RF-DNA: Anti-Counterfeit Technology for RFID Applications

Transcription

1 RF-DNA: Anti-Counterfeit Technology for RFID Applications Edward Gebara, V. Lakafosis, A. Traille, H. Lee, G. Orecchini M. Tentzeris and J. Laskar Georgia Institute of Technology March 6-7, 2010 Redmond, Washington 1

2 Outline: RF-DNA Motivation The Economic Impact of Piracy Anti-Counterfeit Technology Certificate of Authenticity Definition RF-DNA Analysis Prototype and Measurement Conclusion 2

3 Application Domains of RFID Antenna on paper 3

4 The Economic Impact of Piracy 10% of all medication counterfeit GlaxoSmithKline Avastin. Erbitux. Gleevec. Herceptin. Rituxan. Tarceva. ~$100K/year 36% of all software pirated, $29B in 2003 Business Software Alliance 33% of all music sold, 50% of all motion picture videos, 1996 (the good old times no file sharing) 5-8% of world trade 10% aircraft spare parts Western Europe piracy rate 34% in 1999 Clothing, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, etc. (Good/bad news money is elsewhere) $380 billion in U.S. currency circulated abroad in 1994, $208.7 million counterfeit Check fraud in the US $14B Off-line credit card fraud bank takes the loss, On-line credit card fraud merchant takes the loss Piracy can be a killer low-margin, low manufacturing but high operational (marketing, research, development) costs Some data about losses arguable One really seeking for a Gucci purse, buys it at a Gucci store 4

5 Piracy Versus Counterfeit Products Piracy Counterfeiting Example of Viral Marketing via piracy: LOUIS VUITTON 1% authentic 18% of all seized counterfeits in EU Piracy Both sides know product is not genuine Counterfeiting Seller tricks buyer into believing product is genuine 5

6 RFID Technology: Anti-Counterfeit Protection Antenna Chip Assembly/Package Case Item Smart Packaging Food/ Drinking Healthcare COA Packaging Battery Chip Antenna 6

7 RFDNA: Anti-Counterfeit Technology Issuing and verifying an RFCOA RFDNA The Certificate Of Authenticity (COA) satisfies the following requirement: Inexpensive to manufacture, expensive to copy, Inexpensive to authenticate off-line and, Robust 7

8 Definition of COA R1 = Inexpensive to manufacture RF-DNA < US$ cost of storage (e.g., RFID) R2 = Expensive to create a near-exact replica RF-DNA requires true 3D manufacturing Cost of R2 = (Adversarial) margin protection limit R3 = Inexpensive to sign/verify RF-DNA reader projected cost US$100 R4 = Robust RF-DNA robust to humidity, temperature, wear-and-tear Proximity of other objects with strong RF effect 8

9 Definition of COA (Cont.) R5 = Physical one way function It should be computationally difficult to construct an object of fixed dimensions with a fingerprint y such that x-y < δ, where x is a given fingerprint of an unknown COA instance and δ bounds the proximity of x and y to a standardized metric R6 = Repetitiveness R7 = Non-Collision 9

10 Definition of COA (Cont.) R8 = Fingerprint interdependence Sample-by-sample attack If adjusting a sample is easy linear complexity R9 = Simple total one-way destruction R10 = Visual inspection of the verification path RF-DNA - contactless verification Robust to: jamming and signal overpowering 10

11 Tag Uniqueness and Randomness Reliability Tradeoff Example + Unique topologies - Easy to replicate since it is simple Few, spread scatterers + Expensive to nearexactly replicate + Unique Random, distributed scatterers + Difficult to replicate - Non-unique (non distinct near-field variation) Numerous compact scatterers 11

12 Simulation and Manufacturing of RFCOA Manufacturing & Formation Process Math models for CAD structure generation Other Processes Complex Network Power, LAN Networks Compressed, Confined Wires Genetic Drift Diffusion Limited Aggregation Cluster Diffusion Process Suspended Particles Weiner (Brownian) Motion Cytoskeleton Atmospheric, Oceanographic Stochastic PDE Geoscience Turbulence 3D Turbulence 12

13 COA SCANNING Definition: An RF fingerprint 2 of an RFCOA consists of a set of complex s 2,1 - parameters observed over a specific frequency band and collected for (a subset of or) all M possible antenna couplings using a reader with M antennas. Each analog s 2,1 -parameter 2 is sampled at F arbitrary frequencies and individually quantized using an arbitrary quantizer. x C F M V 1 V 2 s 1,1 s 1,2 V 1 s 2,1 s 2,2 V 2 Multdimensional signal x pseudo-uniquely represents S Scanner Requirements: Close positioning to receive variable near-field response Appropriate configuration to capture full 3D object Stable and consistent alignment and positioning with respect to COA during scanning process 3C-2E 13

14 Evaluation of Fingerprints Uniqueness With Respect to COA Scanner Properties Number of Elements Element spacing & configuration Tx/Rx Configuration Number of Iterations Subset contains 6 couplings A1 E1 A1 E2 C3 E1 A1 D1 C3 D1 C3 D2 A B C D E

15 Implemented RFDNA Scanner: Switch Matrix A- Dedicated Tx/Rx Antenna - Eliminate need for SPDT - Reduce Digital IO Control Pins Tx/Rx Matrix B- Implementation/Hardware Requirements - 8x SP4T (14 Digital IO Control Pins) - Voltage Controlled Oscillator (5-6GHz) - Power Detector (5-6GHz) C- Calibration Requirements - Switches introduce insertion Loss to the system. - VCO and Power are frequency Dependent 15

16 RFDNA Scanner: Evaluation Board Schematics FR4 Board Top Back 16

17 Inkjet PRINTED-COA on paper: Ideal platform for Systematic Evaluation of COAs W1 W2 L1 L2 Dimensions (mm) - L1= 55, - W1= L2= W2= 31.6 PAPER: Environmental Friendly and low cost (LOWEST COST MATERIAL MADE BY HUMANKIND) Large Reel to Reel Processing Compatible for printing circuitry by direct write methodologies Can be made hydrophobic and can host nano-scale additives (e.g. fire retardant textiles) Dielectric constant εr (~2) close to air s INK: Consisting of nano-spheres melting and sintering at low temperatures (100 C) After melting a good percolation channel is created for electrons flow. Provides a better result than traditional polymer thick film material approach. 17

18 RFDNA Scanner: Data Acquisition Platform 18 18

19 COA Signature for Different Antenna Permutation Subset Contains 13 couplings W/ & WO COA-2 COA-2 19

20 COA Signature W/ & W/O COA: Edge-Edge A B C D E

21 COA Signature for Different COAs: 1xPermutation COA-1 COA-2 COA-3 COA-4 21

22 COA Signature for Different COAs: ALL Permutations COA-1 COA-2 COA-3 COA-4 22

23 Systematic Analysis of COA: NEXT STEP 2D Scatter Density 3D Scatter Density (layer vertically) Scatter Size 23

24 Conclusion Discussed Today s Counterfeit Challenge Piracy versus counterfeit Introduced Anti-Counterfeit Technology Showed advantage of RFDNA approach in terms of Off-line Authentication and Robustness Discussed COA Requirements: Inexpensive, Robust Random and Unique Expensive to near-exactly replicate Random manufacturing process Demonstrated Experimental RFDNA Results 24

25 Thank you! GEDC Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Contact: Dr. Darko Kirovski: Dr. Gerald DeJean: 25