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1 ROBUST AND SECURE DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION AND LOAD BALANCED ROUTING IN MANETS Chaitra k c Dr. N.K Cauvery M. Tech in Software Engineering Professor and HOD Dept. of ISE, Dept. of ISE, R. V. College of Engineering R. V. College of Engineering Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India [email protected] [email protected] Abstract- In mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes, mobile nodes are randomly and dynamically locating in a network. To handle the interconnection between the mobile nodes an important concept is channel allocation scheme for assigning the channels and communication between mobile nodes in the network. In non uniform load distribution fixed channel allocation is not suitable for assigning channels in the network, dynamic channel allocation scheme is used assigning the channel in a central pool and it is high flexible comparing with the fixed channel allocation scheme. So dynamic channel allocation provides multiple assigning nodes in the mobile ad hoc network, it provides the improvement in both uniform and non uniform load distribution in network. Mobile ad hoc network is a self configuring and self organizing wireless network; nodes are engaging themselves for multi hop forwarding data nodes not only acts as hosts also routers as route data to other nodes in the network. To improve the performance in the network, require a efficient routing protocol to achieve the quality of service (QOS), to improve the performance in throughput and energy consumption. This paper mainly focuses on dynamic channel allocation and load balanced routing for cluster based mobile ad hoc network. Keywords Mobile Ad Hoc network, channel Allocation Schemes, DCA, FCA. I INTRODUCTION Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a social event of two or more contraptions or nodes or terminals with remote trades and frameworks organization capacity. They can talk with each other without the aid of any united head. The remote nodes can continuously shape a framework to exchange information without using any current settled framework establishment. MANET is a bit of a social affair of versatile, remote hubs which take an interest in sending packs in a multi-hop outline with no consolidated association. MANET is self-created framework in which adaptable nodes can talk with each other by splendid gathering devices.

2 Every bunch has a gathering head, which goes about as a controller inside the base. Considering Received Signal Strength (RSS), node is picked as cluster head. Each gathering head goes about as a fluttering base station inside its region or group, and talks with other bundle head with the help of a door. Cluster takes sends off irregular reference guide packages toward neighbouring nodes. In case a node does not get a sign from any bundle heads then the centre point expect the piece of gathering head. The channel assets are coordinated, scattered with channel organizers. These organizers are standard focuses and played out the dedication, or they are specific hubs. The availability of channel continuously screen the power level in accessibility in structure of the channel. In the event that the stack on the channel controller increments past most extreme, the channel facilitator begins utilizing an extra channel with the most diminished force level estimation. This channel facilitator begins utilizing the channel and transmission develops the force level estimation of that channel for close-by controllers, thusly keeps them from getting to the same channel. In the dynamic channel spread calculation, channel facilitators respond to the expanding neighbouring system load by developing their offer of transmission breaking point. The dynamic centre points can constantly screen the heap of the channel facilitators this is from really stacked coordinators to the ones with open resources. Those inside focuses can see the use of this channel at the facilitator with progression this stack to trade coordinators with higher available resources. Favourable circumstances discharged by the middle focuses it switch can be used with various centre points it does not get segment to whatever tunnel facilitators. Intensifies the total number of focus indicates that get the channel and consequently builds up the affiliation rate and also throughput. Near to weight adjusted controlling, an extraordinarily named on interest separation vector multi way organizing count is used to control channel use through relentlessly picked channel facilitators. Figure 1.1- Mobile Ad-hoc Network

3 MANET is a composition of a group of mobile, wireless nodes which cooperate in forwarding packets in a multihop fashion without any centralized administration. MANET is self organized network in which mobile nodes can communicate with each other by smart antennas. In MANET fixed channel allocation concept is used. In FCA scheme, the area is division into a number of cells. A number of channels are assigned to each cell according to some reuse pattern depending on the desired signal quality. It is a simple technique and do not adapt to changing traffic conditions and user distribution. Where dynamic channel allocation provides more flexible channel allocation scheme. In this scheme, all channels are kept in a central pool and are assigned dynamically to radio cells as new call arrive in the system. Flexible allocation of channels should be done in MANET which provides high channel efficiency. This can be done by implementing dynamic channel allocation in MANET. There are a lot of places where ad hoc networks are involved: military operations, emergency services, conferencing, game parties, home networking, etc. If the wireless nodes are within the range of each other, the routing is not necessary. If a node moves out of this range, and they are not able to communicate with each other directly, intermediate nodes are needed to organize the network which takes care of the data transmission. The purpose of a routing algorithm is to define a scheme for transferring a packet from one node to another. This algorithm should choose some criteria to make routing decisions, for instance number of hops, latency, transmission power, bandwidth, etc. The topology of mobile ad hoc networks is time-varying, so traditional routing techniques used in fixed networks cannot be directly applied here. There are various techniques for tracking changes in the network topology and re-discovering new routes when older ones break. Since ad hoc networks have no infrastructure these operations should be performed with collective cooperation of all nodes. II SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Architecture defines complete structure and behaviour of the system. Sensor Nodes Cluster Formation Applying Algorithms

