DECIDUOUS PLANT FAMILIES HORT 108 Edmonds C.C.

Transcription

1 DECIDUOUS PLANT FAMILIES HORT 108 Edmonds C.C. ACERACEAE Maple Family Trees & shrubs; leaves opposite, simple or compound, many palmately lobed; flowers regular, mostly corymbose; fruit distinctly winged. Acer ACTINIDIACEAE Kiwi Family Trees, shrubs & vines; stems with scales and hairs; leaves simple, alternate, petiolate; flowers on old wood, regular, 5-merous w/ many stamens & pistils; fruit a berry. Actinidia ANACARDIACEAE Cashew Family Trees, shrubs, vines; leaves alternate usually (pinnately) compound; flowers small, regular, dioecious in a terminal, pyramidal inflorescence (thyrse); fruit a berry; resin often allergenic. Cotinus, Rhus AQUIFOLIACEAE Holly Family Trees and shrubs; leaves simple, mostly alternate, leathery occ. spiny; flowers usually dioecious, 4-parted; fruit a berry. Ilex ARALIACEAE Aralia Family Trees, shrubs, herbs, some climbing; some dimorphic, monopodial ( stem or rhizome where growth continues indefinitely from end bud with little secondary branching); leaves may be very large, alternate, simple or compound, entire or lobed; flowers in spherical heads or panicles; fruit a berry. Aralia BERBERIDACEAE Barberry Family Trees, shrubs, herbs, some climbing; woody genera with yellow wood often spiny; leaves alternate, simple or compound; flowers 3-merous, stamens open by pores w/ lids; fruit a berry or capsule. Berberis BETULACEAE Birch Family Trees (shrubs); lenticular bark; leaves alternate, simple, usually ovate and toothed; flowers monoecious, pendant male catkins terminal; fruit a nut often w/ bracts. Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus BIGNONIACEAE Bignonia Family Trees, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled, pinnate, palmate compound or simple; flowers large, perfect, irregular, often 2-lipped & 5 lobed; fruit a bivalved capsule w/ small, winged seeds. Catalpa CAPRIFOLIACEAE Honeysuckle Family Trees, shrubs, herbs; leaves opposite, simple or pinnately compound; flowers with fused corolla, stamens stick out, fragrant, often irregular; fruit a berry or capsule. Kolkwitzia, Leycesteria, Lonicera, Sambucus, Symphoricarpos, Viburnum, Weigela

2 2 CELASTRACEAE Spindle Tree Family Trees, shrubs, vines; green stems; leaves opposite, simple, often obovate; flowers small, greenish in axillary clusters; fruit lobed, colored capsule splitting to show colored berry (aril w/ seed). Euonymus CLETHRACEAE (or Cyrillaceae, Mabberly) White-Alder Family Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular in terminal racemes or panicles, white or pinkish. Fruit a capsule. Stamens opening by terminal pores. Monotypic family containing only Clethra CORNACEAE Dogwood Family Trees, shrubs, occasionally herbs; leaves opposite, simple, entire, parallel veined; flowers small in showy, flat, terminal clusters or tight heads surrounded by showy bracts or apetalous with 2 large bracts (Davidia); fruit a berry (Cornus) or a drupe (Davidia). Cornus, Davidia (Some authorities place Davidia in the Nyssaceae) ELAEAGNACEAE Oleaster Family Trees & shrubs; stems armed and w/ hairs and scales; leaves alternate, simple, entire, scaly/glandular; flowers axillary, solitary or small umbels, fragrant, perfect, tubular, whitish; fruits a berry. Roots with nitrogen-fixing nodules. Elaeagnus ERICACEAE Rhododendron Family Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate some appearing whorled, often leathery, simple, entire, often hairy, tomentose, and/or scaly; flowers urn or funnel-shaped, 5-merous; fruit a capsule or berry. Enkianthus, Oxydendrum, Rhododendron, Vaccinium EUCRYPHIACEAE Eucryphia Family Evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs; pinnate or simple leaved, paired and opposite, with stipules. Flowers bisexual; white, usually solitary, axillary, four-petaled, attractive; males with numerous stamens. Monotypic family containing only Eucryphia. FAGACEAE Oak Family Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, lobed and/or toothed; male flowers in catkins; fruit a nut surrounded or covered by a scaly or prickly husk (acorn, chestnut, beechnut). Castanea, Fagus, Quercus GINKGOACEAE Ginkgo Family Tree, resinous. Alternate or in clusters of 3-5 on spurs, fan-shaped, parallel-veined leaves. Dioecious. Fruit drupe-like. Monotypic family containing only Ginkgo GROSSULARIACEAE Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, often glandular-hairy; flowers regular, with a central disk, petals often appearing fused in tube, in racemes; fruit a capsule or berry. Ribes 2

