First Aid to Cultural Heritage in Times of Conflict 2011 Rome, 26 September 28 October

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1 First Aid to Cultural Heritage in Times of Conflict 2011 Rome, 26 September 28 October COURSE WEEK 1 2 Setting the Scene and Understanding the Context 2 WEEK 2 3 Institutional Response to Conflict: National and International 3 The Law 3 European Union Legislation 3 International Conventions 3 International Agreements and Declarations 4 Commentary 4 Civil-Military Cooperation & Ethics 9 Negotiation 11 WEEK 3 12 Tools, Planning and Salvaging 12 Websites 14 Cultural Heritage, Conflict/Disaster 14 Plundering, Looting, Smuggling 14 WEEK 4 15 Management of Teams, Communication Skills and Security 15 WEEK 5 16 Early recovery: monitoring and evaluation 16 Some Examples Regional Focus 17 Middle-East 17 Afghanistan 18 Field Trips 19 Church of San Giorgio al Velabro 19 L Aquila 19 Useful links 20

2 WEEK 1 Setting the Scene and Understanding the Context Bouchenaki, B Setting up the International Collaboration Framework. Museum International. Volume 55, Issue 3-4, December 2003, Canadian Conservation Institute. The Agents of Deterioration Canadian Conservation Institute. CCI Notes Catherine S. Emergency Preparedness and Salvage in the Event of Armed Conflict. MUSEUM SOS. Hilhorst, D. & Jansen, B., Fieldwork in Hazardous Areas. Disaster Studies, Wageningen University. ICCROM Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery. Papers from the ICCROM Forum held on October 4-6, Edited by Stanley Price. ICCROM: Rome, Italy ICCROM XXVI bis 276 Pdf. Publication available in memory key Jonathan R.L., Conservation and Preservation Activities in Archives and Libraries in Developing Countries. Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Records Managers & London Metropolitan Archives National Park Service, Museum Handbook, Part I Chapter 4. Norman, K., War and the Conservator. 5. The Invasion of Kuwait, and the Subsequent Recovery of its National Museum: A Conservator s View. Museum Management and Curatorship 16/2, ICCROM Per. Grande-Bretagne 46 Roberts, B., War and the Conservator. 2. War Emergencies: Coordination and Preparedness Do Pay Off An International Perspective. Museum Management and Curatorship 16/2, ICCROM Per. Grande-Bretagne 46 Skaf, I., War and the Conservator. 4. Recovery Operations at the National Museum of Beirut. Museum Management and Curatorship 16/2, ICCROM Per. Grande-Bretagne 46 Stanley Price, N., War and the Conservator. 1. Preventive Measures and Recovery. Museum Management and Curatorship 16/2, ICCROM Per. Grande-Bretagne 46 2

3 WEEK 2 Institutional Response to Conflict: National and International The Law European Union Legislation Council Regulation (EC) No 116/2009 of 18 December 2008 on the export of cultural goods, Council Regulation (EC) No 1210/2003 of 7 July 2003 concerning certain specific restrictions on economic and financial relations with Iraq. Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State. International Conventions 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict First protocol of The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. URL_ID=15391&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 1999 II Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. IN UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, S. A. C. O. (Ed.). Paris UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects 3

4 International Agreements and Declarations 1935 Roerich Pact: Potection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice Charter) Code of Conduct for International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief The Nara Document on Authenticity Dayton Agreement Annex 8. Agreement on Commission to Preserve National Monuments Proceedings of the Doha Conference of Ulamâ on Islam and Cultural Heritage Doha, Qatar UNESCO Declaration concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage URL_ID=17718&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 2003 The Hoi An Declarationon Conservation of Historic Districts of Asia Commentary Bos, A., The Importance of the 1899, 1907 and 1999 Hague Conferences for the Legal Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Museum International 57, Boylan, P. J., Review of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (the Hague Convention of 1954). UNESCO. Boylan, P. J., The 1954 Hague Convention on the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict and its 1954 and 1999 protocols. IFLA. Boylan, P. J., Implementing the 1954 Hague Convention and its Protocols: legal and practical implications. Chicago Bugnion, F., La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé, Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 86, No. 854, Carducci, G., La restitution internationale des biens culturels et des objets d art Droit commun, directive CEE, Conventions de l UNESCO et d UNIDROIT, Paris. 4

