How To Understand The Environmental Impact Of Porotherm

Transcription

1 Accompanying Report for BRE Global Environmental Profiles of: Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. Prepared for: Steve Green, Wienerberger Ltd. February 2012 Client report number

2 1 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Prepared on behalf of BRE Global by Name Julia Barnard Position Consultant Signature Approved on behalf of BRE Global by Name Victoria Blake Position Associate Director Date 27 February 2012 Signature BRE Global Bucknalls Lane Watford Herts WD25 9XX T + 44 (0) F + 44 (0) E enquiries@breglobal.com This report is made on behalf of BRE Global. By receiving the report and acting on it, the client - or any third party relying on it - accepts that no individual is personally liable in contract, tort or breach of statutory duty (including negligence).

3 2 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Executive Summary This report forms the output from the Environmental Profiles of Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. The aim of this report is to provide explanatory information to accompany the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Environmental Profile. The dataset for this Environmental Profile was provided for the time period 1 st January 2009 to 31 st December This Environmental Profile covers one manufacturing facility located at Zonnebeke, Belgium. Tables i. and ii. below shows the summary Ecopoint scores for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay on a per tonne basis and within eleven building element specifications over a sixty year study period. Table i. Product specification Ecopoint scores per tonne Product Specification Cradle to Gate Ecopoints per tonne Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 0.74 Table ii. Ecopoint Scores and Green Guide Ratings for 11 specifications modelled for Wienerberger Ltd. Specification Element Number Buildings Assessed Service Life Ecopoint Score Green Guide Rating External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plasterboard on battens, paint All Construction A+

4 3 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Specification Element Number Buildings Assessed Service Life Ecopoint Score Green Guide Rating External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plasterboard on battens, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: Loadbearing single leaf: 1m² of 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork, cement mortar, insulation (external), cement render, plaster and paint All Construction A+ External Wall: Loadbearing single leaf: 1m² of 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork, cement mortar, insulation (external), cement render, plasterboard and paint All Construction A+ Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plasterboard and paint All Construction A Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plasterboard and paint All Construction B Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plaster and paint All Construction A Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plaster and paint All Construction B Summary of Impacts The findings of this report show that the clay (external and local) both account for the largest proportion by mass of inputs going into the product, and is also responsible for the largest proportion of the environmental impact; 0.21 Ecopoints, 0.18 Ecopoints from external and 0.03 Ecopoints from local extraction. In contrast, the sawdust input has negative Ecopoint result (-0.006); which equates to a positive environmental impact due to its sequestered carbon; (Figure ). The largest impacts on the environment are from Mineral Resource Extraction at 58%, Climate Change and Higher Level Nuclear Waste, both at 16%. The Mineral Resource Extraction impact arises from the clay, sand, schiste and other mineral inputs to the production mix. The Climate Change impact arises largely from the energy inputs (Electricity and Natural Gas) and the Higher Level Nuclear Waste impact is attributed to the Electricity mix modelled for Belgium; (Figure ). There is a proportional increase in the total environmental impact where the thickness of the block modelled for each specification increases. The greater the total quantity of materials in 1m² of specification, the greater the environmental impact; (Figures to ).

5 4 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay The Porotherm modelled of varying thickness all perform better than the generic brick modelled in the external wall specifications, with regard to their environmental impacts. The long life span of the reduces the requirement for additional material replacements throughout the 60 year study period, and this has a positive effect on the overall Ecopoint result for each specification modelled.

