Research Methods. Types of Research. Descriptive Research. Example: Types of research. Developmental research designs. Ethics

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1 Research Methods Types of research Developmental research designs Ethics 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 1 Types of Research Descriptive Correlational Experimental 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 2 Descriptive Research Example: How do adolescents spend their time? 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 3

2 People with whom adolescents spend their time (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1994) Friends Alone Family Others Classmates 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 4 Example: Correlational Research Are children s friendships related to their relationships with siblings? 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 5 Becoming a sibling Sibling interaction at 6 months 14 months Peer play quality.44*.47* Fantasy play.25.51* (Kramer & Gottman, 1992) 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 6

3 Interpretation affective experience emotional support working through issues particular child characteristics 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 7 Example: Experimental Research Does drawing improve children s memory for an event? 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 8 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 9

4 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 10 The Effects of Drawing on Memory Performance (Butler et al, 1995) RECALL 5 0 NO DRAW DRAW 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 11 Measures Independent variable: drawing vs telling alone Dependent variable: memory performance 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 12

5 The Effects of Drawing on Memory Performance (Butler et al, 1995) Tell Draw 0 Free Recall Direct? 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 13 Developmental Designs Cross-sectional Longitudinal Sequential Microgenetic 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs Children s Memory for Medical Emergencies: 2 Years Later 80 % Accuracy Injury Hospital Age in Years Peterson, /23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 15

6 Mean % Mean Percent of Relevant Components Recalled at 2 years Injury Hospital Age in Years 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 16 Cross-sectional Cheap and fast tells little about how change occurs cohort effects 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 17 Longitudinal see patterns of change subjects are own control expensive high drop out rates practice effects how to assess same behavior at different ages other events cloud conclusions 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 18

7 Prosocial Development from 7 to Internalized Law Hedonistic, selffocused Age in Years (Eisenberg et al, 1995) 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 19 Cross-sequential same strength and weaknesses as longitudinal, just not as striking less time, less $ 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 20 Microgenetic target process of change 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 21

8 Infant Locomotion (Adolph, 1997) 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 22 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 23 Strategies on Safe and Risky Declines 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 24

9 Microgenetic Expensive High drop out rates Practice effects/boring 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 25 Are you doing all you can to stimulate your infant s development? 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 26 The Objectives of Babyscapes Faciliate parent-child bonding Provide multi-sensory learning Increase attention span 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 27

10 Experimental Design Random assignment random sampling rare representative sampling Selection bias Subject variables Differential mortality 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 28 Ethics: Selected Issues Do no harm! Informed consent Confidentiality Obtain necessary assistance Beneficial treatments 1/23/00 Developmental Research Methods and Designs 29

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