Ch. 4 Marine Plants: Saltmarsh Saltmarsh (succulents & grasses), Mangroves, Seagrasses, Algae. (including kelp)
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1 Ch. 4 Marine Plants: Saltmarsh Saltmarsh (succulents & grasses), Mangroves, Seagrasses, Algae Ch. 4: Marine Plants (including kelp) Seagrasses Algae Mangroves Kelp
2 Marine Plants & Algae 2 Kingdoms (NOTE: different from text) Plantae: flowering plants (grasses, succulents, trees) Protista: Algae (kelp, seaweed)
3 Kingdom Plantae Division Anthophyta (Angiosperms) Flowering plants (leaves, stems, roots, water & nutrient conducting tissues) Leaves Flowers Stems Seeds Roots
4 Nearshore: Marine Angiosperms Surfzone (surfgrass) Estuaries (grasses & succulents) Coastline (Mangroves) tropical
5 Seagrasses Submerged except during low tide Tropical & temperate regions worldwide Attached to rocky or sandy bottoms by roots & rhizomes (horizontal stems) Common genera in U.S.A. turtle grass (Thalassia) Gulf Coast Rhizome eel grass (Zostera) a b c Surf Grass (Phyllospadix)
6 S. California Seagrasses Zostera (eelgrass): Sandy substrates or Estuaries Phyllospadix (surfgrass): low intertidal & shallow subtidal rocks Phyllospadix spp. (surfgrass) Zostera marina (eelgrass): Sandy substrates or Estuaries Low intertidal & shallow subtidal rocks
7 Seagrass Reproduction Vegetative: sprout leaves from rhizomes Sexual (Flowers, pollen, seeds) Pollination in water Pollen grains (sperm) from male flower float to stigma (female) for fertilization Seed Germination: float away, drop below»seed Germination: float away, parent, or attach to drop below algae parent, or attach to
8 Seagrass Habitats: Accumulate sediments & provide food for marine animals Shorebirds Invertebrates & Fish Manatees
9 Emergent Flowering Plants 1. Salt Marsh Halophytes (salt tolerant) Only partially submerged Protected coasts w/ minimal wave action Temperate regions Upper Newport Bay East Coast (U.S.A.)
10 Halophyte Adaptations Terrestrial sp. that survive better w/out salt Competition forced halophytes to salty areas Spartina (cordgrass): Excretes excess salt from salt glands on leaves Salicornia (pickleweed): shunt salt to old leaves (red), which drop off
11 Salt Marsh Plant Habitat High Primary Productivity Produce a lot of detritus: food for plankton, inverts. & young fish Bird Nesting, roosting, food Topsmelt Goby Hornsnail Bubble snail Clapper Rail weaves floating nest from Cordgrass Blacknecked Stilt
12 2. Mangroves Tidal woodlands (Mangals) Tropical & subtropical protected coasts Tolerate saltwater (leaves secrete salts, shed old leaves) Prop roots grow on muddy substrate = root aeration Prop Roots
13 Mangrove Reproduction Propagules contain seeds w/ roots & shoots while still attached to parent Seedlings detach & many carried by currents away from parent (better for growth) Propagule
14 Mangrove Habitats Produce detritus & prop roots trap sediments: food & homes for invertebrates & fish Canopy: home for birds, insects, mammals Roosting Cattle Egrets
15 Mangrove Destruction Pollution Cut for timber Cut down for shrimp farms In a few years, salinity & wastes build up in ponds Farmers move to new location Shrimp pond Oil spill After Before
16 Mangrove Losses ~50% already destroyed Species diversity, extinctions Food web support for commercial fisheries Protection from tsunami, hurricanes, flooding Erosion, property damage, loss of life
17 Kingdom Protista: Algae (Seaweed) Most w/out water & nutrient conducting structures Macroscopic Only grow in Euphotic zone Flexible, covered in gelatinous material Highly productive: Water, CO 2, & nutrients readily available
18 Divisions: Algae (Seaweed) Ulva sp. Chlorophyta (green algae) Phaeophyta (brown algae) Fucus sp. Rhodophyta (red algae) Multicellular, eukaryotes No roots, flowers, seeds, or true leaves Palmaria sp. Intertidal or Subtidal (to m) Red to 200 m deep
19 Seaweed Structure Some algae are encrusting Most others have similar structures: Blade: broad, flat, leaf-like Float near surface for photosynthesis Blade Stipe: Flexible, hollow stem Photosynthetic, up to 30m long in some kelp Stipe + Blade = Frond Holdfast Stipe
