NIETZSCHE S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

Transcription

1 NIETZSCHE S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY Nietzsche, the so-called herald of the philosophy of the future, nevertheless dealt with the past on nearly every page of his writing. Not only was he concerned with how past values, cultural practices, and institutions influence the present he was plainly aware that any attempt to understand that influence encounters many metahistorical problems. This comprehensive and lucid exposition of the development of Nietzsche s philosophy of history explores how Nietzsche thought about history and historiography throughout his life and how it affected his most fundamental ideas. Discussion of the wholespanofnietzsche swritings,fromhisearliestpublicationsasa classical philologist to his later genealogical and autobiographical projects, is interwoven with careful analysis of his own forms of writing history, the nineteenth-century paradigms which he critiqued, and the twentieth-century views which he anticipated. The book will be of much interest to scholars of Nietzsche and of nineteenth-century philosophy. anthony k. jensen is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Providence College and Associate Editor of The Journal of Nietzsche Studies.

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3 NIETZSCHE S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY ANTHONY K. JENSEN

4 University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Jensen, Anthony K., 1978 Nietzsche s philosophy of history /. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. isbn Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, History Philosophy. I. Title. b3318.h5j dc isbn Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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7 Contents Acknowledgments Citations page ix xi Introduction 1 1 Philological centaurs 7 Ermanarich 7 The Theognidea 12 The Laertiana 25 2 Early meta-history and context 35 Among the philologists 35 Friedrich Ritschl 43 Otto Jahn 48 Philology or philosophy 50 Closing the book on philology 55 3 Aesthetic intuition and the history of tragedy 57 Problems of justification 58 Aesthetic intuition 61 Aesthetic objectivity 64 Dionysian historiography 68 Dead as a scholar 75 4 History and historians 81 Uses and disadvantages 83 The historical sense 90 Hegel, Strauss, Hartmann 97 Bachofen, Burckhardt, Overbeck Positivism and perspectivism 119 Objectivity 119 Description 129 Explanation 134 vii

8 viii Contents Anti-realist representation 141 Perspectival explanation Genealogy as history 155 Genealogy as representational anti-realism 157 Emergence and descendence 164 The English genealogists 168 Genealogy and the Will-to-Power 172 Perspectival value and historiographical relativism Autobiography as history 181 Construction and narration Motivational explanations Description and introspection 192 Memory and the Will-to-Power 197 Convincing and proving 201 Epilogue: Nietzsche s influence on the philosophy of history 205 Bibliography 211 Index 234

9 Acknowledgments This book was written with the generous support of the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung. Portions of my research were made possible by fellowships from the German-American Fulbright Foundation, the Klassik Stiftung Weimar, and the Bill and Carol Fox Center for Humanistic Inquiry. For allowing me access to their collections, I thank the staffs of the Jacobund-Wilhelm-Grimm-Zentrum of the Humboldt Universität Berlin, the Universitätsbibliothek of the Freie Universität Berlin, the Goethe-Schiller Archiv Weimar, and the Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek Weimar, especially Erdmann von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. Special thanks are due to Rüdiger Schmidt-Grépály and the Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche in Weimar for providing an ideal setting for Nietzsche research. I would also like to thank the City University of New York at Lehman College, especially Tim Alborn and Massimo Pigliucci, and Xavier University, especially Richard Polt, for encouraging my writing through various stages of completion. Portions of this text were presented to audiences in Evian, Naumburg, Berlin, New York, Washington, D.C., Oxford, London, Chicago, Leiden, Cambridge, and Greifswald; to the organizers and participants, I am grateful for your feedback and criticism. For many discussions with my colleagues in Nietzsche studies, I would especially like to thank Günther Abel, Babette Babich, Jessica Berry, Paul Bishop, Marcus Born, Thomas Brobjer, Dan Conway, Christa Davis-Acampora, Christian Emden, Helmut Heit and the members of his excellent Berliner Nietzsche Colloquium, Paul Loeb, Matt Meyer, Glen Most, Nico Nicodemo, Manos Perrakis, Axel Pichler, John Richardson, Christoph Schirmer, Herman Siemens, Werner Stegmaier, and Paul van Tongeren. I have long owed a debt to Volker Gerhardt, who has supported my study in Germany for much of the previous decade. I would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers and editors of Cambridge University Press for their willingness to consider my project and for their efforts with my manuscript. ix