5 Carducci, G., 2000a. L obligation de restitution des biens culturels et des objets d art en cas de conflit armé : droit coutumier et droit conventionnel avant et après la Convention de La Haye de L importance du facteur temporel dans les rapports entre les traités et la coutume», Revue générale de droit international public 2, Carducci, G., 2000b. Beni culturali in diritto internazionale pubblico e privato, Enciclopedia giuridica italiana G. Treccani, Rome. Carducci, G., Ethics and Heritage: Ethics, Law and Heritage. ICOM News, 58, 5. Carducci, G., The implementation of International Treaties at the national level», in: L. Rothfield (ed.), Antiquities under siege: Cultural Heritage Protection after the Iraq War, Lanham New-York Toronto Plymouth, ICCROM XXVI bis 297 (1). Cuno, J., Beyond Bamiyan: Will the World be Ready Next Time? In: B.T. Hoffman (ed.), Art and Cultural Heritage. Law, Policy and Practice, Cambridge, ICCROM XXIX B 225 Curtis, J., Archaeology and Cultural Heritage in War Zones, in: History for the Taking? Perspectives on Material Heritage, British Academy Report, p Francioni, F., Controlling illicit trade in art objects: the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention. In Francioni, F., Del Vecchio, A. & De Caterini, P. (Eds.) Protezione internazionale del patrimonio culturale: interessi nazionali e difesa del patrimonio comune della cultura. Roma, Giuffré. Francioni, F., Beyond State Soveregnty: The Protection of Cultural Heritage as a Shared Interest of Humanity. Michigan Journal of International Law, 25, Forrest, C., International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. London New York. (especially chapter 3: Cultural heritage and armed conflicts) ICCROM XXIX B 232 The world's cultural heritage is under threat from war, illicit trafficking, social and economic upheaval, unregulated excavation and neglect. Over a period of almost fifty years, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation has adopted five international conventions that attempt to protect this cultural heritage. This book comprehensively and critically considers these five UNESCO cultural heritage conventions. The book looks at the conventions in the context of recent events that have exposed the dangers faced by cultural heritage, including the destruction of cultural heritage sites in Iraq and the looting of the Baghdad museum, the destruction the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan, the salvage of artefacts from the RMS Titanic and the illicit excavation and trade in Chinese, Peruvian and Italian archaeological objects. Gerstenblith, P., The 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (its background and prospects for ratification in the United States), in: L. Rothfield (ed.), Antiquities under Siege: cultural heritage protection after the Iraq War, New York Toronto Plymouth, ICCROM XXVI bis 297 (1). Gerstenblith, P., The Obligations Contained in International Treaties of Armed Forces to Protect Cultural Heritage in Times of Armed Conflict, IN L. Rush (ed.), Archaeology, Cultural Property, and the Military, Woodbridge. ICCROM XXVI bis 334 (1). 5

6 Harding, A., The problem of illicit antiquities. An ethical dilemma for scholars, IN: History for the Taking? Perspectives on Material Heritage, British Academy Report, Hensel, H.M., The Protection of Cultural Objects during Armed Conflict, IN: Howard M. Hensel (ed.): The Law of Armed Conflict: Constraints on the Contemporary Use of Military Force. Ashgate, Aldershot/Burlington, Hershkovitch, C., Rykner, D., La restitution des oeuvres d art. Solutions et impasses, Paris. Hinek, S., The Judgment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar. Leiden Journal of International Law, 19, 477. Hladik, J., The Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention and Progress in International Humanitarian Law, Museum International 55, Hladik, J., Risk-Preparedness Under the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Second Protocol. International Symposium: Cultural Heritage Disaster Preparedness and Response. Hyderabad, India, ICOM. Hladik, J., The Main Activities of the UNESCO Secretariat Related to the Implementation of the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954, IN Meerts, P. (ed.), Culture and International Law, The Hague, Kono, T. (ed.), The Impact of Uniform Laws on the Protection of Cultural Heritage and the Preservation of Cultural Heritage in the 21 st Century, Leiden Boston. Providing an overview of the seven Conventions with the two Protocols adopted by UNESCO and UNIDROIT, this book offers comparative analysis of legal schemes for the protection or safeguarding of cultural heritage in 15 countries. This is the publication of the reports presented at the First Intersessional Thematic Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law in November ICCROM XXIX B 242 Manacorda, S. and Chappell, D., Crime in the Art and Antiquities World: Illegal Trafficking in Cultural Property, The theft, trafficking, and falsification of cultural property and cultural heritage objects are crimes of a particularly complex nature, which often have international ramifications and significant economic consequences. Organized criminal groups of various types and origins are involved in these illegal acts. The book Crime in the Art and Antiquities World has contributions both from researchers specializing in the illegal trafficking of art, and representatives of international institutions involved with prevention and detection of cultural property-related crimes, such as Interpol and UNESCO. This innovative volume also includes an Appendix of the existing legal texts, i.e. international treaties, conventions, and resolutions, which have not previously been available in a single volume. Maniscalco, F. (ed.), 2002, Protection of Cultural Heritage in war areas, Mediterraneum, vol II, Naples. ICCROM VIII A 432/2 (1). Maniscalco, F., World Heritage and War, Mediterraneum, vol. VI, Naples. ICCROM XXVI bis 301 (1) Matyk, S., The restitution of cultural objects and the question of giving direct effect to the Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954, International Journal of Cultural Property 9,