20 Seaweed Structure Holdfast: Attaches algae to substrate Don t take up nutrients (not roots) Pneumatocysts: Gas filled floats buoy blades at surface Holdfast
21 Photosynthetic Pigments Green Algae: Mainly Chlorophyll Flat, thin sheets or filamentous Fewest marine species Codium fragile Dead Man s Fingers Ulva lactuca Sea Lettuce
22 Photosynthetic Pigments Brown Algae: Chlorophyll + accessory pigment: xanthophylls (golden) Include Kelp dominant in temperate & high latitudes Up to 200 ft long Quick growth (20 /day) Sea Bubble Macrcystis pyrifera Giant Kelp Feather Boa
23 Photosynthetic Pigments Red Algae: Chlorophyll + Phycobilins (red & blue) Surface & deeper water to 268m (879 ft) Accessory pigments aid photosynthesis Corallina: Calcium carbonate in tissues protects from grazers & wave action Encrusting Delesseria sanguinea
24 Kelp Forests Support very high levels of marine biodiversity Complex structure provides shelter & habitat for many animals Fish, invertebrates (molluscs, bryozoans, polychaetes crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges) Attract mammals: otters, whales, dolphins, seals
25 Kelp Forest Threats Overharvest (Algin) Pollution: Runoff (pesticides, fertilizer, sediment, etc.) Overgrazing by Sea Urchins: Urchin populations explode when otters (keystone species) disappear Heat: El Nino, Global Warming, waste heat (power plants) San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station
26 Kelp Forest Restoration Once abundant along California coast (San Diego to Monterey) by 80% in S. Calif. Collect Sporophylls to grow on tiles in labs Taken to ocean when 1-2 Attached to reefs using rubber bands Remove tiles after 1 year Divers & aerial surveys record growth & animal colonization
27 Kelp Forests: Temperate & polar latitudes (30 N & S to poles) Kelp Mangrove Mangroves: Tropical Latitudes
28 Algae Reproduction & Growth Vegetative (asexual) & sexual Diploid plants (sporophytes) produce & release spores (haploid) during meiosis Spores settle & grow into male & female plants (gametophytes) Haploid Produce gametes (sperm or eggs)
29 Algae Reproduction & Growth Sperm & eggs: retained w/in gametophyte or released into water Sperm & egg fuse during fertilization: diploid zygote formed Zygotes develop & grow into diploid sporophytes... Can be a macroscopic plant
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plant reproduction The Plants Vascular Plants Bryophytes Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses lack roots and specialized tissues grow in moist, shady areas All have sieve cells and tracheids Seedless Plants Ferns
Plant Growth & Development. Growth Stages. Differences in the Developmental Mechanisms of Plants and Animals. Development
Plant Growth & Development Plant body is unable to move. To survive and grow, plants must be able to alter its growth, development and physiology. Plants are able to produce complex, yet variable forms
Plant Parts. Background Information
Purpose The purpose of this lesson is for students to learn the six basic plant parts and their functions. Time Teacher Preparation: 30 minutes Student Activity: 60 minutes Materials For the teacher demonstration:
8.2 - A Local Ecosystem:
8.2 - A Local Ecosystem: 1. The distribution, diversity and numbers of plants and animals found in ecosystems are determined by biotic and abiotic factors: Distinguish between the abiotic and biotic factors
These pages build on Units 2B & C and introduce predator-prey relationships and food chains.
Unit 4B Habitats Teaching Notes These pages build on Units 2B & C and introduce predator-prey relationships and food chains. Curriculum, resource and other links Sc1 & Sc2 Resources Associated with this
Use this diagram of a food web to answer questions 1 through 5.
North arolina Testing Program EO iology Sample Items Goal 4 Use this diagram of a food web to answer questions 1 through 5. coyotes 3. If these organisms were arranged in a food pyramid, which organism