Ethical Dilemmas in Research. Philip J. Nickel March 7, 2007
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1 Ethical Dilemmas in Research Philip J. Nickel March 7, 2007
2 Ethical Dilemmas Dilemmas, Decisions, and Considerations
3 Ethical Decisions An ethical decision is any unqualified decision about how to act.
4 Ethical Considerations An ethical consideration is a fact that makes a principled difference to an ethical decision.
5 Psychological Malleability of the Ethical Psychological proliferation of ethical considerations.
6 Psychological Malleability of the Ethical Psychological proliferation of ethical considerations. Psychological contraction of ethical considerations.
7 Psychological Malleability of the Ethical The psychological malleability of the ethical does not imply that ethics is subjective.
8 A Case for Your Consideration According to the newspaper Le Monde, reporting yesterday, 400,000 people die each year from sleeping sickness in Africa, which is spread by the tse-tse fly. A new method is being used to produce colonies of sterile male tse-tse flies, which will interrupt the life cycle of the flies by breeding with other flies, and kill off entire populations. The initial cost is higher for this new program than for conventional insecticide-based programs, but in the long run the new program would eliminate tse-tse flies altogether and wipe out sleeping sickness. Let us suppose, for the sake of the example, that there is no additional funding for the new program, so that health officials would have to divert funding for it from insecticide spraying programs that are currently being used. This would lead to an immediate but temporary increase in cases of sleeping sickness.
9 Principles and Theories The Principle of Utility: The right action is the one that maximizes happiness (pleasure). The best action is the one that maximizes happiness (utility, pleasure). Bentham: Seven Variables of Pleasure Intensity (self-explanatory) Duration (self-explanatory) Certainty/Uncertainty (how likely it is that the pleasure will be achieved) Propinquity/Remoteness (nearness in time) Fecundity Purity Extent (how many people are affected)
10 Principles and Theories Kant: Basic Principles Universalizability: Always act on motives that could in principle be made into a law for all people. Respect: Always treat humanity as an end-initself, never merely as a means. Derived Principles: E.g., Never lie, Never steal, Always obtain consent.
11
12 A Case Study Hendrik Schön, the former researcher at Bell Labs and infamous publisher of fabricated and falsified data.
13 Interpretation I of Schön s thoughts: I would like to enhance my salary and reputation, but my research is not working out. I will fill in what I think the data would look like if it had worked out, and try to publish the results.
14 Interpretation II of Schön s thoughts: I m convinced that my overall project is correct and scientifically important, but it would be too time-consuming to perform all the necessary research. I will fill in what I think the data would look like if it did work out, and try to publish the results.
15 What is an ethical dilemma? Relation to Ethical Decisions
16 What is an ethical dilemma? Relation to Ethical Decisions Can it involve personal interest considerations?
17 What is an ethical dilemma? Relation to Ethical Decisions Can it involve personal interest considerations? Is it a choice between two (or more) competing ethical considerations of similar strength?
18 Special Features of Moral Dilemmas -
19 Special Features of Moral Dilemmas Incommensurability
20 Special Features of Moral Dilemmas Incommensurability Moral remainders
21 Frequently Occurring Motives in Scientific Pursuits Conflicts between these motives can seem like ethical dilemmas to a person, even though they are not in fact ethical dilemmas.
22 How can we avoid the distorting effects of particular situations, or of individual psychology? -
23 How can we avoid the distorting effects of particular situations, or of individual psychology? Avoid egotism about one s values. Apply theory and/or principles. Find good models.
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