7 Nafziger, J. and Scovarizzi, T. (eds.), Le patrimoine culturel de l humanité / The Cultural Heritage of Mankind, Leiden Boston. It is evident that the need to protect cultural objects exceeds the interest of a single owner or a bona fide purchaser, the State of an object's origin or the State where an object is located. Despite the complexity of weighing the contending interests and selecting appropriate rules from a welter of norms and customs, why can't we envisage a truly comprehensive set of international principles, practices and procedures, to protect the cultural heritage of mankind? Toward this end, the Centre for Studies and Research of The Hague Academy of International Law's programme provided a unique opportunity for organized exploration and analysis.this volume presents the resulting studies prepared by the Directors of Research, together with the more specific reports by the researchers working within the Centre. Together they offer an inciteful analysis of the importance of fashioning durable rules and institutions for protecting the cultural heritage of mankind from the risks of armed conflict or illegal trafficking. O Keefe, P., and Prott. L., Cultural Heritage Conventions and Other Instruments. A Compendium with Commentaries, Institute of Art and Law. ICCROM XXIX B 241 This book, with commentaries from two of the leading experts in the law of cultural heritage, provides all the significant texts of international law on the protection of heritage and includes a short commentary on the evolution of each one and on their relationship to one another. The instruments discussed include the most significant UNESCO Conventions, including that of 1970 on Illicit Trade, 2001 on Underwater Cultural Heritage, 2003 on Intangible Cultural Heritage, the Unidroit 1995 Convention, the Hague Convention 1954 and its two Protocols, the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe 1985, European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised) 1992, the European Landscape Convention 2000, the Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society 2005, together with a wide range of recommendations and declarations from UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the United Nations. Colour illustrations throughout the book demonstrate the immense diversity of heritage that is legally protected today. This book is a fundamental working tool for all cultural professionals and academics, including anthropologists, archaeologists, architects, cultural administrators, legal advisers, museum staff and site curators. Petzet, M. and Perot, J., The Role of Non-governmental Organizations in International Emergency Action. Museum International. Volume 55, Issue 3-4, December 2003, Prott, L., Commentary: 1954 Hague Convention for the protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, in: N. Ronzitti, The law of naval warfare, Dordrecht, 583f. Prott, L., The Protocol of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague Convention) 1954, in: Humanitäres Völkerrecht Informationsschriften, Bonn, vol 4, Prott, L., Ten years in force the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, Art Antiquity and Law 14, ICCROM Per. International 50 Prott, L., Witnesses to History. Documents and Writings on the Return of Cultural Objects, UNESCO Publishing Paris. ICCROM XXIX B 229 Prott, L., Strengths and Weaknesses of the 1970 Convention: An Evaluation 40 years after its adoption 7

8 Schindler, D., Toman, J. (eds.), The laws of armed conflicts: a collection of conventions, resolutions, and other documents. 3 rd ed., Alphen aan den Rijn. Stamatoudi, I., Cultural Property Law and Restitution, Cheltenham. This book brings together the international and European Union legal framework on cultural property law and the restitution of cultural property. Theories of cultural nationalism and cultural internationalism and their founding principles are explored. Irini Stamatoudi also draws on soft law sources, ethics, morality, public feeling and the role of international organisations to create a complete picture of the principles and trends emerging today. Toman, J., The Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict: Commentary on the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocol, Signed on May in The Hague and Other Instruments of International Law Concerning Such Protection, Aldershot. Toman, J., The Control System under the 1954 Hague Convention and its 1999 Second Protocol, in: P. Meerts (ed.), Culture and International Law, The Hague, UNESCO, Protect Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Paris. UNESCO, The Fight against the illicit trafficking of cultural objects: The 1970 Convention: Past and Present. Information Kit, Paris. van Woudenberg, N., L. Lijnzaad (eds.), Protecting Cultural Property in Armed Conflict - An Insight into the 1999 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Leiden Boston. Vinson, I. (ed.), Return of Cultural Objects: The Athens Conference, Museum International ICCROM Per. UNESCO 1 This issue of Museum International publishes the proceedings of an important conference intended to take forward the debate on the issue of the return and restitution of cultural property. Held in Athens on 17 and 18 March 2008, at the initiative of the Government of Greece, the conference brought together key actors to advance practice on this issue

