting events and programs 18. Creating facilities for healthy communities 19. Providing world class medical care 20. Designing a disabled friendly environment 21. Practising organic and urban agriculture 22. Establish community sustainability champions and departments 23. Inform and involve the community 24. Habitat restoration Page 16 High Medium Low Key

17 Conclusions Transformation has been brought about by radical changes in the local industries or the need for revitalization; in other cases, changes have been evolutionary e.g. farming practices shifting from self-sufficiency into commercial. Some cities have adapted natural resources and developed synergistic industries around outdoor activities along the entire value chain. Cluster effect raises industry standards; quality of products and services is guaranteed, prices are competitive and choices are wider. Supporting facilities of land, education and public transit. Government policies and investment in these supporting facilities are essential if the city is to succeed Page 17

18 THANK YOU Page 18