7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings

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1 Copenhagen, 2-21 August Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Brings practitioners and researchers together Swedish experiences of using Total Concept for refurbishment towards nearly zero-energy buildings Mari-Liis Maripuu 1,*, Åsa Wahlström 1 and Enno Abel 2 1 CIT Energy Management 2 Chalmers University of Technology * Corresponding mari-liis.maripuu@cit.chalmers.se SUMMARY In order to reach the EU-targets it will be essential to increase the ambitions by the building owner s to carry out major energy refurbishment projects in the non-residential building sector. A new method called the Total Concept has been developed in Sweden and is spread in north of European countries for improving energy performance in existing non-residential buildings. The method applies a refined systematic approach to the work with energy issues in buildings, with the aim of achieving maximum energy savings in a cost efficient way and to motivate building owners to take a step further and make decisions on larger investments. The method has successfully been applied on a number of non-residential buildings in Sweden showing that it seems to be possible to obtain a cost efficient decrease of energy end-use up to about 6%, which in some cases is a large step towards nearly zero-energy buildings. KEYWORDS Energy refurbishment, non-residential buildings, profitability, internal rate of return method, energy savings INTRODUCTION Improved energy efficiency and decrease of the total energy consumption in the building sector has been on the agenda during the last decades in most of the European countries. Environmental goals set on the EU level aim to decrease the use of primary energy sources by 2 % by the year 22. This includes also a decrease in energy use in the building sector. Furthermore, the ambitious vision for energy performance of European buildings requires that all new buildings shall be nearly zero-energy buildings by the end of 22. It is important that new buildings are designed so that their energy needs are as low as possible. However, this will only mean that the rate of increase of energy needs will be lower, not that the total energy needs will be less. In order to decrease the energy needs of the building sector and reach the EU-targets it is essential to dramatically lower the energy needs in a large proportion of existing buildings. This means that the ambitions by the building owner s to carry out energy retrofitting projects needs to be increased. Previously completed energy retrofitting projects in existing non residential buildings in Sweden have shown that it is relatively easy to identify a number of individual measures, each with a potential reduction of energy need in a building. It can, as an example, be adjustment of the heating system or improving the performance of the ventilation system. Although some of these measures can be carried out at a low cost, the measures that significantly reduce the energy need often entail considerable investments, like installation of demand control ventilation with heat recovery or improvement of the thermal envelope. In practice, this means that if the measures are to be carried out then they would have to comply with the property owner s or client s terms and conditions for long term investments. Regardless the obvious possibilities for energy improvements, national statistics shows only a small, about 1-15 %, energy improvement in the non-residential sector in between 1995 to 22 in Sweden. Thereafter, until 21, the energy use has been more or less stable. Analysis of major nontechnical barriers for major energy retrofitting in Sweden has shown that the most important non- Page 1/1

2 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 technical barrier for carrying out large scale retrofitting projects is limitations in economical profitability (Total Concept, 214:1). Energy refurbishment projects are often not economically justifiable according to the calculation models used. Also lack of knowledge and time constraints are also mentioned by some of the property owners. Up till now very little support has been provided to the building owners regarding how to make the best investment decisions in order to improve the energy performance of their buildings and save running costs. The decisions are often based on profitability of single measures, whereas the feasibility is often evaluated by simple economical methods, e.g. simple pay-back method, which do not take into account the life time of the total investment/technical systems nor often even the changes in energy prices. With this approach, only the very profitable measures are commonly considered and carried out, the low hanging fruits, while a number of possible measures with great energy saving potential will be overlooked. This leads also to situation, where only modest energy savings are achieved and there is no economical motivation left to carry out the more expensive measures, which would lower energy performance of the building even more. Additionally, there is often no coordination of energy improvements within ordinary renovation and there seems to be a misunderstanding about the connection between saved energy in kwh and profitability in the communication between the technical department and the economical department. In order to overcome the identified non-technical barriers (Total Concept, 214:1) a new and innovative working method, called the Total Concept, has been developed by the BELOK group ( in Sweden and successfully applied on a limited number of non-residential buildings. BELOK is a network between the 18 large