9 Civil-Military Cooperation & Ethics Bajjaly, J. F., Politicians: assassins of Lebanese Heritage? Archaeology in Lebanon in times of armed conflict. IN Stone, P. G. (Ed.) Cultural heritage, ethics and the military. Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer. ICCROM Library conflict corner Cuneo, A., To embed or not to embed?: Archaeologists, Cultural Heritage Managers and the United States Military. Forum Archaeologiae 55. Curtis, J., Relations between archaeologists and the military in the case of Iraq - Reply to Price, Rowlands, Rush, and Teijeler. IN Stone, P. G. (Ed.) Cultural heritage, ethics and the military. Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer. ICCROM Library conflict corner Emberling, G., Archaeologists and the military in Iraq, : Compromise or contribution? Archaeologies, 4, This paper offers a general overview of the long history of entanglement between archaeology and anthropology on the one hand and political interests and the intelligence and military establishment on the other. This account serves as an introduction to the description of the writer s personal experience as a consultant for the military. Emberling tells us how he got involved in teaching the soldiers about the history and culture of Iraq within the frame of the LDESP (Leader Development and Education for Sustained Peace) project. He critically analyses his involvement in the program and asks himself a variety questions, in particular raising practical and ethical questions. Gerstenblith, P., 2009a. Archaeology in the Context of War: Legal Frameworks for Protecting Cultural Heritage during Armed Conflict, Archaeologies 5, ICCROM [Per. International 68] (1). International law provides for a framework for protecting cultural heritage during armed conflict and for punishing those who transgress these principles. If understood within its limitations of dependence on state ratification and enforcement, international law protects cultural heritage by providing guidelines to those who wish to conform and by punishing after the fact those who deliberately destroy cultural heritage. Recent movement toward ratification of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its protocols by the major military powers should afford greater protection to cultural heritage in future conflicts. Gerstenblith, P., 2009b. Protecting Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict: Looking Back, Looking Forward, Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics Journal 7, 677ff. Hamilakis, Y., The "War on Terror" and the military-archaeology complex: Iraq, ethics, and neo-colonialism. Archaeologies, 5, Number 1, Hamilakis writes an intense paper that analyses the ethical and political dimensions of the archaeological response to the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq. Thanks to his deep theoretical background and his profound engagement in ethical issues he sharply criticizes the collaboration of many heritage professionals, and archaeologists in particular, with the invading militaries and occupation authorities since 2003, allowing the Americans to lay the foundations for an emerging military-archaeology complex. His highly contested thesis has sometimes been interpreted as an instigation to inaction and withdrawal in situations of warfare, however he seems to have rounded some corners to promote 9

10 what he calls a critical engagement that safeguards the autonomy of the scholar; critiques the political agendas and power structures of contemporary warfare; deconstructs its discursive basis and its ideological overtones; and shows its catastrophic consequences for people and things alike, past and present. Kila, J. D., Utilizing military cultural experts in times of war and peace: an introduction. Cultural property protection within the military, experiences in theatre, different perceptions of culture and practical problems. In: Meerts, P. (Ed.) Culture and international law. The Hague, Hague Academic Press. Kila, J. D., Cultural property protection in the event of armed conflict: deploying military experts or can white man sing the blues? IN Rush, L. (Ed.) Archeology, cultural property and the military. Woodbridge, The Boydell Press. ICCROM Library conflict corner Nemeth, E., The Art of Cultural Intelligence: intelligence for countering threats to cultural property in conflict. Forum Archaeologiae 55/VI/2010. Price, J., Rowlands, M., Rush, L. & Teijgeler, R., Responses to 'Relations between archaeologists and the military in the case of Iraq. IN Stone, P. G. (Ed.) Cultural heritage, ethics and the military. Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer. ICCROM Library conflict corner Rothfield, L., First Thoughts on the World Archaeological Congress Resolution. The punching bag ed. Rush, L., Military archaeology in the US: a complex ethical decision. IN Stone, P. G. (Ed.) Cultural heritage, ethics and the military. Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer. ICCROM Library conflict corner Stone, P.G. (ed.), Cultural Heritage, Ethics and the Military, Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer. The world reacted with horror to the images of the looting of the National Museum in Iraq in closely followed by other museums and then, largely unchecked, or archaeological sites across the country. This outcome had been predicted by many archaeologists, with some offering to work directly with the military to identify museums and sites to be avoided and protected. However, this work has since been heavily criticised by others working in the field, who claim that such collaboration lended a legitimacy to the invasion. It has therefore served to focus on the broader issue of whether archaeologists and other cultural heritage experts should ever work with the military, and, if so, under what guidelines and strictures. The essays in this book, drawn from a series of international conferences and seminars on the debate, provide an historical background to the ethical issues facing cultural heritage experts, and place them in a wider context. How do medical and religious experts justify their close working relationships with the military? Is all contact with those engaged in conflict wrong? Does working with the military really constitute tacit agreement with military and political goals, or can it be seen as contributing to the winning of a peace rather than success in war? Are guidelines required to help define roles and responsibilities? And can conflict situations be seen as simply an extension of protecting cultural property on military training bases? The book opens and addresses these and other questions as matters of crucial debate Teijgeler, R., Preserving cultural heritage in times of conflict. IN Gorman, G.E. & Shep S. J.(Eds) Preservation management for libraries, archives and museums. London: Facet Publishing Teijgeler, R., Embedded Archaeology: An Exercise in Self-Reflection. IN Stone, P. (Ed.) The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq. Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer. 10

