Diarrhea in cattle and sheep. What happens in diarrhea. Importance of enteric disease in calves Calves = <500 lb 3

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1 Diarrhea in cattle and sheep 1 PATB 4110 DISEASES OF FOOD ANIMALS AND HORSES What happens in diarrhea 2 Early Volume feces Water loss Loss of electrolytes Increased abomasal ph: Loss of acidity barrier Ascending spread of E coli Advanced Dehydration: Sunken eyes Tented skin Weakness body temperature ph (acidosis) glucose Electrolyte disturbances Shock/death Importance of enteric disease in calves Calves = <500 lb 3 Beef Dairy 13.1% 40.6% 35.5% 33.1% Digestive Digestive Respiratory Respiratory Weather Weather Calving Calving Unknown Unknown Other Other USDA NAHMS Cattle non-predator death loss in US

2 Enteritis = inflammation of SI Colitis = inflammation of colon Typhlitis = inflammation of cecum 4 HOMEOSTASIS 25% GUT Body fluids = 60% body weight Blood: 5% Tissue: 15% Cells: 40% Feces Urine 5 Failure to absorb diarrhea 25% GUT Feces LOSS OF ABSORBTIVE SURFACE Rotavirus Coronavirus Cryptosporidiosis Johne s disease 6 Urine 2

3 Increased secretion or leakage diarrhea GUT Feces 1. Secretion 2. Tissue damage Enterotoxigenic E. coli Salmonella Purplegut enteritis Coccidiosis Rotavirus 7 Urine Forms of diarrhea 8 Decreased absorption of fluid Increased loss of fluid Reduced transit time e.g., peritonitis Osmotic overload e.g., carbohydrate overload Increased hydrostatic pressure e.g., brisket Assessing diarrhea in calves 9 Severity Fluid loss Signs Mild ~5% Bright Moderate ~7% Cold, alert Severe >7 12% Flat out 3

4 10 11 What to assess Dehydration/skin tenting Eyes Type of stool blood vs. watery Alertness Temperature of limbs and mouth Reduced or NO urine output Get veterinary help when Proven ranch treatments not working Percentage calves affected: >5% Percentage calves dying: >2% Individual calves flat out and in shock 12 4

5 Color and consistency of feces unhelpful to suggest cause unless blood or fibrin present 13 Yellow scours White scours Cerulean Champaign Chartreuse It s not just DEHYDRATION.it s the acidosis and electrolyte imbalance It s not the bullet that t hurts. It s the hole 14 Diarrhea syndromes in calves 15 Major E. coli Rotavirus Coronavirus Cryptosporidiosis Salmonellosis Coccidiosis 70% OFTEN OCCUR TOGETHER Calves need ~10% BW as fluid daily 5

6 Other causes of diarrhea 16 Johne s disease Parasitic gastroenteritis Coronavirus in adult cattle (winter dysentery) Bovine viral diarrhea Giardia Miscellaneous: Poisonings Brisket E coli diarrhea Non-invasive and minimally destructive Enterotoxigenic E coli = ETEC E.g., K99* in calves and lambs + STa Adhere to gut lining at higher ph (>6.5) Hypersecretion of fluids into lumen First 1 3 days of life Vaccine and specific colostrum available Most common in our area Invasive and/or destructive Attaching-effacing E coli Septicemic strains (colisepticemia) No vaccine available Less common in our area Other types of E. coli 17 * More accurately, F5; also others (F41, 987P, etc) Why young calves 18 Low colostral immunity Immune system not fully mature Buildup of pathogenic E coli Overcrowding/poor hygiene Normal flora not fully established = more ecological niches available Receptors for K99 - first week of life only Stressors such as cold/wet conditions 6

7 Colisepticemia Common - due to ANY strain of E. coli Entry from GIT (or elsewhere) Major risk factors: dirt, FPT, poor hygiene Dissemination to: Internal organs Brain and meninges Eyes Joints 19 Essentially untreatable by time most calves detected Colisepticemia 20 Noah F

8 Noah F Salmonellosis Mostly dairy Occasionally seen in WY beef operations Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Dublin, Typhimurium, Newport, etc.) 2 12 weeks old Also adult cattle dairy operations Types: Enteric only bloody diarrhea Septicemic acute weakness and death Chronic shedding common after recovery Shedding via MULTIPLE routes Survives months in environment Antibiotic resistance 24 8

