PORT OF TRELLEBORG, PORT OF HELSINKI

Transcription

1 CLEANSHIP Clean Baltic Sea Shipping Task 4.5 Port Reception Facilities for Ship-generated Sewage PORT OF TRELLEBORG, PORT OF HELSINKI Funding Scheme: Collaborative Project Start date of project: 01/04/2011 Duration: 18 months

2 DOCUMENT INFORMATION Task 4.5 PORT RECEPTION FACILITIES FOR SHIP-GENERATED SEWAGE Author(s): Issuing entity: JOSEFIN MADJIDIAN, AINO RANTANEN Port of Trelleborg and Port of Helsinki Document Code: CLEANSHIP TASK 4.5 Contributing Partners / Authors PORTS OF STOCKHOLM, PORT OF TURKU / MARKKU ALAHÄME, GUN RUDEBERG Pages 44 Figures 12 Tables 14 Annexes 0 CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page ii

3 Disclaimer This publication is part of the Clean Baltic Sea Shipping project and it is subjected to the publicity rules of the Baltic Sea Programme While the information contained in the documents is believed to be accurate, the author(s) or any other participant in the CLEANSHIP make no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including, but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Neither CLEANSHIP nor any of its members, their officers, employees or agents shall be responsible or liable in negligence or otherwise howsoever in respect of any inaccuracy or omission herein. Without derogating from the generality of the foregoing neither CLEANSHIP nor any of its partners, their officers, employees or agents shall be liable for any direct or indirect or consequential loss or damage caused by or arising from any information advice or inaccuracy or omission herein. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page iii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... iv LIST OF TABLES... vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS /GLOSSARY... vii Introduction Eutrophication State of the Baltic Sea IMO regulations and HELCOM measures MARPOL Annex IV EU directive 2000/59 EC HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan No Special Fee Common No Special Fee system for the Baltic Sea region ports? Sewage Port capacity to receive sewage Management practice in the port Cruise and ferry ports IMO GISIS - Global Integrated Shipping Information System Capacity of the municipality to receive sewage Municipal waste water treatment vs. onboard treatment Case studies Port of Helsinki, Finland Port reception facilities - general Capacity and technical issues Port of Helsinki waste water study in summer Amount and quality of received waste waters Amounts and measuring Composition and sampling Combating odour problems - H 2 S Pricing CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page iv

5 4.1.7 Challenges and future issues Port of Trelleborg, Sweden Port reception facilities - general Capacity and technical issues Amount of received waste waters Pricing Challenges Port of Turku, Finland Port reception facilities - general Capacity and technical issues Amount of received waste waters Pricing Ports of Stockholm, Sweden Port reception facilities general Capacity and technical issues Waste water received in Port of Stockholm Amount of waste water Composition and sampling Pricing Challenges References CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page v

