ISTANBUL, AS A METROPOLE, FACES POTENTIAL DISASTERS

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1 ISTANBUL, AS A METROPOLE, FACES POTENTIAL DISASTERS Presented by Mesut Pektaş İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Deputy Secretary General and CEO of Disaster Management Center

2 Over the earth where we live, the earthquake is our inevitable geographical reality! 17 August and 12 November earthquakes reminded this reality once again Drawing lessons from the painful experiences of the past, As Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, we have realized important preparations for a possible disaster in the 5 th anniversary of these two earthquakes.

3 AKOM & STUDIES EMPI EARTHQUAKE MASTER PLAN FOR ISTANBUL ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

4 ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS DISASTERS, in general, happen suddenly and effect the community, disturb the daily normal life and cause severe life and economic lost. Earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, heavy snow and rain, avalanche, frost, floods, storms, hurrience, lightning, forest fires, epidemic diseases, heat wave and drougths are NATURAL DISASTERS. Terrorism, explosions, nuclear accidents, acid rains, transportation accidents are MAN MADE DISASTERS.

5 We will have to get used to the fact that hot summers like the one we had in Europe last year, must be expected more frequently in the future. It is possible that they will have become more or less the norm by the middle of the century. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

6 ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS Earthquakes Heavy Rain and Floods Landslides Forest Fires Industrial Explosions and Fires Wind and Snow Storms Heat wave and Drougth Fog Transportation Accidents Terrorist Attacks

7 AKOM, the Disaster Coordination Center established in August 2000 to organize the emergency and mitigation activities of IMM. AKOM

8 ISKI IETT IMM COMPANIES AKOM provides the required coordination, regarding the implementation of governorship instructions by the related municipality units, attached establishments and municipal companies. AKOM

9 With its modern technological infrastructure and 4000 square meter field AKOM is a developed sample of Disaster Management Center in the city of Los Angeles. AKOM

10 Headed by the Deputy Secretary General of IMM, Mesut Pektaş, AKOM meets every Wednesday with the participation of coordination member units and evaluates the realized and planned works. AKOM

11 AKOM IMM Deputy Secretary General AKOM DIRECTORATE (Fire-brigade Manager) LEGAL ADVISORS AKOM SECRETARY GENERAL (Head of Fire-brigade Directorate) FIRE BRIGADE DEP. HEALTH DEP. TRANS PORTATION DEP. ENTERP. DEP. HEAD DEFENCE SECRETARY DIR. OF TECHNICAL AFFAIRS SOIL & EARTH. RES. DEP. DIR. OF İGDAŞ FOREIGN RELATIONS İSKİ AKOM

12 Scientific Studies Studies for Equipment Collection Studies on Training of Human-Power Studies on Information Technologies (IT) Other Studies We can categorize our studies in to five groups. AKOM

13 REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE Outcomes of the two major earthquakes faced in the Marmara Region in 1999, have been very traumatic for our country casualties and 70,000 collapsed buildings

14 The centers of two major earthquakes with 7.4 and 7.2 magnitudes were only 80 and 120 km away from Istanbul that is the hearth of Turkish Economy. REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE

15 With its 10 million population, Istanbul faced the earthquake in the two different regions without heavy losses. REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE

16 When the year 1900 considered as an origin, Turkey faces a destructive earthquake in every three years. REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE

17 At km south of Istanbul,, right sided strike slip North Anatolian Fault as an active earthquake zone, cuts the Marmara Sea in E-W E W direction. REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE

18 Çemberlitaş (1894) Yenikapı (1894) Historical records show that many destructive earthquakes effected Istanbul in past such as in 1509, 1766 and REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE

19 Recent scientific studies imply a westward migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault and this phenomena increases plausibility of an M>6.5 earthquake near to Istanbul to %63. REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE

20 Taking these scientific data into consideration, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality founded the Directorate of Earth and Earthquake Study before the 1999 earthquake. REALITY OF MARMARA EARTHQUAKE

21 The Directorate completed the upper-scaled geological maps of Istanbul before 1999 and operated the earthquake record station network. AKOM & STUDIES

22 Considering the possible Istanbul earthquake, a series of scientific based works have been realized and reached to the very important, concrete outcomes. AKOM & STUDIES

23 Works of City Geology 1/5000 scaled geology and compatibility for the settlement works have been completed. AKOM & STUDIES

24 Works of City Geology After the geological maps completed, the regulation amendment, that brings earth study necessity for all kind of development attempts has been approved by City Council of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. AKOM & STUDIES

25 Works of City Geology In the current practice, The Earth Study Report is required as a document base to the license. AKOM & STUDIES

26 Geophysics and Seismic Works Through studying the earth and fault movements, geophysics and seismic works are carried out by Land Teams throughout Istanbul. AKOM & STUDIES