4 through capably picked occupy facilitators in the structure. Figure 1.2-System Architecture As shown in figure-system architecture, group of cluster, it is one of the fundamental methodologies for outlining vitality proficient, strong and adaptable circulated sensor systems. The cluster heads goes about as the organizer in the gathering of nodes. The cluster heads send packets to the destination, a primary obligation is to speak with every one of the nodes of its own group. In light of the received signal strength node is chosen as a cluster head and it will show the occasional reference point bundles to neighbour nodes in the group, if node does not gets any parcels then that node chose as group head. Dynamic channel allocation computation associated for bundled designing in the framework. The measured levels which screen the power level in all available co-ordinators in the environment methods for network power. Multi way stack balanced controlling count is associated with control channel utilization III MODULES Network Deployment Cluster Formation Dynamic Channel Allocation Load Balanced Routing i. Network Deployment First define the Network configuration parameters specify the number of nodes,initial energy, MAC, propagation, receiver power, sleep power, transmission power, channel type, propagation or tworayground that is, radio-propagation model, network interface (Phy/Wireless Phy), MAC type(mac/802_11),interface queue type(cmupriqueue), link layer type, antenna model (Antenna /OmniAntenna), maxpacket in ifq, number of mobile nodes, X axis distance, Y axis distance Initial Energy, Initial energy in Joules. Then deploy all the nodes into the network with some moving velocity. The network stack for a mobile node consists of a link layer (LL), an ARP module connected to LL, an interface priority queue (IFq), a mac layer (MAC), a network interface (netif), all connected to the channel. These network components are created and plumbed together in OTcl.

5 Create the instance for the super class Simulator and make use of this reference variable for creating and specifying the parameters for the node Create the nam file for invoking the nam window with the set command and opening the nam file in the write mode. For this file reference variable give the command ns-namtrace-all. Creating the topology with set topo command and specifying the type of the topology as flatgrid and specifying x value and y value. Configuring the nodes by specifying the values of the network parameters. Creating the nodes using the for loop and $ns-node command. Assign the positions for all the nodes with the setdest command and x-value, y-value Attach the UDP agent to the node. Attach the CBR traffic from source to sink by setting the packet size, packet interval. Connect the agents. ii. Cluster Formation In this module, based on Received Signal Strength (RSS), node is elected as cluster head. Cluster heads sends out periodic beacon packets to neighbouring nodes. If a node does not receive a beacon from any cluster heads then the node assumes the role of cluster head. Cluster head acts as a channel coordinator. The channel resources are managed and distributed by channel coordinators. These coordinators can be ordinary nodes that are selected to perform the duty, or they can be specialized nodes. The channel is provided to the nodes in the network for their transmission needs by these channel coordinators. iii. Dynamic Channel Allocation The channel controllers continuously monitor the power level in all the available channels in the network and assess the availability of the channels by comparing the measured power levels with a threshold. If the load on the channel controller increases beyond capacity, provided that the measured power level is low enough, the channel coordinator starts using an additional channel with the lowest power level measurement. Once the channel coordinator starts using the channel, its transmission increases the power level measurement of that channel for nearby controllers, which in turn prevents them from accessing the same channel. Similarly, as the local network load decreases, controllers that do not need some channels stop the transmissions in that channel, making it available for other

6 controllers. In this dynamic channel allocation algorithm, channel coordinators react to the increasing local network load by increasing their share of bandwidth. iv. Multi Path Load Balanced Routing The active nodes can continuously monitor the load of the channel coordinators and switch from heavily loaded coordinators to the ones with available resources. These nodes can detect the depletion of the channels at the coordinator and shift their load to the other coordinators with more available resources. The resources vacated by the nodes that switch can be used for other nodes that do not have access to any other channel coordinators. This increases the total number of nodes that access the channel and hence increases the service rate and the throughput. Along with load balancing algorithm, an ad-hoc on demand distance vector multi path routing algorithm is used to control channel utilization through dynamically selected channel coordinators. CONCLUSION Dynamic channel allocation scheme can be implemented in MANET by using a MAC protocol DCA-TRACE with spectrum sensing. This approach can work well under non-uniform load distribution because it provides flexible channel allocation in a network. This scheme uses carrier sensing of existing packets and does not increase any communication overhead in a network. It provides 20% to 35% performance Improvement with respect to throughput, energy consumption and transmission rate. Thus dynamic channel allocation scheme with multiple channel assignment to any nodes of a network as per needed provides much better performance in a MANET. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual efforts but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals, elders and friends. We thank Department of Information Science and Engineering, RVCE for their constant support and encouragement. REFERENCES [01] Bora Karaoglu, Wendi Heinzelman,, A Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme Using Spectrum Sensing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, IEEE Ad hoc and Sensor Networking Symposiu, Dec [02] Katzela and M. Naghshineh,, Channel Assignment Schemes for Cellular Mobile

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