Infiltration Gallery Testing for Integration into Dual Purpose Irrigation Systems: Managed Aquifer Recharge in Walla Walla Basin
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1 ABSTRACT & POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Infiltration Gallery Testing for Integration into Dual Purpose Irrigation Systems: Managed Aquifer Recharge in Walla Walla Basin Robert Bower Principal Hydrologist Golder Associates Christchurch, New Zealand Managed Aquifer Recharge Symposium January 25-26, 2011 Irvine, California Symposium Organizers: National Water Research Institute Orange County Water District Water Research Foundation
2 Title: Infiltration Gallery Testing for Integration into Dual Purpose Irrigation Systems Managed Aquifer Recharge in Walla Walla River Basin, Oregon The Walla Walla Basin is a bi state basin in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, through which flows the Walla Walla River, a primary passage and rearing habitat for endangered trout as well as the focus of tribal efforts at Chinook salmon and lamprey restoration. The middle section of the Walla Walla River system consists of a series of distributary channels that direct water away from the main channel, and ultimately re emerge in the main channel downstream while the underlying alluvial aquifer demonstrates strong connectivity between the surface and groundwater. Historical human activities including the straightening of natural river channels, the lining of irrigation canals as well as dramatic increases in groundwater withdrawals have resulted in declining groundwater levels, reduced natural spring flows, and excessive flow losses through seepage in losing portions of the Walla Walla River. Recognizing these trends, the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council (WWBWC) in partnership with the Hudson Bay District Improvement Company (HBDIC) decided in 2003 and 2004 to build a pilot alluvial managed aquifer recharge (MAR) project. A portion of this pilot project site has been dedicated to developing tools for integrating managed aquifer recharge (MAR) into more efficient surface irrigation delivery systems. These tools would serve the dual purpose of both improving surface water delivery efficiency while mitigating for the lost recharge resulting from the piping and lining of leaky irrigation canals. Four types of subsurface materials and designs were chosen to compare the cost of materials relative to their anticipated effective recharge rates and how those rates may decrease through time due to clogging. Infiltration gallery # 1 (IG 1) was constructed using 4 inch (101 mm) perforated pipe (ADS) that can be purchased inexpensively from any home builder supply store and its easy installation allows for low installation costs. Infiltration Gallery #2 (IG 2) utilized 4 inch (101 mm) perforated PVC pipe typically used in domestic septic tiling systems. Infiltration Gallery #3 (IG 3) was built with Stormtech Chambers that are open bottomed allowing the water to infiltrate downward. Infiltration gallery #4 (IG 4) utilized Atlantis Raintanks which resemble boxes that are open on all sides allowing for intrachamber water exchange, however their installation costs were the highest of the four designs. Galleries were tested both individually and collectively for a portion of the and recharge seasons (November 1 st through May 15 th ). Average instantaneous recharge rates for a 1086 feet 2 (101 m 2 ) recharge foot print ranged between 0.4 cfs (11.3 l/s) to 1.67 cfs (47.3 l/s) for the four testing galleries. On site piezometer and flow meter monitoring indicates potential declines in volumetric recharge rates between the operational seasons potentially related to clogging, due to suspended solids present in the source water. Other limitations to assessing recharge rates and cost benefits will be discussed including design limitations and the effect of groundwater mounding on gallery operations. Conceptual designs for integration into large scale irrigation systems will be discussed including ideas for innovative methods of gallery maintenance and operations.
3 Infiltration Gallery Testing for Integration into Dual Purpose Irrigation Systems - Managed Aquifer Recharge in the Walla Walla Basin Washington-Oregon, USA Bob Bower, MSc-Eng., BSc., Principal Hydrologist Golder Associates, Christchurch New Zealand NWRI s Managed Aquifer Recharge Symposium Irvine, California Theatrette 26 th, January 2011, Session 8 at 14:30
4 Partners Project Contacts Funding and Support Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council Brian Wolcott Director Rick Henry Hydrogeo Hudson Bay District IC Jon Brough Manager HBDIC Over 100 years of service. January 31,
5 Today Why Infiltration Gallery Testing? Planning/Permitting Designs and Costings Preliminary Results Operations and Design Issues Next Steps