27 Microzonation Work Severe quantitative damage estimations have been obtained from IMM-JICA Micro zoning and Mitigation Study ( ). AKOM & STUDIES

28 Emergency Transportation and Action Plan Emergency roads have been marked and bridges and viaducts are strengthened in the city according to the Emergency Transportation and Action Plan. AKOM & STUDIES

29 Emergency Transportation and Action Plan All these important transportation roads have been connected to the potential tent areas. AKOM & STUDIES

30 Investment For Machinery & Equipment The rescue teams of the fire department are equipped with modern audio-visual search detectors, cutting and breaking devices. AKOM & STUDIES

31 Studies on Training of Human-Power Despite of this special rescue and emergency relief units have been trained for any possible disaster. AKOM & STUDIES

32 İGDAŞ- ISTANBUL GAS DISTRIBUTION CORPORATION IGDAŞ is taking maximum level of security measures in establishing gas distribution system against a possible earthquake disaster. AKOM & STUDIES

33 Public Bread Factories Capacity of 2 million per day With the cooperation of World Health Organization and Universities we developed a prescription for long time lasting bread Back-up of energy systems in Public Bread Factories AKOM & STUDIES

34 Data Security Disaster Recovery System has been introduced for the Municipal Units in AKOM to provide information security and manage in case of disaster. AKOM & STUDIES

35 Live Broadcast Vehicle Mobile Up-Link Vehicle is consisting of a custom made 4x4 land type Mercedes vehicle, a stage management system with 5 cameras and up-link with full back up. AKOM & STUDIES

36 Camera Network 55 traffic cam images from main roads and junctions can be watched simultaneously from AKOM and internet. AKOM & STUDIES

37 Wireless Communication Considering the crises situation for communication infrastructure of Metropolitan Municipality and its attached units, the communication infrastructure is planned as a whole. AKOM & STUDIES

38 GIS Works In order to reach the needed information directly and speedy in case of any disaster; up to date graphic and non graphic data, prepared in the different mediums and times, collected in a single place and associated in a searchable way. AKOM & STUDIES

39 GIS Works SOIL & EARTH. RES. DEP. DIRECTORATE OF MAP EMERG. AID AND RESCUE FIRE BRIGADE TRANSPORT. DEPT. ZEYTİNBURNU MUNICIP. ISKI IGDAS PUBLIC BREAD HAMIDIYE WATER CITY DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTER The data, received from 11 different sources collected under the single skeleton and comprising various query, GIS based software is prepared. AKOM & STUDIES

40 GIS Works All the GIS queries, related with the Municipalities, Consulates, Poorhouses, Hostels, Sport Facilities, Police Headquarters, Fire Brigade Units, Helicopter Runways, Hospitals, Hamidiye Water Stations, Public Bread Buffets, Tent Centers, Transportation Network, Emergency Interference Centers, Emergency and Rescue Stations, Emergency Interference Units and Graveyards have been completed. AKOM & STUDIES

41 Targets Some estimations for a M=7.5 ~20 km far earthquake are; 70,000 death (0.8%) 5,000 totally collapsed buildings 60,000 heavily damaged buildings 120,000 severely injured 2,000,000 temporarily homeless 1600 damage points on water supply systems stem 13 damage points on natural gas lines and 29,000 damaged service boxes Probability of falling of 20 bridges 60 ± 20 billion US$ loss!...!...!...

42 Main Focuses of Disaster Reduction in Istanbul Focus 1: Minimize casualties caused by building collapses Focus 2: Secure the rescue and medical care to save victims Focus 3: Secure to survive 10 million peoples in 1 2 weeks after the earthquake Targets

43 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul Prepared an Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul (EMPI) in collaboration with the Universities.

44 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul EMPI is a Road-Map for integrated legal, physical, financial, organisational measures synchronized by the coordinating bodies.

45 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul The Earthquake Master Plan took nearly 200 scientists from 4 different universities including Istanbul Technical University, Bosporus University, Middle-East Technical University, and Yıldız Technical University 8 months to prepare.

46 Targets EMPI COMPONENTS RISK SECTORS Infrastructural Systems Building Stock Dangerous Uses Emergency Uses Special Areas LOCAL ACTION PROGRAMS Physical Transformation Density Reduction Retro filling of Buildings Community Organization Investment Programs SUPPORT - RESEARCH Public Relations Finance Resources Legal Arrangements Administrative Alternatives Info Engineering Scientific/Technical Research

47 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul MAJOR RISK SECTORS OF EMPI Risks in Macro-Form and Growth Tendencies Incompatible Land-Use Risks Risks of Productivity Losses Risks in the Building Stock and Infrastructure Risks in Emergency Facilities Risks in Dangerous Uses Special Risk Areas and Special Buildings Scenario-based Risks Vulnerabilities to Accidents, Sabotage, Terrorism

48 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul The plan was announced after the anniversary of the Marmara earthquake and contains administrative, legal, and financial prescriptions for the loss of life and property in a quake measuring 6.5 on the Richter scale.