6 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 AMOUNTS FROM INDIVIDUAL PUMPINGS IN SUMMER 2012, PORT OF HELSINKI (PASSENGER SHIPS IN WEST HARBOUR).. 17 TABLE 2 AMOUNTS FROM INDIVIDUAL PUMPINGS IN SUMMER 2012, PORT OF HELSINKI (CRUISE SHIPS IN WEST HARBOUR, HERNESAARI) TABLE 3 AMOUNTS FROM INDIVIDUAL PUMPINGS IN SUMMER 2012, PORT OF HELSINKI (RORO AND ROPAX IN VUOSAARI)...18 TABLE 4 WASTE WATER ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR PASSENGER SHIPS IN PORT OF HELSINKI SOUTH HARBOUR AND THE COMPARISON SAMPLES FROM TURKU TABLE 5 RESULTS FROM PASSENGER SHIP SAMPLING IN SEPTEMBER 2012, SEPARATE FOR BLACK AND GREY WATERS TABLE 6 WASTE WATER ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR CRUISE SHIP IN PORT OF HELSINKI IN AUGUST TABLE 7 WASTE WATER ANALYSIS RESULTS IN VUOSAARI, PORT OF HELSINKI, MAY-JUNE TABLE 8 GENERAL LIMIT VALUES FOR PARAMETERS THAT CAN AFFECT THE SEWER PIPING SYSTEM, MUNICIPALITY OF TRELLEBORG TABLE 9 GENERAL LIMIT VALUES FOR METALS, MUNICIPALITY OF TRELLEBORG..27 TABLE 10 GENERAL LIMIT VALUES FOR METALS, MUNICIPALITY OF TURKU..29 TABLE 11 SHIP CALLS TO PORTS OF STOCKHOLM IN TABLE 12 AMOUNT OF SEWAGE RECEIVED IN PORTS OF STOCKHOLM IN TABLE 13 SAMPLINGS OF BLACK AND GREY WATER FROM FERRIES IN 2009 AS PART OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, PORTS OF STOCKHOLM 35 TABLE 14 RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENT. THE WASTE WATER COMPOSITION WAS ANALYZED AND COMPARED TO A BENCHMARK VALUE FOR INCOMING WASTE WATER TO THE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS 36 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 THE EUTROPHICATION STATUS OF THE BALTIC SEA..3 FIGURE 2 THE THREE HARBOURS OF THE PORT OF HELSINKI FIGURE 3 HOSES AND CONNECTIONS, PORT OF HELSINKI FIGURE 4 RECEIVED WASTE WATERS IN PORT OF HELSINKI. AMOUNTS FROM VUOSAARI ARE MEASURED, AMOUNTS FROM PASSENGER AND CRUISE SHIPS ARE BASED ON INFORMATION FROM VESSELS FIGURE 5 THE FOUR CORRIDORS OF THE PORT OF TRELLEBORG, CONNECTING SOUTHERN SWEDEN TO EUROPE. 23 FIGURE 6 PRF PUMPING STATION IN PORT OF TRELLEBORG 24 FIGURE 7 PRF HOSES IN PORT OF TRELLEBORG. 26 FIGURE 8 THE AMOUNT OF SEWAGE PER YEAR DISCHARGED FROM TWO REGULAR RORO FERRIES SERVING TRELLEBORG- SASSNITZ AND TRELLEBORG-ROSTOCK. 27 FIGURE 9 THE AMOUNT OF SEWAGE PER YEAR DISCHARGED FROM PASSENGER FERRIES SERVING TURKU - STOCKHOLM..29 FIGURE 10 THE PORTS OF STOCKHOLM AND HINTERLAND CONNECTIONS...30 FIGURE 11 VARIETY OF COUPLINGS PROVIDED IN THE PORTS OF STOCKHOLM.. 32 FIGURE 12 AMOUNT OF WASTE WATER RECEIVED IN PORT OF STOCKHOLM M 3 )...33 CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page vi

7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS /GLOSSARY AWTS - Advanced Waste Water Treatment Plants BASP - Baltic Sea Action Plan BSR Baltic Sea Region BSSSC - Baltic Sea States Subregional Co-operation CBSS - Council of the Baltic Sea States EU European Union H 2 S Hydrogen Sulphide HELCOM Helsinki Commission HSY - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority IMO - International Maritime Organisation GISIS - Global Integrated Shipping Information System MEPC Marine Environment Protection Committee MSD - Marine Sanitation Device N Nitrogen NSF No Special Fee P - Phosphorous PRF - Port Reception Facility WWTP - Waste Water Treatment Plant CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page vii