6 5 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Contents Introduction Certified Environmental Profiles Scheme Methodology Report Structure Project Scope 8 2 Cradle to Gate Analysis: Product Analysis (per tonne of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay ) Product Manufacture Graphical Analysis and Findings Analysis of Porotherm 100, 140 and 190 clay Cradle to Gate Ecopoint Scores Sensitivity Analysis Cradle to Gate Summary Conclusions 16 3 Cradle to Site Analysis: Impacts Beyond the Factory Gate Transport from Factory to Site Waste Disposal/End of Life Model Service Life Cradle to Site Summary Conclusions 18 4 Cradle to Grave Analysis: per m² of Functional Unit over the 60 Year Study Period Specifications Functional Unit Graphical Analysis and Findings Cradle to Grave Ecopoint Scores and Green Guide Ratings 35 5 Conclusions 37 6 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Cradle to Gate Environmental Product Declaration: Characterised and Normalised Data for 1 tonne of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Cradle to Site Environmental Product Declaration: Characterised and Normalised Data for 1 m² of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay As Installed Cradle to Grave Environmental Product Declaration: Characterised and Normalised Data for 1 m² of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay over the 60 year Study Period Next Steps Environmental Profiles Certification and Publication Use of the BRE Global Certification Marks Cross-Listing of Certificates Responsible Sourcing BES

7 6 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 7.5 Other Services Offered by BRE Global 67 8 References 68 Appendix A Verified Dataset for the creation of the Environmental Profile. Agreed following the verification visit to Zonnebeke, Belgium. Appendix B Supporting Information

8 7 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Introduction This report forms the output from the Environmental Profiles of Wienerberger Ltd Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. The aim of this report is to provide explanatory information to accompany the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Environmental Profile. For a description of the terms used throughout the report, refer to the glossary provided within Appendix B. 1.1 Certified Environmental Profiles Scheme BRE Global has run the Certified Environmental Profile scheme since Environmental Profiles provide standardised, reliable and independent information about building materials and components. They measure the environmental performance of materials and products over their entire life cycle through their extraction, processing, manufacture, construction, use and maintenance, to their eventual disposal. They also provide information on the key issues related to environmental sustainability, such as climate change, ozone depletion, acidification, consumption of minerals and water, emissions of pollutants to air and water and the quantity of waste sent for disposal. The end result is presented in Ecopoints the lower the Ecopoints, the less the environmental impact the product has. The information can be used by manufacturers to target areas for resource efficiency improvements and to reduce the overall environmental impact of the product. It can also be used by specifiers to reduce their building s environmental impact. 1.2 Methodology The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology used for Environmental Profiles has been peer reviewed and complies with ISO14040, ISO14044 and ISO 21930, the standards for Life Cycle Assessments and analysing the environmental impacts of construction products. The peer review process was conducted by a team of experts in LCA and building materials, headed by Wayne Trusty, Director of the Athena Institute in Canada. A copy of the full methodology can be accessed from and a summary of the major changes that have been made to the methodology from previous versions is provided within Appendix B. 1.3 Report Structure This report provides information on the following; Cradle to Gate Analysis this section of the report describes the manufacturing process of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay and highlights the most important sources of the product s environmental impact and the relevant environmental issues. Cradle to Site Analysis this section of the report describes the impacts beyond the factory gate, including transport to construction site, maintenance, waste disposal and service life. Cradle to Grave Analysis this section of the report describes the impacts of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay modelled within element specifications over their full life cycle; the 60 year Study Period.

9 8 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Environmental Product Declarations this section of the report provides the full breakdown of characterised and normalised data and total Ecopoint scores (the full Environmental Profile) for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay at each stage of the analysis. Next Steps this section of the report describes how you can use the Environmental Profile results to your benefit, and other services provided by BRE Global and BRE Ltd. Appendix A this section contains the verified dataset for the creation of the Environmental Profile for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. Appendix B this section contains supporting information on the BRE Global Environmental Profiles Methodology 2008 and the processes involved. 1.4 Project Scope The dataset for this Environmental Profile was provided for the time period 1 st January 2009 to 31 st December This Environmental Profile covers one manufacturing facility located at Zonnebeke, Belgium. The following product(s) are included in the scope of this Environmental Profile: Porotherm 100mm Porotherm 140mm Porotherm 190mm