Swedish non-residential real estate companies, who in total manage about 25 percent of the Swedish non-residential building stock (about 35 million square meters). The group works for the common goal to imply and test promising energy saving methods and solutions in their building stock. The work of the BELOK group is connected to the Swedish Energy Agency. The development of the Total Concept method has been based on the economic realities of the building owner. The need has been to be able to take into account the financial conditions of the real estate companies and provide a possibility to go further with the energy measures and at the same time still meet the profitability expectations set by the building owner. The method aims to motivate building owners to take a step further and make decisions on larger investments. Compared to other methods the Total Concept method provides an easy-to-understand decision making tool for the property owners, where the profitability of a package of energy saving measures is evaluated. Furthermore, in the Total Concept method it is equally important that when energy saving measures are carried out in existing buildings the quality of the building in terms of indoor clime and the function of the building itself must be maintained or improved. The first building owners that have tested the Total Concept method are very positive to the results and have pointed out improved communication between the different key actors within the organisation (Wahlström, 215). Because of the successful first results of the Total Concept method implementation in Sweden, a cooperation project, the IEE Total Concept project, has been initiated between five northern European countries, including Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Norway and Sweden. The aim is to test, promote and further develop the Total Concept method and adopt it to the national conditions of each country. Moreover, the cooperation project has a focus to overcome the non-technical barriers, which influence renovation rates, to gain practical experiences through pilot projects and by providing suitable training material and training in all participating countries. The aim is to establish a reliable market driver for renovation that leads to less carbon dioxide emissions. METHODS The work process of the Total Concept method In order to quality assure that the expected saving actually will be reached, a systematic approach is important through the complete building process of the energy retrofit. To assure this systematic approach the work process of Total Concept has been structured into three main steps. Each step of the method contains a number of tasks with defined roles and responsibilities for the key actors Page 2/1

3 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 involved in the energy refurbishment process. The work structure of the Total Concept method is illustrated on figure 1. STEP 1 Creating the action package STEP 2 Carrying out the measures STEP 3 Following up Information gathering and compiling data Energy audit and identification of measures Energy calculations Investment cost estimations Profitability calculations and the creation of an action package Reporting and presentation of proposals Designing the measures Construction work and installations Functional performance checks Measuring energy use after renovation Checking profitability results Figure 1: The work structure of the Total Concept method comprises three main working steps. In Step 1 a comprehensive inventory is carried out in the building by an energy consultant to identify all conceivable energy saving measures, whereas the data from the energy certificates can be used as a starting point. A holistic approach is applied when carrying out the technical assessment of the building and in the evaluation of the potential savings. In non-residential buildings large savings potentials can often be found in the different technical systems, such as systems for lighting, ventilation, heating and cooling. Various calculations and an analysis based on the compiled data lead to an action package and provide an informed basis on which the owner of the building can make decisions. In Step 2, the action plan is put into effect. The focus needs to be on the quality of the work done, making sure that technical inefficiency does not cancel out the expected energy savings. Step 3 involves measuring and checking procedures to ensure that the expected result has been achieved. If this is not the case, the cause must be found and any errors or deficiencies corrected and remedied. The technical details of the Total Concept method implementation have been described in detail in the Total Concept Guidebook (Total Concept, 215). The economic model behind the Total Concept method Total Concept is a method for improving energy performance in existing non-residential buildings and applies a refined systematic approach to the work with energy issues in buildings, with the aim of achieving maximum energy savings in a cost efficient way. Furthermore, the method also takes into account that when energy efficiency measures are carried out in existing buildings it is important that they are performed so that the quality of the building and its usefulness is maintained or improved. The Total Concept method is based on an action plan comprising a package of measures that as a whole fulfils the property owner s profitability requirements stipulated by the property owner. In order to create an action package of measures a comprehensive energy audit is carried out in the building. Different identified energy saving measures lead to certain annual net savings and require certain investment. Additionally every measure has a specific economic lifetime, i.e. the length of time that an Page 3/1