8 Introduction Eutrophication is regarded as the most severe threat to the Baltic Sea, affecting the structure and functioning of the marine ecosystem. Shipping contributes to the eutrophication through nitrogen air emissions, sewage and waste pollution, and, as a result, the maritime transport system needs to be optimised to meet the demands of a sustainable development. The problem has been addressed by the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BASP), by the five point action plan of the Baltic Sea States Subregional Co-operation (BSSSC), as well as by the endorsement of the Baltic Sea EU strategy through the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS). The ship-borne nitrogen load represents approximately 0.04% of the total nitrogen load, and the phosphorus load represents approximately 0.3% of the total phosphorus load both into the Baltic Sea area and into the Gulf of Finland (Hänninen and Sassi 2009). Rather, the main nutrient load from ships into the Baltic Sea is derived from waterborne inputs and atmospheric deposition (6%, equal to around ton/year of the total atmospheric deposition of nitrogen). On the other hand, discharge of sewage into the water gives direct input of nutrients to e.g. growing algea. As the nutrient load from ships is much easier to reduce, when compared to the atmospheric emissions or nutrient inputs from land-based sources, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has decided that from 2016 all new passenger and cruise ships are not allowed to release their sewage into the sea (MARPOL Convention Annex IV). From 2018, the same ban will apply to the rest of the passenger and cruise ships travelling in the Baltic Sea. As a part of a clean shipping strategy, within the Clean Baltic Sea Shipping (CLEANSHIP) project, a report concerning port sewage reception facilities is included; The aim of this report is 1) to create a common understanding on technical and operational aspects on sewage delivery to Port Reception Facilities (PRFs), 2) to suggest constructive solutions for functional and effective system for delivery, reception and treatment of sewage from passenger ships, using four case ports, 3) to discuss international and national regulations and policies and lift the economical perspective of providing adequate PRFs in a port. 1.1 Eutrophication Eutrophication could be described as an ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through e.g. fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system. In marine waters, nitrogen is more commonly the key limiting nutrient, while phosphorous is the key limiting nutrient in freshwaters. Several ecological effects can arise from stimulating primary production, whereof three result in particularly troubling ecological impacts: decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and toxicity effects. The high nutrient concentrations stimulate the growth of algae which leads to imbalanced functioning of the system; algal blooms limit the sunlight available to bottom-dwelling organisms and cause wide swings in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Oxygen is required by all aerobically respiring plants and animals and it is replenished CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 1

9 in daylight by photosynthesizing plants and algae. Under eutrophic conditions, dissolved oxygen greatly increases during the day, but is greatly reduced after dark by the respiring algae and by microorganisms that feed on the increasing mass of dead algae. When dissolved oxygen levels decline to hypoxic levels, fish and other marine animals suffocate. As a result, benthic organisms such as fish, shrimp, and especially immobile bottom dwellers die off, increasing the excess of organic matter further. In extreme cases, anaerobic conditions follow, promoting growth of bacteria, such as Clostridium botulinum, that produces toxins deadly to birds and mammals. Zones where this occurs are known as dead zones. Moreover, in these anoxic zones organic matter, nutrients and also hazardous substances bound to sediments are released back to the water column causing intensified internal loading and circulation of toxic material. 1.2 State of the Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea area, about km², comprises the Baltic Sea proper, plus the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, and the entrance to the Baltic Sea bounded by the parallel of the Skaw in the Skagerrak. It is the world s second largest brackish water basin and ecologically unique, with the species populating the Baltic Sea living on the edge of their salinity tolerance limits (high or low). Moreover, due to its narrow straits the circulation time of water is long. As a result, the Baltic Sea is highly sensitive to the environmental impacts resulting from human activities in its catchment area. During the last ~100 years, the Baltic Sea has changed from an oligotrophic clearwater sea into a eutrophic marine environment (Elmgren 2001) (Fig. 1a and b). Indeed, the Baltic Sea holds the world s largest and growing human-induced dead zone (Conley et al. 2009), an effect of the adding of 20 million tones of nitrogen and 2 million tones of phosphorous over the past 50 years (Gustafsson et al. 2012). About 75% of the nitrogen load and at least 95% of the phosphorus load enter the Baltic Sea via rivers or as direct waterborne discharges. About 25% of the nitrogen load comes as atmospheric deposition. Another cause for increased nutrient levels in the sea, especially in the case of phosphorus, is the internal load ; phosphorus reserves accumulated in the sediments of the sea bed are released back to the water under anoxic conditions. Neither this internal load, nor the amount of nitrogen fixed by cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, is considered in the overview of total loads to the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2007). In a model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea, researchers have found that eutrophication, and thus anoxic conditions, will be more severe in warmer climates, spurred by increased runoff of nutrients, reduced oxygen flux from the atmosphere to the ocean due to increased temperature, and intensified internal nutrient cycle (Meier et al. 2011). CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 2