49 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul According to the plan, amendments are needed in 33 laws, including Housing, Condominium, Title deed, Local Administrations, and Tax Law in order to prepare Istanbul for the earthquake.

50 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul An Earthquake Risk Administration and Urban Improvement Office will be established for the implementation of the plan.

51 Targets EMPI Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul Zeytinburnu Pilot Project is an application phase of Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul. Improvement projects are to be completed by the end of 2004, starting with streets considered to be in high risk areas.

52 HEAVY RAIN AND FLOODS 1922 Uncontrolled settlement in Istanbul during last century increased the risks related to floods. Proper urban planning projects are necessary to protect the city from such disasters. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

53 LANDSLIDES There are many landslides in and around the city due to litho logical properties of some soil types. IMM continue to geological mapping of such areas. Earthquakes are known to be one of the potential sources for slope instability and landslide hazards. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

54 LANDSLIDES Zonation for seismically induced landslides, as zonation for other hazards, mainly aims to support the settlement planning activities and to reduce possible casualties and property losses due to landslides. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

55 FOREST FIRES Burgaz Island, 2003 In a metropole such as Istanbul, with limited forestry areas, fires are extremely important. In October 2003, during a wind storm, 605 hectare forest and 12 house burned in Burgaz Island forest fire. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

56 INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIONS AND FIRES Making The Fire Brigade Commanding System More Effective by Using The Current Technologies 2153 Fully Equipped Personnel in 39 Stations GIS studies for disaster preparation ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

57 WIND AND SNOW STORMS Up to 120 km per hour wind and a heavy snow up to 50 cm thickness in winter of 2004 caused almost a disaster in Istanbul. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

58 WIND AND SNOW STORMS During the snow storm at the end of January 2004, panic of the people, a technical problem at Bosphorus bridge and in same time a traffic accident on TEM highway locked the heavy traffic within the city. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

59 WIND AND SNOW STORMS Few days later, during another heavy snow storm on February 2004, people and the municipalities were much more ready, and the problems were minimum. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

60 HEAT WAVE AND DROUGTH During 2003 summer a heat wave greatly effected European Countries. Maximum temperatures of last century are recorded. Approximately 20,000 people died and most of them was old aged. Global warming models imply that the hot h summers like the one we had in Europe last year must be expected more frequently in the future in our region. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

61 FOG Dense fog results the increased number of traffic accidents within the city. It is extremely important for transportation on Bosphorus and Marmara Sea. Fog also effects Airport services in bad manner for a long period. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

62 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS In 1979, a crude oil tanker Independentza made an accident at the south entrance of Bosphorus and tons fuel-oil burn for more than 2 months. It caused very serious environmental problems at the hearth of city ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

63 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS Dense fog, strong winds and waves, piloting etc. are cause different scaled ship accidents on the Bosphorus In average 48,000 ships passes through Bosphorus per year 173 accidents took place in Bosphorus in last 10 years A Russian ship in crashed because of giant waves and 800 tons of fuel oil flow in to Marmara Sea. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

64 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS Year (First Half) 1994 (Second Half) Accident Radar controlling of ship passages are greatly reduced accidents in Bosphorus starting by 1994 ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

65 TERROR HSBC Bank British Consulate In 15 and 20 November 2003, four explosions made a great impact in the city. 54 people died and 758 injured. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

66 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS In 90 s one of the important topics was related to sulfur and carbon dioxide contamination of the weather. Population increase, industrialization, wrong land usage, bad quality coals etc. caused this problem. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality made necessary investments to expand the natural gas distribution systems within the city; and now there is no such a risk anymore. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

67 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS A plausible accident in one of the nuclear power stations near to Turkey may result very serious causalities in our cities. Winds can carry radioactive dusts to very far distances Chernobyl nuclear accident effected more than 9 million people all around Europe and Asia. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

68 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Black Sea coast, Thrace and northern Aegean parts of Turkey also effected tons of tea leafs which costs 120,000,000 US$ burned because of radioactivity. Following Chernobyl cancer increased in those parts of Turkey. For example 1763 people record in Ordu during 18 years and 1637 of them died. Prior to this nuclear accident average number was 16 per year. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

69 ACID RAINS Because of uncontrolled industrialization, higher acidity of the waters after rains, contaminate lakes, ground waters, soil and vegetation. IMM carefully monitors such environmental problems to stop such an ecologic disaster. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

70 EPIDEMIC DISEASES IMM, Department of First Aid and Emergency 65 doctors, 30 Nurses, 5 technicians, 136 workers, 30 Ambulances ready to provide services in 10 different centers. ISTANBUL & POTENTIAL DISASTERS

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