4 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 energy performance improvement measure can be regarded as being economically profitable. This will be taken into account when comprising a package of measures. In order to present the profitability of energy saving measures in a simple-to-understand way, internal rate of return model is used. One way in which the profitability of measures requiring heavy investments can be assessed is to see what the actual yields, expressed as an interest rate, the investment creates. This rate of interest is called the internal rate of return and is equal to an interest rate that will provide a present value sum of annual net savings that is equal to the actual investment. According to the internal rate of return profitability calculation method, if an investment of B o ( ) results in certain annual net savings a ( /year), the internal rate of return r i of the investment can be derived from: a I(r i,n) = B o 1 a B I( r, n) i P( ri, n) Where I(r i,n) is the net present value factor for an interest rate r i and economic calculation period n and P(r i,n) is the annuity factor for an interest rate r i and economic calculation period n. B a B o P( r, n) i (1) The criterion for profitability is that the internal rate of return is higher than the stipulated calculation interest rate by the property owner, i.e. real calculation interest rate. When forming a package of measures based on Total Concept method a common internal rate of return for the package is determined. For example the common internal rate of return r i for two simultaneous measures B 1 with an economic calculation period of n 1 years and B 2 with an economic calculation period of n 2 years, with yields of a 1 /year and a 2 /year respectively is determined when the sum of the present values of the yields covers the whole investment: B 1 + B 2 = I(r i,n 1 ). a 1 + I(r i,n 2 ). a 2 (2) where I(r i,n 1 ) and I(r i,n 2 ) are the net present value factors for the annual yields of a 1 and a 2. It is quite time-consuming to do this manually for a number of simultaneous measurers and therefore a calculation tool, called thetotaltool has been developed, which is free to down load at With this tool it is also possible to take into account the relative energy price changes. It can be assumed that the future price of energy will increase more than the average rate of inflation and this must be addressed when determining the profitability of energy saving measures. Assumptions of the future energy price changes must be made by the property owner. When forming the action package both the single cost-efficient measures ( low hanging fruits ) and more costly measures are considered. What will be included to the action package will be determined in the profitability calculations based on the criterion that the internal rate of return for the whole package fulfils the investor s demands on cost of capital. The most economically profitable measures will assist the less profitable measures while the complete action package will fulfil the profitability frames set by the building owner. The prerequisite for attaining profitability is that the whole action package is implemented in its entirety. To illustrate the results to the decision makers for the investments, an internal rate of return diagram is used. In such a diagram, with the reduction of annual costs on the y-axis and investment costs on the x-axis, it is possible, for a given economic calculation period, to add lines which represent different rates of return (see Figure 1 below). Every energy saving measure implies a certain cost and result in a certain decrease in the annual operating cost /a, represented by a line in the diagram with a certain length and slope. The slope represents the internal rate of return which the investment creates. By arranging the different energy saving measures by their profitability an action package is created. Additionally, when a number of measures are considered simultaneously, their effects on each other must be taken into account. If a particular measure is carried out first, then the savings potential in another measure might be reduced, compared to if they were carried out the other way round. This means that the order in which the measures are carried out can have an impact on how much a specific measure can save. An action package is created by first taking the most profitable measure. In the next point, when the second most profitable measure is added, a new energy simulation is Page 4/1

5 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 needed in order to consider the measures impact each other, and so on for the next measure and the next point. In the example shown in Figure 2, the profitability requirement is that the internal rate of return must be at least 5%. By arranging the identified energy saving measures (M1 to M6) by their profitability, starting from the least profitable one M1 and ending with the most profitable one M6, an action package is created. The complete action package (M1 M6) meets this demand with an internal rate of return of 7% and leads to a halving of the annual energy costs, which approximately corresponds to a halving of the use of energy. On the other hand, if only the measures that were profitable on their own were carried out (M1 M4) the savings would have been only 3%. The complete action package is profitable since the most profitable measures make up for the other measures. It would be disadvantageous to first carry out the most profitable measures and postpone the others to a later date since the measures that were not profitable on their