10 a) b) Figure 1. a) The eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea based on average, data for at 110 assessment units in the Baltic Sea. The assessments are based on an integration of the results from core set indicators on nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations, chlorophyll a concentrations, water transparency and zoobenthos communities using the HELCOM Eutrophication Assessment Tool (HEAT). The interpolated map has been produced in three steps: 1) the integrated status of coastal assessment units have been interpolated along the shores, 2) the integrated status of open sea basins have been interpolated and 3) the coastal and open interpolations have been combined using a smoothing function. The larger circles indicate the status of open sea assessment units and the smaller circles that of the coastal assessment units (from HELCOM). b) Cyanobacteria cover the Baltic Sea in green slime, spurred by flows of nitrogen and phosphorous (from ENVISAT/ESA). 2 IMO regulations and HELCOM measures In general, the regulations for shipping can be divided into the following levels: - International regulations and conventions (MARPOL) - Regional conventions (Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), EU directives) - National legislation - Local regulations and recommendations CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 3

11 National legislations that regulate the prevention of pollution from ships in the Baltic countries are based on the content of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention and all Baltic Sea countries are parties to this Convention. Since many of the international regulations don t apply to ports before they are part of the national legislation ports may have slightly different legislation. 2.1 MARPOL Annex IV MARPOL Convention Annex IV - Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships, entered into force 27 September Annex IV contains a set of regulations regarding the discharge of sewage into the sea from ships, including regulations regarding the ships' equipment and systems for the control of sewage discharge, the provision of facilities at ports and terminals for the reception of sewage, and requirements for survey and certification. According to the current Annex IV, the discharge of sewage into the sea is allowed if a ship is discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage at a distance of more than three nautical miles from the nearest land. Other sewage can be discharged at a distance of >12 nautical miles from the nearest land. This because it is generally considered that on the high seas, the oceans are capable of assimilating and dealing with raw sewage through natural bacterial action. In July 2011 IMO (MEPC 62) approved the most recent amendments to MARPOL Annex IV, entered into force on 1 January The amendments introduce the Baltic Sea as a special area under Annex IV and add new discharge requirements for passenger ships while in a special area; discharge of sewage into the sea from passenger ships will be prohibited unless the ship uses an approved sewage treatment plant, capable of reducing nutrients on board, according to established concentration standards. Alternatively, untreated sewage could be delivered to a PRF. From 2015 all new passenger and cruise ships are not allowed to release their sewage into the sea (MARPOL Convention Annex IV). From 2018, the same ban will apply to the rest of the passenger and cruise ships travelling in the Baltic Sea. The revised Annex applies to new ships engaged in international voyages of 400 gross tonnage and above or which are certified to carry more than 15 persons. The Baltic Sea Special Area will enter into effect when the Baltic Sea Countries via HELCOM notify IMO that adequate port reception facilities for sewage in their passenger ports are available. 2.2 EU directive 2000/59 EC At another level, the countries in the Baltic Sea region must comply to EU-regulations regarding PRFs. Directive 2000/59/EC 1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2000 on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues pursues the same aim as the 73/78 MARPOL Convention on the prevention of pollution by ships, which all the Member States have signed. However, in contrast to the Convention, which regulates discharges by ships at sea, the Directive focuses on 1 There will be a revision of this directive, probably during CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 4