11 haeology+an+exercise&ots=qzv0lk65vn&sig=trqsyg6fxygn8ysuosjutq1qpkg# Teijgeler, R., Archaeologist under pressure: neutral or cooperative in wartime. IN Stone, P. (Ed.) Cultural Heritage, Ethics and the Military. Woodbridge, Boydell & Brewer. U.S. Army Civil Affairs Arts, Monuments and Archives Guide Negotiation Fisher. R. & Ury, W., Getting to Yes: Negotiating an Agreement without giving in. London: Random House Business Books. Since its original publication in 1981, Getting to Yes has been translated into 18 languages and has sold over 1 million copies in its various editions. This completely revised edition is a universal guide to the art of negotiating personal and professional disputes. It offers a concise strategy for coming to mutually acceptable agreements in every sort of conflict Starkey, B., Boyer, M. & Wilkenfeld, J., Negotiating a Complex World. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Negotiating a Complex World introduces undergraduate students of international relations to the high stakes world of international negotiation. The book uses the analogy of a board game as an organizing technique and includes many real-world cases and examples to illustrate important concepts and relationships. The authors highlight the intensity of crisis Cohen, R., Negotiating Across Cultures. USIP (United States Institute of Peace). Kk3EsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Negotiating+Across+Cultures&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=f alse Maiese, M., Negotiation & Mediation: Beyond Intractability. Volkan, D., Chosen Trauma, the Political Ideology of Entitlement and Violence. Violence.php 11

12 WEEK 3 Tools, Planning and Salvaging Alten, H., Labeling Ethnographic Objects. ICOM Ethnographic Conservation Newsletter, Number 17,18-21.Northern States Conservation Center's. Numbering Museum Collections. Ayala, D., Minimum Requirements for Metric Use of Non-metric Photographic Documentation. University of Bath. Blake, B., CIPA RecorDIM Teaching Guide Boersma, F., Unravelling Textiles. A Handbook for the Preservation of Textile Collections. London: Archetype Publications Ltd. (chapters 7, 11, 12). Canadian Conservation Institute. Notes. Applying registration numbers to paintings and sculptures. Collection Surveys and Condition Reporting. De Groeve, T., Applications of Social Networking and Community Remote Sensing for International Disasters Dorge, V. and Jones. S. L Building an Emergency Plan: A Guide for Museums and Other Cultural Institutions. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Trust. Eppich, R., Recording, documentation, and information management for the conservation of heritage places: illustrated examples. Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute Feilden, B. M., Entre Dos Terremotos ICCROM, Roma. ICCROM VIII D 653A A handbook providing information on conserving historic buildings, monuments and archaeological sites in earthquake-prone areas. Focuses on three areas of concern: what to do before the earthquake, what to do immediately after, and what long-term actions remain to be taken. 13 appendices include: fire protection of historic buildings, computerized listing of data on historic buildings, photogrammetry and earthquakes, planning to protect an institution and its collections, modified Mercalli intensity scale, from restoration to maintenance of historic buildings, damage recording sheets, structural interventions in historic buildings, the resolution on cultural property in seismic zones. Frost, G. & Silverman, R Disaster Recovery in the Artifact Fields Mississippi After Hurricane Katrina. International Preservation News 37: Heritage Preservation: Interim safety and health precautions for people entering previously flooded areas. Fema document. 12