own, but important from an energy point of view, would most probably never be carried out. This is because there would no longer be any profitable measures available to make up for the unprofitable measures. Annual savings k /yr M1 M4 M3 M2 M5 Internal rate of return 25 % 2% 15% 12% 1% 8% 6 % 5% Profitability demand 4 % Savings approx 3% Savings approx 5% Investment k Figure 21: Illustration of the Total Concept method and presentation of an action package with six measures (M1-M6) in an internal rate of return diagram. The property owners profitability requirement for the investment is in this case an internal rate of return of 5%. The whole package of measures in the example gives an internal rate of return of 7%. By working in this way, where the package of measures is carried out instead of just making the first very profitable measures, a major benefit is gained in terms of achieving much more energy savings within the profitability requirements of the real estate owner. In this way it will be possible to show that a considerably larger energy saving can be economically feasible, which will help to improve the ambition of the building owner to take steps towards nearly zero-energy buildings. This way of working has shown that total energy savings of more than 5% are possible, depending on the profitability demands of the building owner and preconditions of the building before energy renovations. The economical details of the method have been described in detail in (Total Concept, 215). Pilot studies based on the Total Concept method M6 7% The first projects were initiated within the BELOK group in 27 with the purpose of testing and developing the method in Sweden. The initial projects were started up in five office buildings owned by companies involved in BELOK. It has now extended to a number of other types of non-residential buildings, i.e. school buildings, hospitals, museums. In addition, a number of municipalities have begun, or intend to begin, to test the method. So far, comprehensive action packages of energy efficiency measures according to Total Concept method have been drawn up in about 4 properties within the BELOK group. About twenty of these reference buildings have been summarized in Table 1, representing school buildings and office buildings. In a number of these, the packages of measures have been formed and renovation work is in progress, i.e. Step 2 is ongoing. In three projects the packages have been carried out and energy Page 5/1

6 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 use followed up entirely. It has taken 3 to 5 years to carry out these initial projects, among other things because of the requirement to carry out the follow-up energy measurements for a whole year. Table 1. The energy retrofitting projects based on the Total Concept method carried out within the BELOK group. Building Type of building Year built Location Property owner Floor area, m 2 Specific energy use before 1) kwh/(m 2 yr) Municipality centre office 1972 Storfors Storfors Garrison admin. office Gothenburg FORTV Municipal admin. office Stenungssund Stenungssund Offices Getholmen office 1975 Stockholm Brostaden AB Offices Altona office 1967 Malmö Stena AB Offices Stampen office 1992 Gothenburg Stena AB Offices Glaven office 1955 Stockholm LOCUM Offices Pennfäktaren office 1975 Stockholm Vasakronan Offices Hägern office 197 Stockholm Fabege AB AB SFV administration office 19 Stockholm SFV Johannes Sörby school 196 Örebro Futurum Skintebo school 1974 Gothenburg LF Bytorp school 1954 Borås City of Borås Appalby school 1975 Västerås City of Johanneberg school 1952 Gothenburg Västerås LF Bergum school 1978 Gothenburg LF Kapare school 1979 Kungsbacka City of Tynnered school 1969 Gothenburg Kungsbacka LF Råda school 195 Mellerud Mellerud Anderstorp school 1976 Skellefteå Skellefteå city Note 1) Specific energy use for office buildings is excluding tenant s energy, based on Swedish Building Code (BBR). For school buildings the total energy use is given since there is one metering for electricity for building operation and for tenants. The focus with the international IEE development project, IEE Total Concept project, in Sweden has been to gather the experiences from the previous projects and develop further the method and the tools supporting the implementation. Three pilot buildings are carried out within the project frames in Sweden, where the renovation based on the Total Concept method will be planned and implemented. These pilot studies are summarized in Table 2. So far Step 1 has been carried out all of the buildings and Step 2 has been started in one of them. The buildings were selected by the property owners supporting the project. In two of the buildings, Högsbo 2_22 office building and Norrtäljeanstalten, the energy use before renovations is already rather low compared to other existing non-residential buildings. These pilot buildings have been included to the project, since they needed renovation for improving indoor climate and the projects gave an opportunity to analyze how to combine the improvement of indoor climate and energy refurbishment. Table 2. Overview of the major energy retrofitting projects included to the IEE Total Concept development project. Building Type of building Year built Location Owner Floor area, m 2 Specific energy use before 1) kwh/(m 2 yr) Högsbo 2_22 office 1982, 1986 Gothenburg Harry Sjögren AB Norrtäljeanstalten prison 1958 Norrtälje Specialfastigheter Segevångsskolan School 1962,28 Malmö Malmö Stad Note 1) Specific energy use for the office building is excluding tenant s energy, based on Swedish Building Code (BBR). For other buildings the total energy use is given since there is one metering for electricity for building operation and for tenants. Page 6/1