12 ship operations in European Union (EU) ports. It addresses in detail the legal, financial and practical responsibilities of the different operators involved in delivery of shipgenerated waste and cargo residues. The EU Directive 2000/59 requires Member States to ensure adequate PRF solutions and handling plans, including mandatory delivery for ship generated waste, advance waste notification, a fee system (functioning as an incentive not to discharge into sea) and inspections. This Directive is being updated. Article 8 of the Directive regards fees for ship-generated waste and in short says that the costs of port reception facilities shall be covered through the collection of a fee from ships, that such a fee should follow the polluter pays principle, that these costs shall include the treatment and disposal of the waste, and that the collection of the fee is for Member States to ensure. Importantly, the cost recovery systems for using PRF shall provide no incentive for ships to discharge their waste into the sea. Moreover, the part of the costs which is not covered by the indirect fee, if any, shall be covered on the basis of the types and quantities of ship-generated waste actually delivered by the ship, and a port may give reduction from fees if the ship s environmental management, design, equipment and operation are such that it produces reduced quantities of waste. Naturally, the amount of the fees and the basis on which they have been calculated should be made clear for the port users. The indirect fee (sometimes incorporated into the port dues or as a separate waste fee) is for some ports called the No Special Fee (Scandinavia), Mandatory Fee" (some UK ports) or Sanitary Fee (Poland). Article 9 of the Directive allows to exempt ships engaged in scheduled traffic with frequent and regular port calls from the payment of fees (as well as from notification and delivery) provided there is sufficient evidence of delivery of sewage and payment of fees in a port along the ship s route. 2.3 HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Baltic Sea Action Plan (BASP) has identified eutrophication as one of the single greatest threats to the Baltic Sea and subsequently one of four main issues that must be dealt with in order to improve the health of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2009). BSAP has set strategic goals for its member states, objectives which, when obtained, will classify this area of water as maintaining a good ecological/environmental status (HELCOM 2009). According to the HELCOM BSAP, the maximum allowable total amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) that each member state is allowed to emit into the Baltic while still maintaining good status is tonnes (t) of N and t P (HELCOM 2005). The annual average amounted to t N and t P, therefore calling for reductions of t P and t N respectively (HELCOM 2005). The Contracting States to HELCOM undertake to ensure that PRFs in all relevant ports and terminals are provided for the reception of sewage, without causing delay to ships, adequate to meet the needs of the passenger ships using them, in relation to the designation of the Baltic Sea as a special area under Annex IV of MARPOL, by 2015 at the latest. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 5

13 The regional work of HELCOM supports the global regulation work carried out within IMO No Special Fee In HELCOM Recommendation 28E/10, guidelines for the establishment of a harmonised fee system for delivery of ship generated wastes to PRFs can be found. The No Special Fee system (NSF) is supposed to function as an incentive for shipping companies to discharge their sewage and garbage onshore. According to the HELCOM NSF-system, a fee covering the cost of reception, handling and final disposal of shipgenerated wastes is levied on the ship irrespective of whether or not ship-generated wastes are actually delivered. The fee should be included in the harbour fee or otherwise charged to the ship. The NSF-system should be applied in all Baltic Sea ports to oily wastes from machinery spaces, sewage and garbage, as well as litter caught in fishing nets. A ship may be exempted to pay if it is engaged in regular services and if it can ensure that the disposal requirements are met. As for today, this means that all regular service ships could be exempted for paying if either discharging their sewage at another port or at sea at a distance of >12 nautical miles from the nearest land. An interim guidance to facilitate the work on upgrading reception facilities for sewage in passenger ports of the Baltic Sea has recently been completed, with the help of the Cooperation Platform on Port Reception Facilities in the Baltic Sea established in 2010 (representatives of Baltic Sea passenger ports, shipping industry, national administrations and agencies of the coastal countries as well as municipal waste water treatment plants). By identifying concrete and specific challenges it provides an intermediate step toward providing adequate PRF capacity in the region by 2015 according to the decision of IMO MEPC 62 in 2011 and HELCOM Commitments. This guide will thus function as a step towards updating IMO regulations of MARPOL Annex IV to include a harmonized system of NSF for BSR Common No Special Fee system for the Baltic Sea region ports? Today the countries around the Baltic Sea apply the NSF-system in different ways, as both the Directive from EU as well as the recommendations from HELCOM allows free understanding. A resultant dilemma is for example competitive disadvantage for ports applying NSF to a 100%. In Sweden, all ports must comply with the NSF-system, independent of volumes or discharge at last port of call. According to the Swedish Transport Agency, Sweden wishes to change its NSF-system to one resembling that used in e.g. Danish ports, where the NSF only includes waste from the last port of call. In Finland the NSF-system is 100% for all wastes, but not e.g. for >40 m3 sludge. In Germany, a reverse model of the indirect fee system has been implemented, i.e. a direct charge with the possibility of reclaiming the cost, or part of it, after delivery (EMSA 2012). On the other hand, in countries applying a direct fee on discharge of sewage, ships tend not to discharge sewage, and in turn it becomes meaningless for a port to go for building/updating PRFs. For a common 100% NSF- CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 6