10 x Acknowledgments And to my beautiful wife Karen, for constructing my index, reading my drafts, and for having the patience to live everyday with the author of a philosophy book, please know how grateful I ve always been. Portions of this work are drawn from articles I ve published previously. I would like to thank the editors and publishers for their permission to reprint revised portions of the following: The Centrality and Development of Anschauung in Nietzsche s Epistemology, Journal of Nietzsche Studies 43 [2] (2012), Self-Knowledge in Narrative Autobiography, in Nietzsche s Ecce Homo, ed. Duncan Large (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013). Nietzsche s Historiographical Context, in Nietzsche im 19. Jahrhundert. Natur-, geistes-, und sozialwissenschaftliche Kontexte, ed. Lisa Heller et al. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013). Selbstverleugnung Selbsttäuschung: Nietzsche and Schopenhauer on the Self, in Nietzsche on Consciousness and the Embodied Mind, ed. Manuel Dries (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013). Nietzsche s Critique of Scientific Explanations in History, in Nietzsches Wissenschaftsphilosophie, ed. Helmut Heit et al. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2012), Ecce homo as Historiography, Nietzsche-Studien 40 (2011): Anti-Politicality and Agon in Nietzsche s Philology, in Nietzsche, Power and Politics, ed. Herman Siemens (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008), Geschichte oder Historie? Nietzsche s Second Untimely Meditation in the Context of Nineteenth Century Philological Studies, in Nietzsche on Time and History, ed. Manuel Dries (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008), The Rogue of All Rogues: Nietzsche s Presentation of Eduard von Hartmann s Philosophie des Unbewussten and Hartmann s Response to Nietzsche, Journal of Nietzsche Studies 32 (2006),

11 Citations For widely available individual works, I cite an abbreviation of the original German title and its section number, followed by reference to the volume and page of the KSA. For unpublished works and Nachgelassene Fragmente (as NF), I use, wherever possible, the KSA fragment date and notebook entry reference, followed by the volume and page number. For texts the KSA omits, for example, Nietzsche s lectures or published philology, I cite the KGW with the relevant division number (Roman), followed by the volume number (Arabic), and the page. For Jugendschriften that neither the KSA nor KGW preserve, I cite the BAW according to volume and page number. For unpublished texts such as Ritschl s diary or Rohde s drafted letters, I rely on the Weimar-standard notebooks found in the Goethe- Schiller Archiv and Walter de Gruyter s Nietzsche-Online project. All correspondence is cited by the author, recipient, and date. Thereafter, I cite the KGB for letters to Nietzsche, with division number (Roman), followed by the volume number (Arabic), and the page. For letters from Nietzsche, I cite the KSB, with the volume number and page. All translations from German, French, Italian, Greek, and Latin are my own. For confirmation, I have consulted the several translations of Nietzsche s published works in the series Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy,under the general editorship of Karl Ameriks and Desmond M. Clarke. For classical texts in Greek and Latin, I have referenced authors according to their most standard citation conventions. Foreign words and phrases are sometimes left untranslated to accentuate the author s original phrasing. Emphases, unless otherwise noted, are always original to their authors. All quotations from Schopenhauer s works are to Schopenhauer (1977), with reference to the volume and section number of Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (as WWV) or else the Parerga und Paralipomena (as PP), followed by the division, volume, and page number. xi

12 xii Citations ABBREVIATIONS OF COLLECTED WORKS OF NIETZSCHE BAW: Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe: Werke, 5 vols., ed. Hans Joachim Mette et al. (Munich: C. H. Beck, ). KGB: Kritische Gesamtausgabe: Briefwechsel, ed. Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1975 ). KGW: Kritische Gesamtausgabe: Werke, ed. Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1967 ). KSA: Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe, 15 vols., ed. Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988). KSB: Sämtliche Briefe: Kritische Studienausgabe, 8 vols., ed. Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1986). ABBREVIATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL WORKS OF NIETZSCHE Published works GT = Die Geburt der Tragödie DS = David Strauss, der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller HL = Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben SE = Schopenhauer als Erzieher MaM = Menschliches, Allzumenschliches (I and II) M = Morgenröthe FW = Die fröhliche Wissenschaft Z = Also sprach Zarathustra JGB = Jenseits von Gut und Böse GM = Zur Genealogie der Moral DFW = Der Fall Wagner GD = Götzen-Dämmerung A = Der Antichrist EH = Ecce homo Unpublished works and lectures DW = Die dionysische Weltanschauung EKP = Encyclopädie der klassischen Philologie ZuB = Über die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten PTG = Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen WL = Über Wahrheit und Lüge im aussermoralischen Sinne