3 3 HAMAMELIDACEAE Witch-hazel Family Shrubs & trees; stems often w/ hairs; leaves alternate, simple, uneven base, w/ stipules; flowers axillary clusters or spikes, perfect, regular, 4-5 merous, petals arachnoid (thin, crumpled) or inconspicuous; fruit a capsule. Corylopsis, Fothergilla, Hamamelis, Liquidambar, Parrotia HIPPOCASTANACEAE Horsechestnut Family Trees & shrubs; leaves opposite, palmate compound; flowers large in terminal racemes or thyrses, perfect, irregular, 5-merous; fruit a large capsule (nut). Aesculus HYDRANGEACEAE Hydrangea Family Trees, shrubs, some herbs; leaves opposite, simple, usually toothed; flowers complete, regular, 4-5 parted, marginal flowers may be sterile, in dome-shaped or pyramidal clusters; fruit usually capsule. Deutzia, Hydrangea, Philadelphus (sometimes put in a separate family: Philadelphaceae). JUGLANDACEAE Walnut Family Trees & shrubs; aromatic; leaves alternate, pinnate compound; flowers small, imperfect, males in catkins; fruit large, berry-like opening to release walnut. Juglans LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) Mint Family Herbs, shrubs; aromatic; stems 4-angled; leaves opposite or whorled; simple or compound (Vitex). Flowers bilateral, 2-lipped; small, white, in axillary clusters, dioecious (Callicarpa); terminal cymes or panicles, white (Clerodendrum); panicled cymes, lavendar, late-blooming (Vitex). Fruit a drupe or berry (Clerodendrum: blue berry and fleshy pink calyx). Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Vitex (Note: these genera had been in the Verbenaceae) LARDIZABALACEAE Shrubs and vines; leaves alternate, palmate / pinnate compound, simple; flowers 3-merous, stamens opposite petals; fruit a fleshy pod (follicle) with seeds embedded in mucilaginous gel. Akebia LEGUMINOSAE Pea Family Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; often armed; leaves alternate, compound or simple, stipules present or spiny, petiole swollen at base; flowers in racemes, spikes, or heads, irregular/regular; fruit a pod (legume). Albizia, Argyrocytisus, Cercis, Cladrastis, Cytisus, Genista, Gleditsia, Laburnum, Robinia, Sophora, Spartium, Wisteria 3

4 4 LOGANIACEAE Logania Family Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; leaves opposite, simple, entire to lobed; flowers perfect, various inflorescence, various shape, 4-5 merous, stamens on petals; fruit a capsule or berry. Buddleia LYTHRACEAE Loosestrife Family Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite (or upper ones alternate), entire, simple with deciduous stipules. Flowers bisexual, in terminal panicles. Fruit a dehiscent capsule. Lagerstroemia MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia Family Trees, shrubs, vines; leaves alternate, simple, leathery, leaf buds and flowers covered with large bud scales - often fuzzy buds; flowers with large, waxy tepals in 3s,large deciduous stipules enclosing terminal bud; many stamens and pistils on central horn or torus, solitary; fruit berries or samaras.cercidiphyllum, Liriodendron, Magnolia (CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE Now submerged into Magnoliaceae; see above. Tree; leaves opposite, simple, oval; dioecious; fruit a small, longitudinal capsule. Monotypic family containing only Cercidiphyllum. MALVACEAE Mallow Family Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems hairy; leaves alternate, simple, palmately veined, some dissected, stipules; flowers large, regular, perfect, 5-merous, stamens/pistils united in central column; fruit a capsule. Hibiscus MORACEAE Mulberry Family Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; milky sap; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, stipules; flowers perfect in axillary head; fruit a fig. Ficus NYSSACEAE Nyssa Family Trees. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers small and axillary. Fruit a drupe. Nyssa (Some authorities place Cornus in the Nyssaceae) OLEACEAE Olive Family Trees and shrubs; leaves opposite, simple or pinnate compound; flowers regular, small, often fragrant, 4-merous, 2 stamens, in axillary clusters; fruit a berry, capsule, or samara. Forsythia, Fraxinus, Jasminum, Ligustrum, Syringa ONAGRACEAE Evening Primrose Family Herbs, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled, simple; flowers regular, 4-merous, sepals colored, inferior ovary at base of tube; fruit a capsule with hairy seeds or a berry. Fuchsia 4