14 system, based on gross tonnage of ships, in the ports of the Baltic Sea region, data on the amount of potential sewage from all types of ships needs to be counted and analysed. In the best of worlds, this amount would then be more evenly distributed between ports of the Baltic Sea region, naturally, also depending on what kind of traffic calls a port. There are several issues that must be tackled before a common NSF-system in the Baltic Sea region can be feasible. One crucial issue is the definition of what the characteristics of sewage included in NSF should be, and in turn, what fractions of sewage could be charged separately according to the polluter pays principle. For example, how should water from SO x scrubbers or ballast water be treated? Another related issue is the national and regional regulations regarding what sewage may consist of to be accepted in the municipal waste water treatment plants; these differences must be taken into account when defining sewage for NSF. It is of importance for a port to know what would happen when a waste water treatment plant rejects to receive sewage from a ship, e.g. as a result of exceeding amounts of much metal or H 2 S. As a result, compatibility between municipal waste water treatment demands on sewage composition and the composition of sewage from ships should be studied in more detail, if feasible on a port-by port basis. Also, solutions to the treatment of sewage containing atypical substances should be sought for in cooperation between shipping, ports and municipal treatment plants. In the interim guidance to HELCOM, two of the outstanding issue related to sewage composition was that there is a need for an agreement on parameters for sewage composition and also a unified sampling methodology. The diversity of ports and ships conceivably necessitates several sewage categories, including set standards of composition and sampling of grey water, black water and a mix of the two. Another reflection is that a 100% NSF-system does not provide incentives for waste minimization on board ships. On the other hand, a ship s port fee may be reduced if the ship s environmental management, design, equipment and operation are such that the ship produces reduced quantities of waste. 3 Sewage Sewage discharges from ships disappear quicker from the water surface than oil and chemical spillage, but are harmful in other ways. Human sewage can, apart from nutrients, for example contain enteric bacteria, pathogens, diseases, viruses and eggs of parasites. The composition of sewages to PRFs depends on ship type, sailing distance and number of passengers. Typical black water sewage (toilet) on cruise ships and ferries consist of nutrients (P and N) heavy metals hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) pre-screening and bio-residue materials used on cruise ships. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 7

15 Grey water (household) also contains pollutants such as detergents, oil, grease, pesticides and heavy metals. Excess of H 2 S not only causes odour, health risks, corrosion of pipe lines, but also reduced efficiency of waste water treatment plants. It is produced under anoxic conditions during long time storage of waste water. Because cruise ships often use an onboard aerobic waste water treatment plant which does not promote H 2 S-formation, the formation of H 2 S is mainly a problem for ferries. On the other hand, ferries generally have short voyages, and could discharge sewage at every call. In MARPOL Annex IV sewage is defined as: - drainage and other wastes from any form of toilet and urinals; - drainage from medical premises via wash basins, wash tubs and scuppers located in such premises; - drainage from spaces containing living animals; or - other waste waters when mixed with drainages. Moreover, sewage sludge and bio-residues from on board Advanced Waste Water Treatment Plants (AWTS) and Marin Sanitation Devices (MSD) falls under the MARPOL definition of sewage. This type of sewage is of higher viscosity and usually consists of 1-3% solids as well as various polymers and coagulants used in solid separation. Because municipal waste water treatment plants are foremost designed to receive waste water from households and primary for reducing nutrients, it is probable that some sewage from ships will not be accepted in municipal waste water treatment plants. In such instances the sewage must be treated as industrial waste or any alternative manner, which is a more costly alternative. The cost should be levied on the ship following the polluter pays principle. Separate on-board drainage of black and grey water from that of other types of waste water would enable municipal treatment of a large share of ship sewage. Many ships do already separate these. It s also good to notice that grey water can be of various quality, grey water from the ships laundry is very different to grey water from the ships galley. 3.1 Port capacity to receive sewage At least 210 PRFs are provided in ports located around the Baltic Sea ( however, these are very diverse and the passenger traffic volume and size of passenger ships visiting often set the stage. Many of these facilities need to be upgraded in order to comply with the new MARPOL Annex IV regulation for the Baltic Sea, which will enter into force when the HELCOM countries have notified IMO that adequate PRFs for sewage are available in their passenger ports. Each country undertakes to ensure that: - facilities for the reception of sewage are provided in ports and terminals which are in a special area and which are normally used by ships in normal traffic; CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 8