9 Newly emerged strains Salmonella Resist ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline Human infection 25 Image: Dr. Iván Galindo Cardiel - PIGI Dealing with salmonellosis Isolate sick calves Fluid therapy Use antibiotics effective against strain Protect self Isolate affected animals Consider culling Review: feed, water, wildlife, recycled effluent, calving pens, pooled colostrum?vaccination 26 Calf rotavirus and coronavirus Most common viral causes of diarrhea Loss of absorbing cells in small intestine Coronavirus > rotavirus in severity Rotavirus: 24 hours; Coronavirus: >4 days Often combined dinfections i ± E. coli ANTIBIOTICS WON T WORK Recovery good if calves survive acute phase Major issue: Reversing fluid loss Correcting electrolyte status 27 9

10 Vaccinating for rotavirus, coronavirus, and E coli 28 Year 1 6 weeks 3 weeks Year 2 Coccidiosis in calves 29 Generally older calves Older than 3 weeks Blood/mucus in stool Pain ± straining ± no obvious diarrhea Found dead Sanitation-related Treat with anticoccidial compounds Cryptosporidiosis Common in dairy operations Up to 100% calves on some Don t see it in WY common in other beef states Zoonotic Tiny protozoan, part of coccidia group Autoinfection i Shedding: as early as 2 days PI; peaks at 2 weeks PI Often with other agents Generally, mild diarrhea treatable with fluids No drug licensed for treating/preventing C. parvum some anticoccidials may work (e.g., decoquinate) No vaccine 30 10

11 E coli Diarrhea in sheep 31 Rotaviral enteritis Salmonellosis Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) Coccidiosis Clostridial enteritis (purple gut) Johne s disease Treating diarrhea 32 Catch it early: Much easier to treat and correct electrolyte imbalances Give electrolytes: 6 8 pints/100 lb BW daily in 2 4 feedings Reduce to 2 4 pints/100 lb BW Leave on cow or give milk replacer unless advanced stomach tube or I/V Goal of fluid therapy 33 Replace lost fluid volume Correct acidosis Replace lost electrolytes, esp. Na and K+ Provide energy source 11

12 What s in oral electrolyte solution Corrects acidosis 7% sodium bicarbonate 3% glycine 2% potassium chloride 86% Dextrose 2% Other electrolytes Improves Na + absorption Replaces K+ Replace 50 75% energy requirements 34 HOW to give it 35 Esophageal feeder ( stomach tube ) Standing or sternal recumbancy Feel for tube as it is passed beyond pharynx Watch for flooding of calf s mouth ± choking Up to 2 quarts over several minutes How much fluid lb calf 10% dehydrated What do you give? 10% loss 12

13 LOW GRADE DEHYDRATION ~ 5% fluid loss Calf standing Skin tents <4 sec Will nurse electrolyte solns LEAVE on dam Supplement with several 2-quarts electrolyte feeds/daily 37 MODERATE DEHYDRATION ~ 7% fluid loss Calf lying but alert Skin tents 5 sec Eyes slightly sunken Limbs feel cold Oral cavity warm but sticky 2 4-quarts warm, high energy electrolyte feeds/daily Move to warm place Monitor 38 SEVERE DEHYDRATION > 9% fluid loss Calf flat out Skin stays tented Eyes sunk Limbs and mouth cold Needs I/V fluids Shock is too advanced for oral fluid therapy to work reliably 39 13

14 What to avoid Water (including Lourdes water) Electrolyte solutions mixed with milk Generic electrolyte solutions Just antibiotics, or milk replacers with antibiotics OTC antibiotics Someone who can t follow mixing instructions Remember: Warm water Alternate milk with electrolye, unless severe Don t use too much powder follow directions Treat AFTER healthy calves 40 Preventing diarrhea 41 COLOSTRUM Several weeks before calving, move to separate calving area Move healthy pairs to large pasture area within 1 day of calving Watch calves for diarrhea: Intervene early with electrolyte solution (on hand)/nursing/abs if necessary Keep pairs with diarrhea separate DON T mixed healthy pairs with diarrhea calves Hygiene Decontaminate calving/sick pen area at end of calving season Vaccinate dams for rota-, coronavirus and K99 E coli Maybe vaccinate for salmonellosis if recurrent problem 14