5 5 PAEONIACEAE Peony Family Herbs, shrubs; leaves large, alternate, binately lobed or dissected; flowers large, perfect, regular, solitary, many stamens; fruit a cluster of pod-like follicles w/ large seeds. Paeonia PLATANACEAE Plane Tree Family Trees; bark mottled, scaly; leaves alternate, palmately lobed, coarsely toothed, downy/hairy; flowers in pendulous, round heads, monoecious; fruits hairy nutlets. Platanus PINACEAE Pine Family Trees, resinous. Leaves spirally arranged, solitary (or fascicled in Pines), or crowded clusters on short spurs (in Larix). Flowers borne in cones (persistent in Larix) Larix PROTEACEAE Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire, or divided leaves, no stipules, leathery and often hairy. Flowers borne in sometimes showy racemes, spikes or heads. Embothrium RANUNCULACEAE Buttercup Family Herbs, shrubs; leaves alternate, simple or compound, entire or deeply lobed, petiole swollen at base; flowers regular, 3-many colored sepals, many stamens and pistils, center swollen; fruit a capsule. Clematis RHAMNACEAE Buckthorn Family Trees and shrubs; aromatic; stiffly branched; leaves alternate, simple, often very coriaceous (leathery or tough but smooth and pliable in texture) ; flowers small often in dense inflorescences; fruit a berry or capsule. Ceanothus, Rhamnus ROSACEAE Rose Family Trees, shrubs, herbs; some thorny; leaves simple or compound, w/ stipules; flowers regular, 5-merous, with a central disk; fruit usually fleshy with small seeds. Amelanchier, Chaenomeles, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Holodiscus, Kerria, Malus, Oemleria, Potentilla, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Rubus, Sorbaria, Sorbus, Spiraea SALICACEAE Willow Family Trees & shrubs; brittle; leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipules usually present ; flowers dioecious in catkins (pendant in males); fruit a small capsule, seeds minute with tuft of hairs, short-lived. Populus, Salix SAPINDACEAE Soapberry Family Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs; leaves alternate, compound (pinnate, trifoliate) or simple; flowers small, regular, terminal inflorescences; fruit fleshy or dry, sometimes bladder-like. Koelreuteria SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifrage Family 5

6 6 Shrubs, herbs; alternate leaved, without stipules and often fleshy; flowers regular, perfect. Sepals are 5(4) united into a cup and the petals are inserted on the floral cup and free. Styles are free and as many as the locules (2). Itea (sometimes put in a separate family: Iteaceae). SCROPHULARIACEAE Snapdragon Family Herbs, shrubs, trees; leaves opposite, simple, some 2-ranked; flowers 2-lipped and 5-lobed, stamens 2+2; fruit a capsule with small winged seeds. Paulownia STACHYURACEAE Violales Small trees & shrubs; lvs. simple, toothed, spirally arranged; stipules small, deciduous; flws. small, 4-merous, in axillary spikes or racemes; fr. a dry berry. Stachyurus STYRACACEAE Storax Family Trees & shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed; flowers white, regular, perfect, 4-5 merous, in pendant racemes or cymes; fruit a pendant, egg-shaped capsule. Halesia, Styrax TAMARICACEAE Tamirisk Family Shrubs or small trees with very slender terete branches. Leaves alternate, mostly small, sessile, scale-like. Flowers regular, dense racemes gathered in terminal panicles. Fruit a capsule. Tamarix TAXODIACEAE Taxodium Family Trees, resinous. Evergreen or deciduous. Leaves spirally arranged, needle-like (Metasequoia & Taxodium) or scale-like. Branchlets deciduous. Cones woody. THEACEAE Camellia Family Trees and shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed; flowers large, regular, solitary, 5-merous, many stamens; fruit a capsule. Franklinia, Stewartia THYMELAEACEAE Mezereum Family Trees and shrubs; poisonous; leaves simple, alternate, entire, obovate, clustered; flowers 4-merous, star-like, fragrant. Daphne TILIACEAE Linden Family Trees, shrubs, herbs; leaves alternate, simple, toothed; flowers perfect, regular, usually w/out petals, many stamens & pistils, inflorescence sometimes w/ bract; fruit a capsule or berry. Tilia 6

7 7 URTICACEAE Stinging Nettle Family ( ULMACEAE now part of Urticaceae Elm Family Most are herbs or small shrubs with one tribe having trees with watery juice, sometimes equipped with stinging hairs. Leaves alternate or opposite, with stipules (shed as leaves unfold). Cymose flowers, often condensed into heads. Flowers greenish, regular, unisexual (male and female flowers on same individual). Pinnately veined leaves; fruit an achene or drupe. (Ulmaceae characteristics: Trees & shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, toothed, uneven base; greenish flowers small, regular, perfect, axillary; fruit a circular, flat samara or berry.) Ulmus, Zelkova VERBENACEAE See Lamiaceae/Labiatae VITACEAE Grape Family Vines w/ tendrils opposite leaves; leaves alternate, simple, palmately lobed; flowers regular, perfect, inflorescence opposite leaves; fruit a berry (grape). Parthenocissus, Vitis As cited in The Plant Book by John Mabberly Vascular Plant Families by James Payne Smith, Jr. 9/7/04 7