How To Write A History Of Ques

Transcription

1 HISTORY 304 REVIEW PACKAGE CHAPTER 6 The MODERNIZATION OF QUEBEC SOCIETY [ ]

2 Theme:!! THE DEPRESSION & ITS CONSEQUENCES [ ] What were the CAUSES of the Great Depression? - the STOCK MARKET CRASH - OVERPRODUCTION of goods What were the ECONOMIC/SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES of the Depression? - BANKRUPTCIES - REDUCED wages - JOB LOSSES - High UNEMPLOYMENT [25% unemployment in 1933] - EVICTIONS - General MISERY & POVERTY How did the GOVERNMENT react? - At first, there was no reaction. The policy was to wait it out... - Later, the government intervenes: DIRECT AID/SOUP KITCHENS RETURN-TO-THE-LAND movement UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF ACT [1931] o WORK CAMPS/PUBLIC WORKS o BENNETT S NEW DEAL [a plan for economic recovery - never put into action b/c some provinces feared the federal gov t was intervening too much!] This was the beginning of STATE INTERVENTIONISM. 2

3 What were the POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES of the crash? - Formation of new FEDERAL political parties: These parties were NOT very popular in Quebec... The Communist Party C.C.F. [socialist] National Social Christian Party [fascist] Social Credit [populist] - Formation of a new QUEBEC PROVINCIAL party: Union Nationale [traditionalist/nationalist] Theme:!! WORLD WAR II [ ] When did Canada DECLARE war? - Sept. 3 rd 1939:! Germany invades Poland. France & England declare war on Germany. - Sept. 10 th 1939:! Canada declares war on Germany 1 WEEK LATER! Describe Canada s WAR EFFORT: - As of 1939, the federal gov t enacted the WAR MEASURES ACT which gave them control of the economy. They: fixed salaries subsidized industries encouraged workers to work in war factories demanded that provinces cede their taxation revenues to pay for the war effort - Canada/Quebec s industrial production experienced rapid expansion. Factories and farmers were busy producing: warplanes clothing weapons/ammunition food, etc - VICTORY BONDS were sold to raise money for the war effort. 3

4 - There was much RECYCLING of: rubber glass old saucepans & scrap metal - There was much RATIONING of: gasoline sugar, coffee, tea meat etc What was the ROLE OF WOMEN during WWII? - Slogan: From the kitchen to the factory! - Worked in jobs, especially factory jobs, previously held by men: welding machine operators etc - By 1944, about 1 million women worked in factory jobs proving that women were quite capable at doing jobs that had been traditionally restricted to men. - Many women were part of the CWAC [Canadian Women s Army Corps] and went oversees to serve in support positions [secretaries, nurses, mechanics...] - Women get the right to vote in PROVINCIAL elections [1940]. This was thanks to Quebec Premier ADELARD GODBOUT. Another CONSCRIPTION CRISIS?! - During the 1939 elections, MACKENZIE KING promised that there would be no conscription. - In a PLEBISCITE [referendum] in 1942, King asks the country to release him from his promise: * English-Canadians vote YES! [~ 80% in favor of conscription] * French-Canadians vote NO! [~ 85% against conscription] 4

5 How did WWII end? - It ended in 1945 with the defeat of Germany and Japan [ATOMIC BOMBS were dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki] - 47,000 Canadian lives were lost during WWII Theme: POST-WAR PROSPERITY & POPULATION Describe the POST-WAR PROSPERITY in Quebec: - The reconstruction of Europe after the war, and strong domestic demand, kept industrial production high. - In Quebec, production tripled from 1945 to Lots of jobs. Higher wages. How was the POPULATION affected after the war? - BABY BOOM:! infants born each year in Quebec [ ]. - IMMIGRATION: Quebec accepted many immigrants from warravaged Europe [Greece, Germany, Poland, Britain etc ] About between Theme: QUEBEC UNDER DUPLESSIS [ & ] WHO was he? - Leader of the UNION NATIONALE and QUEBEC PREMIER who served twice. Very TRADITIONAL & NATIONALIST!!! Describe his TRADITIONAL VIEW of Quebec: - Big supporter of the CATHOLIC CHURCH. Allowed them to control: education health care other social services such as orphanages - Idealized RURAL LIFE and the Quebec farmer [back-to-the-land] - He was against groups that tried to change the social order. Examples: UNIONS & COMMUNISTS. 5