10 9 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 2 Cradle to Gate Analysis: Product Analysis (per tonne of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay ) The Environmental Profile data has been prepared based on the manufacturing data provided by Wienerberger Ltd. A full copy of the agreed dataset made in preparing the LCA is provided in Appendix A. This analysis considers the processes occurring in the factory and the impacts of extraction, manufacture and transport of raw materials; the Cradle to Gate phase, to explore the relative impacts of different inputs and the process to manufacture one tonne of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. The full Cradle to Gate Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) are located in section Product Manufacture The Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay included in this Environmental Profile are manufactured by Wienerberger Ltd. at Zonnebeke, Belgium. The submitted data covers the time period 1 st January 2009 to 31 st December A data verification visit was performed at the Zonnebeke site on 4 th and 5 th October Evidence was required to verify that the quantities and figures provided on the Data Collection Form reflected the actual process and products described. The full dataset as agreed by Wienerberger Ltd. following the verification visit is presented in Appendix A. The different block sizes are created using various extrusion profiles. The mix of inputs is identical for all products. Therefore the cradle to gate analysis has been performed on 1 tonne of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay representative of all products produced in 2009.

11 10 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 2.2 Graphical Analysis and Findings Analysis of Porotherm 100, 140 and 190 clay The following Figures provide analysis of one tonne of Porotherm 100, 140 &190 clay. Figure : The material inputs to the production of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay by proportion of mass (per tonne) Figure : Sources of environmental impact from the production of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay (Ecopoints per tonne) Figure : Ecopoints for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay environmental impact by issue (Percent of Ecopoints per tonne) Figure : Ecopoints breakdown for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay environmental impact by material and issue (Ecopoints per tonne) The Clay input is the largest of the inputs (by mass) going into the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay at 37% (30% from external sources in 2009 and 7% from local extraction). The sand and schiste (both black and red) are the next largest inputs at 22% and 31% (20% Black schiste, 11% Red schiste), respectively. The remaining mineral inputs and additional water collectively account for 10%; Figure The clay (external and local) together account for the largest proportion by mass of inputs going into the product, and is also responsible for the largest proportion of the environmental impact; 0.21 Ecopoints as total, 0.18 Ecopoints from external clay and 0.03 Ecopoints from local excavation. In contrast, the sawdust input has negative Ecopoint result (-0.006); which equates to a positive environmental impact due to its sequestered carbon; Figure As plants and trees grow, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as part of photosynthesis. This carbon then remains locked in the wood during use, for example as timber or paper, providing a positive environmental benefit. On disposal, the carbon can be: released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide if it is burnt, rebalancing the environmental impact; released as methane if it rots in an enclosed atmosphere such as landfill, causing a much greater environmental impact because methane is a strong greenhouse gas, although the methane can be collected and burnt to produce CO 2 and energy which can be recovered, or; the carbon can remain sequestered in the timber if it is reused or recycled, passing the environmental benefit on to the new product. BRE Global models the impact of disposal for timber products based on a mix of the above scenarios and applies these impacts to the Environmental Profile of a product within a building element and is disposed of at the end of life. The largest impacts on the environment are from Mineral Resource Extraction at 58%, Climate Change and Higher Level Nuclear Waste, both at 16%; Figure The Mineral Resource Extraction impact arises from the clay, sand, schiste and other mineral inputs to the production mix. The Climate Change impact

12 11 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay arises largely from the energy inputs (Electricity and Natural Gas) and the Higher Level Nuclear Waste impact is attributed to the Electricity mix modelled for Belgium; Figure The full Cradle to Gate Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay can be found in Section 6.1.

13 12 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure The material inputs to the process by proportion of mass (per tonne) of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay.

14 13 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Sources of environmental impact (Ecopoints per tonne) of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay.

15 14 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Impact of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay by Environmental Issue; Percent of Ecopoints per tonne.

16 15 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Impact of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay by Material Source and Environmental Issue; Ecopoints per tonne.