16 - the facilities are adequate to meet the needs of those passenger ships; and - the facilities are operated so as not to cause undue delay to those passenger ships. Thus, to achieve adequacy, the PRFs shall be capable of receiving the types and quantities of ship-generated waste and cargo residues from ships normally using that port, taking into account the operational needs of the users of the port, the size and the geographical location of the port, the type of ships calling at that port, etc. Adequate port reception facilities should meet the needs of users, from the largest merchant ship to the smallest recreational craft, and of the environment, without causing undue delay to the ships using them. In some of the countries the costs for upgrading of the port s and the municipality sewage reception systems are regarded as high and becoming principal obstacle for the implementation of the HELCOM and IMO strategy for BALTIC SEA REGION. In short, in large ports, situated in smaller municipalities, further investments may have to be supported through federal aid in respective country, to facilitate mandatory sewage delivery, while in ports situated in larger municipalities, with existing sewerage and large waste water treatment plants there is less concern. According to the information collected in CLEANSHIP task 3.2, all ports interviewed (16) either have sufficient PRF infrastructure or are in the planning phase to build PRFs or introduce tank trucks or barges. One obstacle is, however, whether the existing and planned infrastructure will be sufficient if/when a common agreement within the NSF-system on minimum volume and pumping capacity will come to place. For example, the cruise industry has requested a pumping capacity of m 3 /h and the ferry industry of 200 m 3 /h. On the other hand, most vessels cannot pump 100 m3/h and it would be impossible to pump thick black water at such speeds. Furthermore, if more ports offer PRFs, the less one single port has to be able to take Management practice in the port The management of PRFs in Baltic Sea region ports is of great diversity; Direct pumping to waste water treatment plant situated in the port, pumping to municipal treatment plant through municipal sewer system, or using tank trucks to the municipal treatment plant. Dimensions for a standard discharge connection between the port PRF and the ship s discharge pipeline can be found in MARPOL Annex IV (table in Regulation 11). Two important matters are the pumping capacity (flow) and the capacity to receive sewage (total volume), as it is important to ensure that the capacity in the port is large enough, so that use of the facilities does not cause undue delay to the ships discharging sewage. There is a need to agree between the Baltic Sea region countries concerning pumping capacity. When ports provide information of flow and volume capacity single ships can plan their onshore discharge better. At the same time, it is recommended that ships should notify ports when they intend to discharge sewage, including what volumes, 24 hours before arrival or at the latest when departing previous port. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 9

17 The composition of the waste water is also an important matter as the municipal waste water treatment plant might oppose to receive waste water if it does not meet local requirements. Ships may discharge different kind of sewage, some ships for example separate black and grey water, while others mix these fractions (treated as black water). As a result, sewage being pumped from a ship can either be liquid or with higher viscosity, and contain more or less clogging material (e.g. grease), which, in turn, results in differing pumping speed and maintenance issues of pipes. On the other hand, sewage usually has a constant composition depending on if the ship has a vacuum black water system or not, while grey water from the galley can be much more clogging due to grease and oil content. It is important that temporal/maintenance problems of a PRF can be dealt with, so that alternative reception facilities can be arranged; Planning for emergency situations should form part of a port s operations. IMO has a revised consolidated format for reporting alleged inadequacy of port reception facilities Cruise and ferry ports Cruise ships and ferries have very different conditions both considering the amount and the quality of sewage discharged. Cruises are planned several years in advance, and create large volumes of sewages, although it should be mentioned that also cruise ships vary in size. Cruise ships are also often equipped with advanced own waste water treatment plants, creating sewage sludge, the content of which further depends on what kind of onboard treatment is used (different varieties of AWTS or MSD). Best practice for discharge of sewage from cruise ships would be direct discharge of sewage from the ships to the municipal sewer systems at quays where the ships berth, but tank trucks with sufficient capacity could also be considered adequate depending on the size of the ship. The cruise industry has expressed their view of PRF adequacy to the Cooperation Platform on Port Reception Facilities in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM) where the wish is the existence of direct shore-side connections with port discharge capacity of m 3 per hour, port capacity to receive m 3 sewage per cruise ship, and possibility to discharge 270 m 3 of sewage sludge per ship. Ferries usually leave the sewage ashore daily and do not have advanced onboard treatment system. Further, ferries are often subject to extremely short turnaround times, although some stay in port all day. The expressed needs from the ferry industry, regarding adequateness of PRFs include direct shore-side connections, port discharge capacity of 200 m 3 /h, and PRF availability at all berths IMO GISIS - Global Integrated Shipping Information System Currently every Baltic Sea region port has some kind of PRF. General obligations under each of the regulations listed previously also state that Parties should communicate information on their PRFs to the International Maritime Organization (IMO). To this end, the IMO has established the Port Reception Facilities Database (PRFD) within its Global Integrated Ship Information System (GISIS). The PRFD relies on up-to-date information being provided by port States. Port State authorities are CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 10