6 Walla Walla Basin?
7 Walla Walla - Land of many small waters Cayuse Indians
8 Walla Walla Basin Groundwater Storage Tiled wetlands Floodplain function Impervious Area Recharge Discharge Pumping Irrigation Efficiency Declining baseflows and springs
9 Pressures to Pipe - Saved Water To River Historic ditches/streams Lost water: Recharges irrigator s wells Replenishes Aquifers Provides baseflows to springs and rivers Salmon/Trout Endangered River Flows Needed Federal/State Funding Irrigators: Saving Water Restoring Habitat January 31,
10 Save in Summer Recharge in Winter Open Canals Piped Canals January 31,
11 Why Galleries? Infiltration Gallery Testing? Land Costs and Availability Mounding minimised (e.g. Urban applications) Surface contamination (e.g. Pesticide drift) Water supplied with head pressure Minimises ditch/race annual maintenance Installed fields margins, lanes and other nonessential farm ground Consolidate water quality monitoring January 31,
12 Our Testing Objectives Compare designs/materials Infiltration rates versus costs Clogging Rates Short term Long term Walla Walla River to Intake TSS Turbidity Mounding - effects on canal pipes/designs January 31,
13
14 HBDIC Recharge Site Map
15 Planning and Designs ODEQ/EPA -Underground Injection Control (UIC) permitting program Did not exceed horizontal depth threshold easier Supplementary Water Quality Monitoring TSS Turbidity, TOC. etc. Infiltration Galleries Materials Total Material Costs (2008) Inlet Structure $4,300 Mainline Pipe $14,200 Main Value Structure $3,330 IG #1 Perforated Pipe $2,211 IG #2 Drain Tile (septic) $2,274 IG #3 Stormtech Chambers $7,764 IG#4 Atlantis Rain Tanks $10,078 Total $44,157 January 31,
16 * Not to scale
17 Infiltration Gallery #1 (IG-1): Perforated Drain Pipe (ADS) Common use - drainage Infiltration Area: 667 ft 2 (62 m 2 ) Cost - $3.32/foot 2 Easy Installation Easily Acquired January 31,
18 Common Use Septic systems Infiltration Area: 667 ft 2 (62 m 2 ) Cost - $3.41/foot 2 Easy Installation Easily Acquired Infiltration Gallery #2 (IG-2): Ethylene Drain Tile (Septic)
19 Common Use Stormwater systems Infiltration Area: 1070 ft 2 (99.4 m 2 ) Cost - $7.26/foot 2 Moderate Installation Shipping Required Infiltration Gallery #3 (IG-3): Stormtech SC-740 Chambers
20 Infiltration Gallery #4 (IG-4): Atlantis D-Raintank Modules Common Use Drainage/Rainwater Harvesting Infiltration Area: 1080 ft 2 (100.3 m 2 ) Cost - $9.33/foot 2 Overseas supplier (AUS) Gallery top: filter fabric and mesh flow Backfill: native materials
21 Gallery Instrumentation and Monitoring Inspection Ports/Vents Individual flow meters instant/totaliser Water Quality HBDIC Site WQ Plan TSS vs. Turbidity Meter Lysimeter Transects Water Levels (In-situ LT100) Surveyed datums January 31,
22 Results: Operational and Design Issues Could not run four concurrently (flooding) IG-1 and IG-3, IG-2 and IG-4 Flow and Turbidity meters issues (#2) IG-3/IG-4 inflow restricted January 31,
23 864 Start Infiltration Gallery #1: Initial Operations (4 day) Stopped 863 PZ 1 PZ 2 PZ3 PZ 4 PZ 5 PZ 6 IG #1 ELEVATION (FEET) PZ-4 PZ-5 PZ Water Level Logger 854 1/29 1/29 1/30 1/30 1/31 1/31 2/1 2/1 2/2 2/2 2/3 Date
24 Aquifer Response: HBDIC Spreading Basins and Infiltration Gallery (2008-9)
25 Gallery Rates HBDIC Infiltration Gallery Rates (l/s) L/s = 1 cfs IG 1 1 l/s = 28.3 gallons/second IG 2 IG 3 IG 4 January 31,
26 Percolation Rates (non-normalised) HBDIC Infiltration Gallery Percolation Rates (metres/day) IG 1 IG 2 IG 3 IG 4 January 31,
27 180 HBDIC Site: Percolation Rates versus Area ( ) Percolation (metres/day) y = 17.42ln(x) R² = Percolation 2003 Test Pit IG 2 (2008) Basins Phase I Basins Phase II Basins Phase III Log. (Percolation) Recharge Surface Area (metres 2 ) January 31,
28 Conclusions Relative to area - recharge rates are high (surprisingly) Assessment of clogging inconclusive (subsequent seasons) IG-1 native backfill/small slits Design sizing, metering and location relative to other sources of recharge critical January 31,
29 Next Steps Increase intake pipe sizing on IG-3 and IG-4 Meters replaced/operating Camera inspection parts to document clogging Does size matter? Are smaller, spatially dispersed recharge sites more effective than larger? Influences of mounding? Water Quality Benefits January 31,
30 Walla Walla Basin MAR Program
31 Golder s Global MAR Team MAR TEAM HIGHLIGHTS Southern Florida Water Management District: Regional Risk and Environmental Benefits Assessment of 300+ ASR well program to restore Everglades National Park. Walla Walla, Washington: Use of infiltration basins and galleries to restore spring flows to salmonbearing river and stabilize declining groundwater supplies. Essex and Suffolk, United Kingdom: Pilot testing and diffusion exchange modelling of injection wells for municipal water needs in a fractured chalk aquifer. Redmond, Washington: Recharge of stormwater as means to reducing surface runoff, removing contaminants and recharging aquifer supplies. Delphi, India: Assessment of mandatory rooftop rainfall harvesting and check dam structures for MAR groundwater storage program. Adelaide, South Australia: Assessment of feasibility of rainwater harvesting and reuse for industrial site water management and sustainability. There are numerous above and below ground water management tools for the implementation of Managed Aquifer Recharge. From rainwater harvesting to deep injection-recovery wells, Golder has the global expertise to help you build a sustainable and cost effective managed underground storage program. Thank you Bob Bower rbower@golder.co.nz New Zealand Australia USA Florida Portland United Kingdom
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