17 16 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 2.3 Cradle to Gate Ecopoint Scores The table below provides the cradle to gate Ecopoint score per tonne of the products profiled to the BRE Global Environmental Profiles Methodology 2008: Table Product specification Ecopoint scores per tonne Product Specification Cradle to Gate Ecopoints per tonne Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Sensitivity Analysis The manufacturing data used to create the profile for the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay have been verified by BRE Global through the certification scheme. The inventories used to model the Life Cycle Assessment are specific and representative of industry (see Appendix A). Therefore there is a low factor of uncertainty associated with this product. 2.5 Cradle to Gate Summary Conclusions The initial findings from the Cradle to Gate analysis have shown that the clay inputs and electricity are responsible for a large proportion of the environmental impact resulting from the production of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. The largest impacts on the environment are from Mineral Resource Extraction, from the extracted clay and, Climate Change and Higher Level Nuclear Waste, arising largely from the Energy Inputs to the process. As a separate consultancy project, BRE Global are able to model modifications in the production process (both raw materials and the process itself) for the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay, to indicate potential improvements in the Environmental Profile. The full Cradle to Gate Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay can be found in Section 6.1.

18 17 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 3 Cradle to Site Analysis: Impacts Beyond the Factory Gate To model the environmental impact of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay beyond the factory gate, the Cradle to Gate data for the product are combined with transport from factory to site and final disposal data. The Briefing Notes provide details of the basic approach used in the creation of an Environmental Profile, and a summary is provided in Appendix B. The Cradle to Site phase incorporates the manufacture of the product (Cradle to Gate) with the impacts associated with the transportation and installation of the product for use, and any wastage that occurs. The full Cradle to Site Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay can be found in Section Transport from Factory to Site Manufacturers are asked to provide data on the typical methods of transporting the product to the construction site. This includes distance travelled, vehicle type, average load and return load, if any. In the absence of this information, BRE Global use default data provided by the Department for Transport from the Continuing Survey of Roads Goods Transport 1. To create this Environmental Profile, BRE Global used data supplied by Wienerberger Ltd., which gives an Ecopoint score of 0.11 per tonne of material transported. 3.2 Waste Disposal/End of Life Model A generic disposal model has been used for the percentage of material sent to each disposal route (landfill, incineration, recycling and reuse). Where relevant, they are also specific to construction waste, refurbishment waste, and demolition waste. These models are used to calculate the relevant impact of disposal using data from the Ecoinvent database. Tailored models are created where evidence is available for particular disposal practices. 1 Typical load and haul data for 2005 calculated for common commodities used in construction and product manufacture using an extract from the Continuing Survey of Roads Goods Transport provided to BRE Global by the Department of Transport in a personal communication (21/11/2006).

19 18 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Table Construction, Refurbishment and Demolition Waste Percentages and Ecopoint scores per tonne modelled for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Content of waste: Construction, Refurbishment & Demolition % to Landfill (inert/non-hazardous/hazardous) 10% % to Incineration (inert/non-hazardous/hazardous) 0% % to Reuse or Recycling 90% Ecopoints per tonne 0.21 The above disposal profiles contribute an additional 0.21 Ecopoints per tonne. At each stage of construction or refurbishment, only a small percentage of the material is typically wasted; compared to 100% of the material at demolition. For the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay a wastage rate of 5% has been modelled. 3.3 Service Life The typical service life of the product can vary based upon the function for which the product was designed, the building specification in which it is used, and the wear and tear that occurs whilst the product is in use. Manufacturers must provide evidence of the typical service life of their product. Usually this is incorporated into the technical specification and guidance documents, which are readily available. For the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay, a typical service life of 80 years has been modelled. 3.4 Cradle to Site Summary Conclusions The analysis of the impacts beyond the factory gate for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay show that typically the impacts of transporting the product to the construction site contributes 0.11 Ecopoints per tonne to the overall Environmental Profile. Using generic disposal data gives 0.21 Ecopoints per tonne of construction waste, refurbishment waste and demolition waste. At the construction site 5% of the material is assumed to be wasted. A typical service life of 80 years has been modelled for the Environmental Profile. The full Cradle to Site Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay can be found in Section 6.2.