6 What were his NATIONALIST POLICIES? - Adopted a new Quebec flag [FLEUR DE LYS ] - Refused FEDERAL SUBSIDIES of universities - Introduced Quebec INCOME TAX - Promoted AUTONOMY for Quebec & more provincial power What were the KEY ELEMENTS of his reign as Premier? - He kept government intervention in the economy to a MINIMUM - He was involved in violent LABOUR CONFLICTS [Asbestos Strike 1949] - His PADLOCK LAW was supposedly implemented to defend against communism. Really, it was used to fight labor unions and his opponents. - RURAL ELECTRIFICATION [his one positive accomplishment!] This strengthened his support in rural areas. - Promoted MINING of iron in Cote-Nord. - Allowed FOREIGN BUSINESSES to do as they wished. Who OPPOSED Duplessis [Who/What were the elements of change]? - CINEMA, RADIO & TELEVISION - Organized Labour UNIONS - INTELLECTUALS & JOURNALISTS [P.E Trudeau & Cite Libre] - ARTISTS - FEMINISTS Theme: THE QUIET REVOLUTION [ ] What happened during the QUIET REVOLUTION? - Quebec caught up socially and economically to the changing times. - Slogans: MAITRES CHEZ NOUS! & IT S TIME FOR A CHANGE! - French Canadians began to think of themselves as QUEBECOIS. - The Quebec gov t embarked on a path of INTERVENTIONISM. What STARTED it?! - The death of Duplessis in 1959.! - The election of a new LIBERAL gov t under the leadership of Premier JEAN LESAGE in

7 What were the MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS of the Quiet Revolution? - Creation of a WELFARE STATE [social/economic programs for all] - Creation of many MINISTRIES: The PARENT COMMISSION [1963] made recommendations to reform EDUCATION The MINISTRY OF EDUCATION [MEQ] is set up SECULARIZATION of social services [the gov t now manages education, health and social programs] - Creation of CROWN CORPORATIONS [controlled by the state]: - NATIONALIZATION of hydroelectricity [R. Levesque] in Introduction of: HOSPITALIZATION INSURANCE [1961] QUEBEC LABOUR CODE [1964] QUEBEC PENSION PLAN [1966] What were the major ECONOMIC CHANGES? - The Quebec gov t becomes a MAJOR EMPLOYER - Rising PUBLIC DEBT [due to all the spending!] 7

8 What were the major SOCIAL CHANGES of the Quiet Revolution? - A CHANGE IN ATTITUDES:!!! the CHURCH experienced a decline in its influence it became easier for WOMEN to get: an education the contraceptive pill divorced UNION membership increased and Lesage passed the LABOUR CODE [1965] which made it possible for gov t employees to unionize and strike. Theme: THE AFFIRMATION OF QUEBEC NATIONHOOD Nationalists began to demand recognition of Quebec s distinct identity. They took measures to protect this identity: 1961: the OFFICE DE LA LANGUE FRANCAISE is founded to promote French in Quebec. Some nationalists recommended that Quebec SEPARATE from Canada:! 1967: Rene LEVESQUE founds the MSA 1968: the MSA + RN merge to create the PQ [PARTI QUEBECOIS] Some SEPARATISTS were radical: 1963: the FLQ [FRONT DE LIBERATION DU QUEBEC] is founded. They used violence [bombs, threats and even resorted to kidnapping]. Their actions led to the OCTOBER CRISIS [1970] forcing the federal gov t to implement the WAR MEASURES ACT. As PM of CANADA [ & ], Pierre Elliot Trudeau was opposed to these nationalist movements and promoted a united BILINGUAL and BICULTURAL Canada. 8

9 Theme: ECONOMIC DECLINE IN THE 1970s The spending in the 1960s led to a deteriorating economic situation in the 1970s. The reform movement was running out of steam: price of oil spiked foreign competition [from Asia] increasing unemployment increase in price of goods decreased purchasing power Robert BOURASSA became PREMIER of Quebec [ ]. He attempts to support the economy and create jobs by: encouraging foreign investment initiating large construction projects starting the JAMES BAY PROJECT [1971] dubbed the Project of the Century Theme: THE ABORIGINAL ISSUE The Cree and Inuit were upset by the James Bay Project. WHY?! they were NOT consulted they feared their ecosystem would be destroyed by the dams!! RESULT? they sue the gov t and following negotiations, the JAMES BAY AND NORTHERN QUEBEC AGREEMENT is signed [1975]. This gives them: financial compensation protection of their culture and traditional way of life 9