7 Internal rate of return % Total energy saving % 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 RESULTS The diagram on figure 4 summarizes the results of the BELOK projects and demo projects within the IEE project, where Step 1 has been carried out and Step 2 is about to start or is in progress Schools- BELOK Offices-BELOK School- IEE Total Concept Office- IEE Total Concept Prison- IEE Total Concept Floor area m 2 Schools- BELOK Offices-BELOK School- IEE Total Concept Office- IEE Total Concept Prison- IEE Total Concept Floor area m 2 Figure 4: Outcomes of Step 1 of the Total Concept method implementation in the demonstration projects within the BELOK group and IEE Total Concept project. Upper diagram shows the total calculated energy savings in percentage and the lower diagram shows the corresponding internal rate of return of the action package. As it can be seen from the diagrams on Figure 4, the calculated energy savings in office buildings are in a range of % and in school buildings in a range of %. In the prison building, included to the IEE Total Concept project, the estimated savings will be about 2 %. The saving potentials are dependent on the starting point, the energy use before measures. The buildings with higher energy use before measures have also higher potential to decrease the energy use by half with a profitable action package based on Total Concept method. The internal rate of return of the action packages for the reference buildings varies in between 2 to 27 %. The property owners of the school buildings have often lower profitability demands in terms of calculation interest rate compared to commercial property owners. For example for school buildings the profitability demand varies in between 2 to 5 % of real calculation interest rate. Page 7/1

8 Municipality centre Garrison administration Municipal administration Offices Getholmen Offices Altona Offices Stampen Offices Glaven Offices Pennfäktaren Offices Hägern Administration Johannes Sörby Skintebo Bytorp Appalby Johanneberg Bergum Kapare Tynnered Råda Anderstorp Högsbo 2_22 office Norrtäljeanstalten Segevångsskolan Specific energy use [kwh/m 2 yr] 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 Figure 5 illustrates the energy use before and after an action package is carried out. In about half of the reference office buildings the energy use after the action package will be less than 1 kwh/m 2 per year (excl. tenant s energy use). For the school buildings the total energy use after the renovation is estimated to be in average about 13 kwh/m 2 per year. 35 Before measures After measures 3 25 Offices- BELOK Schools- BELOK Pilot buildings - IEE Total Concept Figure 5: Energy use before and after an action package is carried out in the reference buildings within the BELOK group and in the IEE Total Concept project, based on the outcomes of Step 1 of the Total Concept method. Figure 6 gives the outcomes of the three projects where all three steps have been carried out. The outcomes from these three projects show that it is possible to achieve savings up to 58 % with internal rate of return of the entire action package about %. In the first pilot building, the Getholmen office building, energy use was cut from 18 kwh/m 2 per year to 86 kwh/m 2 per year (excl. tenants electricity) and the energy costs for the more than 8 m 2 building were reduced by 58 per year. The follow-up work that was carried out during the first year after handover confirmed that the action package had been profitable, providing an internal rate of return of around 13 %. Furthermore, the main benefit according to the technical departments in the real estate companies is that with the Total Concept method they got means making it possible to convince the economical department and the top management in the company to take the decisions of larger investments and improve the company s ambitions to strive towards nearly zero-energy buildings. In the Pennfäktaren office building and Hägern office building the energy use after the renovations (Step 2) is about 12 kwh/m 2 per year and 85 kwh/m 2 per year respectively. Page 8/1

9 Total energy saving % 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August Internal rate of return13% Internal rate of return 12% Floor area m 2 Intrenal rate of return 12% Offices Getholmen Offices Pennfäktaren Offices Hägern Figure 6: Outcomes of the major retrofitting projects based on the Total Concept method in the demonstration projects within the BELOK group. So far, Swedish experiences show that the investment needed to carry out the action package in a Total Concept refurbishment project, that will often halve the buildings energy use, will be between 1 and 14 per square metre. To carry out Step 1 of the method, forming the action package, costs about 3 and 4 per square metre and to carry out the final functional performance check-up and follow up the energy use after the renovations in Step 3, costs about 1 and 2 per square metre. DISCUSSION The results from the demonstration buildings within a BELOK group in Sweden indicate that with the Total Concept method, it seems to be possible to obtain a cost efficient decrease of energy end-use up to 6%, which in some cases are a large step towards nearly zero-energy buildings. Based on the reference projects in Sweden, the investment needed to carry out a package of measures is relatively high. The prerequisite for the building owner to make a decision to go through with such an investment is that the estimated costs and energy savings are reliable. The Total Concept method requires, like any other method for energy projects, a systematic approach and professional