13 ICOMOS Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites Text ratified by the 11th ICOMOS General Assembly, held in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 5 to 9 October Jigyasu, R Integrated Framework for Cultural Heritage Risk Management. Disaster and Development, Volume 1, Number 1, Journal of the National Institute of Disaster management, New Delhi Kulur, S., D Documentation from Different Data Sources The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B5. Beijing. Letellier, R., Recording, Documentation, and Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places: guiding principles. Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute Labelling and marking museum objects: SPECTRUM Merritt, C., Research Resources. Conservation Treatments. vol University of Montana, Missoula, MT. Roberts, A., Inventories and Documentation. Collection Preservation, in Running a Museum: A Practical Handbook. Ed. P. Boylan. Paris: International Council of Museums & UNESCO, Spennemann, D. H. R., Cultural heritage conservation during emergency management: luxury or necessity? International Journal of Public Administration 22(5): Annually, natural disasters cause loss of life, damage to property, and damage to the environment. Concomitant is damage to the cultural heritage property, both items and places. Yet in the wake of a disaster, containment and response efforts put additional cultural resources at risk--usually due to ignorance rather than malice on the part of the disaster manager or the property owners. This paper reviews the effects of natural disasters on heritage sites and argues for increased awareness and training for disaster managers. Tandon, A., First Aid for Haiti's Cultural Heritage. Museum International 62(4): First aid for Haiti's cultural heritage was a three-week pilot training scheme carried out by ICCROM in partnership with the Ministry of Culture of Haiti and the Smithsonian Institution. The aim was to promote the recovery of Haiti's cultural heritage and to create a strong team of Haitian professionals who, within given means, could work quickly and efficiently to create safer storage environments and improve the general condition of their respective heritage collections. Twentysix people from fourteen different cultural institutions in Haiti took part in the programme. Williams, E., Disaster Planning for Archaeological Collections. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 20: ICCROM XXVI Bis

14 During a storm, within a few hours, a whole level of the storage space for archaeological artefacts of the City of Marseille was flooded under two meters of water. The ceramic and stone collections were moved and soiled by the massive arrival of water. Both the computerized management of these collections and the use of specific housing materials enabled to restrict damage and rapidly assess its extent: types of soiled materials, names of working sites, numbers of contexts, location in storage units, etc. This helped set up a work planning for the archaeological collections that had to be entirely cleaned and rehoused. McIlwaine, J., IFLA Disaster Preparedness and Planning. A Brief Manual. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Core Activity on Preservation and Conservation (PAC), Paris. Young, P., Objects of Value: Addressing emergency and disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery issues in collections. University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center. This paper explores the social value in addressing emergency and disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery as they relate to collections. The concept of cultural heritage collections is explored in this context along with informational and resource collections typically found in library settings. A discussion of the past and present climate of attention to emergency and disaster related issues in collections is presented along with two case studies of organizations within Delaware that endeavor to address these issues. ICOM Cultural Heritage Disaster Preparedness and Response. International Symposium Proceedings. Salar Jung Museum Hyderabad, India November Websites Cultural Heritage, Conflict/Disaster The Art Army. Harvard s Monuments Men at War Plundering, Looting, Smuggling URL_ID=33920&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

15 WEEK 4 Management of Teams, Communication Skills and Security ECHO Generic Security Guide Ethical issues in conservation ICON Professional Guidelines. Promoted by the European Confederation of Conservator- Restorers' Organisations and adopted by its General Assembly, Brussels 1 March ICOMOS The Venice Charter. International charter for the conservation of monuments and sites. ICOMOS The Burra Charter. The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance. With associated Guidelines and Code on the Ethics of Co-existence ICRC The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief. Annex VI to the resolutions of the 26th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva. ICRC Weapon Contamination Manual. Reducing the impact of explosive remnants of war and landmines through field activities Geneva In brief: Leader, N. Codes of conduct: Who needs them? Roberts, D.L., Staying Alive. Safety and security guidelines for humanitarian volunteers in conflict areas. Geneva: ICRC UNESCO Hoi-An Protocols for Best Conservation Practice in Asia. Professional Guidelines for Assuring and Preserving the Authenticity of Heritage Sites in the Context of the Cultures of Asia. von Imhoff H.C., Aspects and Development of Conservator-Restorer s Profession since WWII. Conservation Magazine, Issue 8,

16 WEEK 5 Early recovery: monitoring and evaluation Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. An Integrated Approach to Urban Rehabilitation Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2007.Urban Conservation and Area Development in Afghanistan. Involvement of the Aga Khan Historic Cities Program (AKHCP) in the urban regeneration process in Afghanistan began in Kabul in 2002 and in Herat in 2004, as part of the Aga Khan Development Network s contribution to the wider process of recovery and development in the country. While half a decade is a relatively modest period in the timeline of such ancient urban settlements, it is perhaps apt that the Program pauses if ever so briefly to take stock of how far our initiatives have come from their point of origin, and how the enabling measures agreed with the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and its key municipal agencies have contributed to what is an ongoing restorative process. Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Cairo: Urban Regeneration in the Darb al-ahmar District. Geneva. Aga Khan Trust for Culture. Baltistan & Hunza - Conservation and Development Projects Bharadwaj P. et ali., The Big March: Migratory Flows After Partition of India. Economic and Political Weekly, August 30, Tewari Jassal, S. & Ben Ari E. (eds) Lines that divide people s hearts. Sage. Mukherjee, T., Metaphor, Memory, Myth: recasting partition as in Salil Choudhury, Manas Ray, Helene Cixous. Economic and Political Weekly, May 10, It was only in the 1980s that the pall of silence that had stifled the recounting of Partition experiences appeared to break. Different types of recollections and articulations began to appear in different media along with debates and discussions. This paper studies three texts: a short story by Salil Choudhury titled The Dressing Table (1947) that memorialises the aftermath of the communal riots of 1946; a memoir by Manas Ray titled Growing Up Refugee (2002) that encapsulates the sentiments of the survivors of the post-partition violence who were forced to flee their homes to seek refuge elsewhere and a play by Helene Cixous titled L`Indiade ou l`inde de leurs rêves (1987), which reflects upon the paradoxes of fidelity made apparent by the political crisis of the Partition. Savyasaachi. Conflicts and Conservation 16