20 19 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 4 Cradle to Grave Analysis: per m² of Functional Unit over the 60 Year Study Period This section provides an analysis of how the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay perform within a specification over a sixty-year study period. It is then shown how the product compares to other generic products within the concept of a building and discusses the significance of the Green Guide ratings received. For the comparison, a full functional unit is assessed over the sixty-year study period the Cradle to Grave analysis. The full Cradle to Grave Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay can be found in Section Specifications Eleven Environmental Profiles have been generated using the site-specific Wienerberger Ltd. data for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. The profiles have been based on the specifications listed in Table The relevant functional units are also described in Table The ratings are appropriate to the system, whatever thickness, though if used to gain credits within an assessment under the Code for Sustainable Homes Levels 5 and 6, bespoke ratings based on the actual construction will be required. Table Functional units and specifications modelled for Wienerberger Ltd. Specification External Walls: Element Number 1m² of external wall construction, to satisfy current building regulations, and a U value of 0.3 W/m²K. Where relevant, the specification will also include an internal wall finish. Variation for Retail/Industrial 1m² of external wall construction, to satisfy current building regulations, and a U value of 0.3 W/m²K. 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plasterboard on battens, paint 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plasterboard on battens, paint

21 20 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Specification Loadbearing single leaf: 1m² of 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork, cement mortar, insulation (external), cement render, plaster and paint Loadbearing single leaf: 1m² of 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork, cement mortar, insulation (external), cement render, plasterboard and paint Internal walls: General domestic and non domestic construction: Element Number m² of internal wall or partitioning, to satisfy Building Regulations, and to include any repair, refurbishment or replacement over a 60 year study period. 1m² of masonry partition, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plasterboard and paint 1m² of masonry partition, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plasterboard and paint 1m² of masonry partition, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plaster and paint 1m² of masonry partition, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plaster and paint Functional Unit Graphical Analysis and Findings The following Figures provide analysis of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay modelled within one m² of External or Internal Wall. Figure : Comparison of External Wall element breakdowns by environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) Figure : Comparison of Internal Wall element breakdowns by environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) Figures to : Individual breakdowns of each element by material components and environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) Elements , 2 and 3 from Figure illustrate the proportional increase in total environmental impact due to the increased thickness of the block modelled for each specification. The greater the total quantity of materials in 1m² of specification, the greater the environmental impact. Figure shows that compared to the 102.5mm generic brick modelled for the outer leaf, the equivalent 100mm Porotherm block only contributes approximately half the environmental impact (0.1 compared to 0.18 Ecopoints per m² of specification). The increased environmental impact which is attributed to the increased mass of Porotherm modelled for the 190mm block, Figure still does not exceed the total impact of the 102.5mm generic brick (0.17 compared to 0.18 Ecopoints per m² of specification). The five external blockwork cavity wall specifications to all show the generic brick to have the greatest environmental impact within the specification, with the Porotherm products having the second greatest impact. These products have the greatest total mass within the specifications. The other supporting materials have less of an impact individually, but collectively contribute more significantly to the overall Ecopoint scores. Figures to

22 21 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Within the loadbearing single leaf external wall specifications, and ; the Porotherm contribute the greatest environmental impact, when compared to the other supporting materials. Figures and The four internal wall specifications modelled, Figures to Porotherm block is again the material which contributes the greatest environmental impact. The total Ecopoints for each element are however lower than the external walls, due to the requirement of a smaller quantity of material to fulfil the functional unit. The elemental analysis is the cradle to grave assessment over the 60 year study period. Where applicable, replacements of material are incorporated into the assessment, and the total amount of material required throughout the 60 year study period, gives the resultant environmental impact. The Porotherm were modelled to an 80 year service life; therefore no replacements are required during the 60 year study period. The same applies for the mortar modelled with the Porotherm. Conversely, the paint material is assumed to be replaced (re-painted) at an interval of 5 years; 11.5 replacements are modelled during the 60 year study period (for an explanation of replacement interval calculations please see the Environmental Profiles Methodology Document). This helps to explain why, as shown on Figures to , the paint material seems to have such a large environmental impact compared to the Porotherm block. The impact for paint over 60 years is 11.5 times that of the initial installation at year 1.