execution. In order to attain the desired results it is essential that a careful consideration and implementation is done in all steps of the work process and that the roles and responsibilities of the different actors are well defined. Furthermore, in the Total Concept method it is equally important that when energy saving measures are carried out in existing buildings the quality of the building in terms of indoor clime and the function of the building itself must be maintained or improved. The experiences so far from the IEE development project in other countries shows that building owners and consultants are very positive to the concept and its way of thinking in the economic model. One important remark is that they have recognized the natural and logical way of thinking before, but without the method they haven t been able to structure the conclusions into an understandable context. The analyses of non-technical barriers and adoption of the method to national conditions shows that the Total Concept is quite general and can in many cases directly be applied in the neighboring countries without major changes (Total Concept, 214:1 and 2). However, some development of the method will be needed, for example a more clear definition of how to calculate the baseline is needed. The baseline is defined as a reference level for the energy saving measures, i.e. the energy performance of the building prior to the retrofit, which also takes into account if the requirements set for the building functions to be fulfilled. Since the level of profitability and the number of profitable energy measures that can be performed heavily depends on the chosen economic baseline in the profitability analysis it is important to have the right baseline. To set the right value of the baseline is often a difficult task and it will be further elaborated in the project. Page 9/1

10 7. Passivhus Norden Sustainable Cities and Buildings Copenhagen, 2-21 August 215 Additionally, a number of new challenges have been realized during the pilot projects, which requires new approaches. These challenges include, for example, low energy prices (especially for electricity and district heating) and the fact that several building owners already have performed the easy measures, the low hanging fruit, which lead to difficulties to further decrease the energy demand in a cost-efficient way. On the other hand, the demands from the users of the building are increasing. More and more tenants require that the buildings where they work in, our use in other ways should have a low environmental footprint, i.e. low energy use. CONCLUSION The Total Concept is a method for improving energy performance in existing non-residential buildings and applies a refined systematic approach to work with energy issues in the building, with the aim to achieve maximum savings in a cost efficient way. The Total Concept method is based on an action plan, comprising a package of measures which meets the profitability conditions stipulated by the property owner. A prerequisite for attaining profitability is that the whole action package is implemented in its entirety. The approach as a whole, combines different elements in a systematic way and presents the economic facts in a way that provide guidance for decision-making in a complex situation with lots of options. The Total Concept method responds to EU objectives by giving support to major refurbishment in existing buildings in order to reach Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings. The results from the demonstration buildings within a BELOK group in Sweden indicate that with the Total Concept method, it seems to be possible to obtain a cost efficient decrease of energy end-use up to 6%, which in some cases are a large step towards nearly zero-energy buildings. The method will also tackle one of the major non-technical barriers by helping building owners both in the public and private sector to take decisions and go forward with the implementation of profitable packages of energy saving measures. With the Total Concept method a base is created for professional training both on technical and management level, by providing relevant support and knowledge transfer between different stakeholders. It should also be noted that the Total Concept method helps to organise the energy efficiency work among different stake holders and key actors. However, the results are totally dependent on the persons involved in the process and their ambitions to follow the method and to give feedback with their experiences so that the method can be continually improved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The development and implementation of Total Concept method has been supported by the BELOK group and Swedish Energy Agency. The IEE Total Concept project is supported by the Intelligent Energy Europe program and the Swedish Energy Agency. REFERENCES Total Concept, 215. The Total Concept method. Guidebook for Implementation and Quality assurance. Version 1.2: January 215, pages. Total Concept, 214:1. Energy Renovations of Non-Residential Buildings in Northern European Countries. IEE project The Total Concept method for major reduction of energy use in non-residential buildings, Report, October 214, Total Concept, 214:2. Adopting the Total Concept Method in Northern European Countries- Local conditions and prerequisites. IEE project The Total Concept method for major reduction of energy use in non-residential buildings, Report, October 214, Åsa Wahlström, Enno Abel, Mari-Liis Maripuu, 215. Total Concept - for better decision-making about Energy Efficiency in non-residential buildings. Accepted for proceedings of ECEEE Summer Study 215, Toulon, France, 1-6 of June Page 1/1