17 Some Examples Regional Focus Middle-East Curtis, J.E., 2008.The site of Babylon today, IN I.L. Finkel and M.J. Seymour, Babylon: Myth and Reality, London, Emberling, G., Hanson, K. (eds.), Catastrophe! The Looting and Destruction of Iraq's Past, Chicago. Flandrin, P., Le pillage de l'irak : main basse sur la Mésopotamie, Monaco. Francioni, F., Lenzerini, F., The Obligation to Prevent and Avoid Destruction of Cultural Heritage: From Bamiyan to Iraq, in: B.T. Hoffman (ed.), Art and Cultural Heritage. Law, Policy and Practice, Cambridge, ICCROM XXIX B 225. Gerstenblith, P., From Bamiyan to Baghdad: Warfare and the Preservation of Cultural Heritage at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Georgetown Journal of International Law 37, 245ff. Hamilakis, Y., Iraq, stewardship and the record : an ethical crisis for archaeology, Public Archaeology 3/2: McGuire, G., Culture as afterthought : US planning and non-planning in the invasion of Iraq, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 11, The devastation of cultural heritage in the 2003 war, epitomised by the looting of the Iraq National Museum, was almost universal. Institutes of art, music, dance, theatre, folklore, crafts, etc., were looted as thoroughly as the museums in Baghdad, Mosul and Babylon. The minor effort at planning for heritage protection, carried out as part of the Future of Iraq Project in the US State Department, had little or no effect since all the efforts of the project were ignored by the Pentagon. It is gradually being recognised that there was almost no planning of any kind beyond the invasion itself. One approach to the Pentagon resulted in the adding of thousands of archaeological sites and museums to the no-strike list, on which were already numerous mosques and standing monuments in cities, but the emphasis on protecting these places from indigenous looters was not part of the plans. Inadequate force levels dictated priorities for securing certain installations, such as oil-related industry, but even banks and ministries were allowed to be looted. Had scholars been able to get across the long-term central role of antiquities for Iraq's economic future, perhaps some protection might have been given. Culture was held in such disregard by American planners that it was subcontracted to the Italians, who did in fact make real efforts to halt looting in the Dhi Qar province. Meanwhile, the rest of the provinces in southern Iraq were being, and are being, looted on an industrial scale. Only the information that some parts of the resistance are being funded through sales of antiquities is making the occupying forces think about halting the looting or at least the chain of smuggling out of the country. O Connell, M.E., Occupation failures and the legality of armed conflict: the case of Iraqi property, Art Antiquity and Law 9. Pharès, J The National Museum of Lebanon in Beirut. Museum International,Volume 55, Issue 3-4, Polk, M., Schuster, M.H., The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: 17