23 22 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Comparison of element breakdowns by environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²). External Wall specifications to and to

24 23 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Comparison of element breakdowns by environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²). Internal Wall specifications to

25 24 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) External Wall Element

26 25 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) External Wall Element

27 26 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) External Wall Element

28 27 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) External Wall Element

29 28 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) External Wall Element

30 29 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) External Wall Element

31 30 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) External Wall Element

32 31 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) Internal Wall Element

33 32 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) Internal Wall Element

34 33 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) Internal Wall Element

35 34 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Figure Breakdown of element by material components and Environmental issue (Ecopoints per m²) Internal Wall Element

36 35 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 4.3 Cradle to Grave Ecopoint Scores and Green Guide Ratings Eleven elemental profiles have been generated using the site-specific Wienerberger Ltd. data for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Cradle to Grave over a sixty-year study period. The results presented in Table are applicable to the BRE Global Environmental Profiles Methodology Table Ecopoint Scores and Green Guide Ratings for Wienerberger Ltd. Specification Element Number Buildings Assessed Service Life Ecopoint Score Green Guide Rating External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plaster, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plasterboard on battens, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: 1m² of brickwork outer leaf, insulation, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork inner leaf, cement mortar, plasterboard on battens, paint All Construction A+ External Wall: Loadbearing single leaf: 1m² of 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork, cement mortar, insulation (external), cement render, plaster and paint All Construction A+ External Wall: Loadbearing single leaf: 1m² of 190 mm Porotherm clay blockwork, cement mortar, insulation (external), cement render, plasterboard and paint All Construction A+ Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plasterboard and paint All Construction A

37 36 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Specification Element Number Buildings Assessed Service Life Ecopoint Score Green Guide Rating Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plasterboard and paint All Construction B Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 100 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plaster and paint All Construction A Internal Wall: 1m² of masonry partition, 140 mm Porotherm clay blockwork with cement mortar, plaster and paint All Construction B The full Cradle to Grave Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay can be found in Section 6.3.

38 37 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 5 Conclusions The clay (external and local) both account for the largest proportion by mass of inputs going into the product, and is also responsible for the largest proportion of the environmental impact; 0.21 Ecopoints, 0.18 Ecopoints from external and 0.03 Ecopoints from local excavation. In contrast, the sawdust input has negative Ecopoint result (-0.006); which equates to a positive environmental impact due to its sequestered carbon; (Figure ). The largest impacts on the environment are from Mineral Resource Extraction at 58%, Climate Change and Higher Level Nuclear Waste, both at 16%. The Mineral Resource Extraction impact arises from the clay, sand, schiste and other mineral inputs to the production mix. The Climate Change impacts arise largely from the energy inputs (Electricity and Natural Gas) and the Higher Level Nuclear Waste impacts are attributed to the Electricity mix modelled for Belgium; (Figure ). There is a proportional increase in total environmental impact where the thickness of the block modelled for each specification increases. The greater the total quantity of materials in 1m² of specification, the greater the environmental impact; (Figures to ). The Porotherm modelled of varying thickness all perform better than the generic brick modelled in the external wall specifications, with regard to their environmental impacts. The long life span of the reduces the requirement for additional material replacements throughout the 60 year study period, and this has a positive effect on the overall Ecopoint result for each specification modelled. The Green Guide Ratings for each specification are given in Table

39 38 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 6 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. The Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) in the following three sections include the final dataset for the products analysed. Section 6.1 covers the Cradle to Gate stage, incorporating the impacts associated with the input materials and processes used to manufacture the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay. Section 6.2 covers the Cradle to Site stage, incorporating the Cradle to Gate impacts and the additional impacts associated with the transportation and installation of the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay at the construction site, including on-site wastage. Section 6.3 covers the Cradle to Grave stage, incorporating both the Cradle to Gate and Cradle to Site impacts and the additional impacts associated with the use and replacement (where applicable) of the Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay within the Functional Unit over the 60 year study period, including disposal at end of life. For an explanation of each of the issues listed, the characterisation, normalisation and weighting processes, please see the additional information contained within Appendix B.

