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1 Wastewater Pathogens What s In There? Steve Barnard Muskegon County Wastewater Management System
2 Afraid? A little information goes a long way
3 Complex Issue Pathogen: Organism that causes disease Bacteria Viruses
4 Bacteria Living single cell organisms Spherical (cocci), Cylindrical (bacilli) and Helical (spirilli); the spiral forms may be 15 microns long. Some are pathogens
5 Pathogen: Vibrio Cholera; Disease: Cholera; Transmission: Person to person; Bacteria Pathogen: Salmonella Typhi; Disease: Typhoid fever; Transmission: Person (or animals) to person;
6 Bacteria Pathogen: Other types of Salmonellae; Disease: Various enteric fevers (often called paratyphoid), gastroenteritis, septicemia, (generalized infection in which organisms multiply in the blood stream; Transmission: Person (or animals) to person; Pathogen: Shigella Dysenteriae; Disease: Bacterial Dysentery; Transmission: Person to person
7 Bacteria Pathogen: Escheiria Coli; Disease: Diarrhea; Transmission: Person to person
8 Viruses Pathogen: Poliovirus; Disease: Poliomycetes; Transmission: Person to person Pathogen: Coxsackievirus; Disease: Various cases including respiratory disease, fevers, rashes, paralysis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis; Transmission: Person to person
9 Viruses H1N1 (Swine Flu) and H5N1 (Bird Flu) May be present in raw wastewater. Readily inactivated by disinfection or digestion Respiratory Illness, so ingestion is not a method of transmission. Aerosolize as little as possible
10 Aerosols
11 Viruses H5N1, H1N1 Does not survive outside body for extended period of time May survive through primary treatment, but time is on your side. Irrigation at our site 1980 s study showed viruses did d not survive to irrigation.
12 Viruses Hepatitis A Can cause severe liver damage Spread fecal to oral More common in developing countries No documented cases of wastewater workers contracting on the job. 4
13 Viruses Hepatitis B, C Blood borne virus Spread by direct contact with concentrated blood or body fluids Potentially fatal One case of a worker infected by a needle stick (bar screen)
14 Viruses HIV Blood borne virus Spread through direct contact with blood or concentrated body fluids Known since the 1980 s Does not survive outside the body
15 Chemical Exposures Gases Acids, bases Organic Chemicals Metals
16 Gases Hydrogen Sulfide Toxic Gas! Exposure limit 10 ppm (8 hr.), 15 ppm STEL Detectable at less than 100 ppb Sense of smell quickly deadened Local Ventilation
17 Gases Flammable Gases Accidental release from industry Spills to sewer system
18 Organic Chemicals Vast variety of possibilities Protective equipment and Engineering Controls Regulation of discharges Know your customers
19 Acids / Bases Unlikely to be present in concentration at influent Release from industry to lift stations What you use around the plant is more dangerous
20 Metals Will complex and bind in sludge Mercury is volatile and may be released in aeration.
21 Exposure Routes Ingestion (yuck) Aerosols in the mouth Swallowing Absorption Through skin Through cuts Injection Forced directly into bloodstream
22 Will I get sick? It s possible, but unlikely Three things necessary for contracting a disease Pathogen Route of entry Concentration
23 Concentration How many organisms in how much water? How many organisms are required for infection? Normal illness rates Pandemic rates
24 Is The Risk Really So Low? No significant increase in human disease appears to be attributable to aerosols from wastewater treatment plants, sludge application, or spray irrigation sites. 1 Questions remain Workers develop immunity, young workers may have less resistance
25 How Can Exposure Be Reduced? Engineering Controls Guards, baffles, covers Thoughtful design (or modification) Personal Protective Equipment Industrial Pretreatment Program Hygiene! e Momma told you to wash your hands
26 References 1: Health Hazard Manual: Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Workers, Nellie J. Brown, Cornell University, : Safety and Health in Wastewater Systems, Water Environment Federation, : 4:
27 Wastewater Pathogens What s In There? Steve Barnard Muskegon County Wastewater Management System barnardst@co.muskegon.mi.us
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