18 the Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia, New York. Stone, E., Patterns of looting in southern Iraq, Antiquity 82: Stone, P.G., The identification and protection of cultural heritage during the Iraq conflict: a peculiarly English tale, Antiquity 79: Stone, P.G., Farchakh Bajjaly, J. (eds.), The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Iraq, Woodbridge. Discussion of the issues surrounding the destruction of cultural property in times of conflict has become a key issue for debate around the world. This book provides an historical statement as of 1st March 2006 concerning the destruction of the cultural heritage in Iraq. In a series of chapters it outlines the personal stories of a number of individuals who were - and in most cases continue to be - involved. These individuals are involved at all levels, and come from various points along the political spectrum, giving a rounded and balanced perspective so easily lost in single authored reports. It also provides the first views written by Iraqis on the situation of archaeology in Iraq under Saddam and an overview and contextualisation of the issues surrounding the looting, theft and destruction of the archaeological sites, the Iraqi National museum and the libraries in Baghdad since the war was launched in Beyond this, it examines our attitudes towards the preservation of cultural and heritage resources and, in particular, the growing political awareness of their importance. Although related to a single conflict, taking place at a specific time in history, the relevance of this work goes far beyond these self-imposed boundaries. Stone, P.G., Protecting cultural heritage in times of conflict : lessons from Iraq, in: Archaeologies: journal of the World Archaeological Congress, Vol. 5, N. 1, April (2009), p ICCROM Per. International 68 Van Ess, M., and Curtis, J.E. (eds.), Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon (Paris, UNESCO). Afghanistan Ball, Warwick (ed.), The monuments of Afghanistan: history, archaeology, architecture, London. ICCROM VIII B Afghanistan 5 The Monuments of Afghanistan presents a complete survey of this remarkable land and its legacy, documenting all of the major as well as many lesser-known monuments and buildings that have since been lost or damaged. Cruickshank, D., Vincent, D., People, Places and Treasures under Fire in Afghanistan, Iraq and Israel, London. Grissmann, C., The Inventory of the Kabul Museum: Attempts at Restoring Order. Museum International, Volume 55, Issue 3-4, December 2003, Haxthausen, L. and Williams, J., International Cooperation in Afghanistan: Strategies, funding and Modalities of Action. Museum International, Volume 55, Issue 3-4, December 2003, Hiebert, F., and Cambon, P. (eds.), Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World (London, British Museum Press). ICOMOS, Heritage at risk : ICOMOS world report on monuments and sites in danger, Berlin. ICCROM VIII A 393/9 18

19 Meharry, J., Looting Afghanistan s cultural heritage. A conversation with Abdul Wasey Ferozi, Simpson, S.J., Afghanistan. A Cultural History, London. Tavernise, S., Returned artifacts displayed in Kabul, New York Times 6 October The destruction of our cultural heritage: examples of visual documentation from Iraq, Afghanistan and Croatia, Philadelphia 2005 (visual resource). Field Trips Church of San Giorgio al Velabro Anon, La chiesa di San Giorgio in Velabro a Roma: storia, documenti, testimonianze del restauro dopo l'attentato del luglio Bollettino d'arte, Volume speciale, ICCROM: Shelf no. Per. Italie 4 Porzio, P.L., S. Giorgio in Velabro: notizie e dati preliminari sull'intervento di restauro a seguito dell'attentato del luglio Ricerche di storia dell'arte, N. 60, ICCROM: Shelf no. Per. Italie 58 Vivio, B., 2004, Il progetto, tra composizione architettonica e restauro: riflessioni sul restauro della chiesa di San Giorgio in Velabro. Arkos: scienza e restauro dell'architettura, Anno 5, N. 5, ICCROM: Shelf no. Per. Italie 95 In June 2003, a special issue of Bolletino d Arte was published on the restoration of the Church of San Giorgio in Velabro, which had been damaged by a bombing in 1993 attributed to the Sicilian mafia. At that time, the restoration group decided to rebuild the church to appear exactly as it had prior to the catastrophe. Now, after evaluating the project s intervention, the importance of making the presence of modern restoration interventions visible has become evident. Usually reconstructions carried out as a consequence of war destructions, natural disasters and neglect serve to strengthen a common identity, otherwise the intervention results in aesthetic, historical, and conceptual confusion. The language of reintegration deserves much consideration as the concept of mimesis (being able to distinguish modern interventions) may have positive or negative results. The heart of the matter is to preserve the relationship between a work and its context, and to avoid transforming memories of the past into isolated wonders or incoherent remains. L Aquila Modena, R. et ali L Aquila 6th April 2009 Earthquake: Emergency and Postemergency Activities on Cultural Heritage Buildings In: Geotechnical, 1, Volume 17, Earthquake Engineering in Europe, Part 6, Pages Rossl, S., L Aquila Earthquake: which future for the city? I-Rec Conference Participatory Design and Appropriate Technology for Post-Disaster Reconstruction, Ahmedabad, India 19

20 Useful links - Resources on coordination of the humanitarian response in emergency - All information regarding financial flows in humanitarian field - UN Website devoted to Humanitarian Action - The most widely recognized set of principles for humanitarian action - Leading Think-tank in humanitarian policy - Website devoted to monitoring the 23 Principles of Good Humanitarian Assistance agreed in Stockholm in Tufts University of Medford with an entire department devoted to humanitarian assistance and future challenges - Best practices and learning within the humanitarian system - Leading free web-based journal of Humanitarian Assistance - Summary of 2005 ICCROM conference on the role of Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery -Swiss PBC publications m.html -Official inventory of Cultural property -Forum Archaeologiae -Glass glossary -AIC disaster response & recovery Us.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=593&parentID=472 -ALA American Library Association 20