40 39 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 6.1 Cradle to Gate Environmental Product Declaration: Characterised and Normalised Data for 1 tonne of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay.

41 40 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

42 41 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 6.2 Cradle to Site Environmental Product Declaration: Characterised and Normalised Data for 1 m² of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay As Installed.

43 42 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

44 43 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

45 44 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

46 45 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

47 46 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

48 47 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

49 48 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

50 49 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

51 50 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

52 51 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

53 52 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

54 53 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 6.3 Cradle to Grave Environmental Product Declaration: Characterised and Normalised Data for 1 m² of Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay over the 60 year Study Period.

55 54 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

56 55 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

57 56 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

58 57 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

59 58 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

60 59 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

61 60 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

62 61 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

63 62 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

64 63 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

65 64 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

66 65 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 7 Next Steps The information described below has been provided to show how you can use the Environmental Profile results to your benefit; and additional services provided by BRE Global. 7.1 Environmental Profiles Certification and Publication Subsequent to your review of the results contained within this report, you will have the opportunity to decide which of your products to certify and publicise. You may choose to include all results obtained, or fewer. The Environmental Product Declarations, Section 6, and Ecopoint scores form the certificated output of the project, and the Green Guide Ratings are only provided for information and as comparison to the existing set of generic specifications. You may refer to either the Ecopoint scores, or Green Guide Ratings in your marketing material, provided the correct wording and references are used; Section 7.2. Certificates and certificated annexes for Environmental Profiles are all publicised on the Green Book Live website - All generic specifications created for the Green Guide to Specification, used for comparison to the certificated results, can be found in the printed hardback book The Green Guide to Specification, 4 th Edition, and on Use of the BRE Global Certification Marks Full information regarding the use of the BRE Global Certification Marks can be found within the scheme document: PN103 Use of the BRE Global Certification Marks. A copy of which is available to download from The Certification Marks are the property of BRE Global Ltd, and their use is subject to terms and conditions. All products listed on product certificates must be identified as applicable with the appropriate Certification Mark, certificate number, and scheme description. Product marking can be achieved through direct marking onto the product, marking on labels attached to the product or primary packaging use specifically for the product. Any misuse of the Certification Mark(s), whether negligent or fraudulent, will be investigated and could lead to suspension and withdrawal of certification, publication of the transgression, legal action, or a fine. Please check your certificate, scheme document, standard and all applicable EU Directives for the actual mark and the corresponding text that must appear with or beneath the mark.

67 66 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 7.3 Cross-Listing of Certificates Products that have completed an assessment and hold current certification under the Environmental Profile Certification Scheme, and are listed on the Green Book Live may, with the agreement of the Owner of the product, be certified and listed on the Green Book Live under the name of another company, using a different name or brand. This can be done without having to undergo the full approval process so long as the actual product is not significantly changed in design, construction or function. This procedure for Cross-Listing ensures that all products that carry the certification mark are listed on the Green Book Live, thus helping to make the most of the marketing advantage of listing and to ensure the integrity and value of your products and brands. It also enables specifiers to check whether a product bearing the certification mark is in fact valid under the Environmental Profile Certification Scheme. Cross-Listing can be requested by either party, but the Owner of the product is the party that has the rights to the product and is responsible for the control of the design, modification, production and approval of that product, and therefore must co-sign this form. Continued approval relies on the continued certification of the original product. When the original certificate covering this product expires or is subject to a suspension or withdrawal (in line with the Scheme Document SD028 and Terms and Conditions), the certificate issued under this agreement will be subject to the same action. Any such action will not attract a refund once the cross-listing certificate has been issued. We charge an annual listing fee for inclusion on our website, attendance at exhibitions, events and promotional literature. Prior to the fees being charged annually the applicant will be contacted to ensure its listing(s) are accurate. 7.4 Responsible Sourcing BES 6001 Consumers are increasingly concerned about where the products they buy come from. How are they sourced? What impact does their manufacture have on the environment? Have the workforce producing them been treated fairly? The construction industry is a major consumer of resources and has a large impact on the sustainability of the UK and the wider world. BRE Global has developed the BES 6001 Framework Standard for the Responsible Sourcing of Construction products and associated third-party certification scheme which provides a means by which construction products can be objectively compared. BES 6001 and the associated certification scheme can help organisations manage and reduce the impacts of any construction product throughout the supply chain. Specific areas of assessment within BES 6001 are: Organisational management Supply chain management Environmental and social issues If you are a product manufacturer BES 6001 can help you:

68 67 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Differentiate your product Demonstrate leadership Increase competitiveness Improve market share If you are a specifier or purchaser BES 6001 can help you demonstrate: Products were responsibly sourced (and can gain BREEAM credits) No-one in the supply chain has been exploited Product-related environmental impacts are understood and minimised Details of the scheme can be found at Other Services Offered by BRE Global BRE Global offer a full spectrum of testing services, from single product tests to full certification, and an extraordinary range of test facilities many of which are accredited. Our extensive and unique world class facilities include: Resistance and reaction to fire test rigs, including ad-hoc testing Modelling facilities including physical scale and numerical Burn Hall with environmental protection. Our experts test individual materials and products, building systems, engineering structures and whole buildings, using both well established and bespoke research tests and simulations. We typically test against published standards, but can develop dedicated procedures for new, unique or innovative products. For more information, visit Many insurers and specifiers look for the LPCB mark of approval when dealing with fire and security issues. Approved products and services are listed in the LPCB Red Book and on To find out about getting your products listed please your enquiry to enquiries@breglobal.com or telephone

69 68 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay 8 References Anderson, J., Shiers, D., & Steele, K. (2009). Green Guide to Specification, The (4th ed.). IHS BRE Press. BRE Global. (2009). Retrieved from Green Book Live: BRE Global. (2009). Retrieved from Red Book Live: BRE Global. (2007). Environmental Profiles Methodology (DRAFT). BRE Global. (2010). Is It Really Green? BRE Press. BRE Global. (2010). PN103 - Use of the BRE Global Certification Marks. BRE Global. (2009). The Green Guide to Specification Online. Retrieved from

70 69 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Appendix A Verified Dataset for the creation of the Environmental Profile. Agreed following the verification visit to Zonnebeke, Belgium.

71 70 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay

72 71 Environmental Profile for: Wienerberger Ltd. Porotherm 100, 140 & 190 clay Questionnaire section Data Figures Data assumptions/ Conversion Figures/ Sources Verified (Y/N) Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Data Source General Data provided for the time period: 1 st January 2009 to 31 st December Product 90 not to be included in certification. Mix is identical to all other products, only dimensions/density is different. Final products are to be modelled by mass per m² of element specification. Total site data provided. 4. Works Output Total site production: tonnes Total site data provided and verified Y N/A Porotherm 140 & 190 Porotherm 90 & tonnes All bricks at 850 kg/m³. Breakdown provided tonnes All bricks at 950 kg/m³. Breakdown provided. Y Y N/A N/A 5) Works Input 5a. Materials Including raw materials, processed materials and packaging materials Clay (local - on Y site quarry) dry tonnes Stock calcs = wet tonnes. Water Content = 27.6% = dry t Further 8.2% weight loss due to water content during firing (2009 average) = dry t Clay, extracted on site, based on ecoinvent, no energy BRE Clay (bought in) dry tonnes Stock calcs = wet Y Clay, at mine/ch U tonnes. Average Water Content = 26.8% = dry t Further 8.2% weight loss due to water content during firing (2009 average) = dry t Sand dry tonnes Stock calcs = wet N QPA Sand and Gravel tonnes. Average Water Content = 10.9% = dry t Sawdust dry tonnes Stock calcs = wet N Sawdust