18 encouraged to regularly seek accurate and up to date information from reception facility operators and port authorities and to maintain entries on the PRFD. Reception facility operators and port authorities should also be pro-active in communicating updated information to port State authorities. Stakeholders can use the Port Reception Facilities Database (PRFD) on the GISIS website to disseminate the current information on PRFs to the maritime community on a global basis through the Internet. On the PRF module is possibly to find precise information regarding reception facilities in all ports, e.g. waste category the facility is intended for, type of facility, discharge quantity, availability of the reception facility (working hours), charging system, even alleged inadequacies and service provider details. However, the database on port reception facilities database needs to be updated. The IMO-GISIS portal should further be used to enter temporary reductions of PRF capacity by either the Port State (if notified by the port itself) or by the flag state of the ship. In the case of temporary reduction in PRF capacity the port should make best efforts to inform all ships scheduled to call at the port for the expected duration of the non-available PRF. 3.2 Capacity of the municipality to receive sewage An essential part of the PRF chain is the municipal waste water treatment plant. Ports and municipalities are therefore encouraged to cooperate fully in handling ship sewage, to fulfill the HELCOM implementations of regulations, to improve their municipal capacity to receive and treat the ship sewage. It is crucial that the municipal sewer system and waste water treatment plants are in place and have adequate capacity to receive sewage deriving from its port. In the Baltic stringent nutrient limits are set out by HELCOM Recommendations 28E/5 and 28E/6, agreed upon by the Ministers of the Environment of the Baltic Sea as a part of the Baltic Sea Action plan in According to Recommendation 28E/5, effluents from waste-water treatments plants with a population equivalent of more than , discharging directly into a marine environment, should not contain more than 0.5 mg/l P (or 90% reduction) and 10 mg/l N (or % reduction). 3.3 Municipal waste water treatment vs. onboard treatment According to MARPOL Convention Annex IV, if ships do not discharge sewage onshore, it is possible to process it with an approved onboard sewage treatment plant. However, this equipment must reduce nutrient concentrations according to established concentration standards of N and P. Today, onboard treatment of sewage has one drawback, namely that it does not separate nutrients. In 2014 an IMO review will determine requirements for waste water treatment plants onboard with regards to nutrient removal. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 11

19 4 Case studies In this section the focus will be on ports in Finland and Sweden, as these countries have been using the NSF-system to a high degree. It will also embrace the differences between the countries as well as ports and thus shed light on e.g. the pricing problem. In Task 3.2 of Cleanship, a general picture of BSR ports existing PRF infrastructure can be found. 4.1 Port of Helsinki, Finland Port of Helsinki is Finland's main port, specialized in unitized cargo services. The Port of Helsinki has three harbours: West harbor (including Hernesaari), South harbour and Vuosaari (Fig. 2). The Port of Helsinki offers frequent and regular passenger lines to Stockholm, Tallinn, Gdynia, St. Petersburg, Rostock and Travemünde. Passenger traffic is served in the South Harbour and the West Harbour. The main cargo harbour is Vuosaari Harbour, which specializes in container and RoRo traffic. The Hansa Terminal in Vuosaari also serves RoPax ferries. The Port of Helsinki is also popular with international cruise tourism. The size of the visiting vessels varies from 4200 GT to GT. In 2012 there were altogether 8729 ship calls which comprised of 232 different vessels. Cargo traffic in 2012 was 10.8 million tons and regular passenger traffic 10.6 million passengers. In addition to regular liner traffic there were international cruise passengers in Figure 2. The three harbours of the Port of Helsinki. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 12

20 4.1.1 Port reception facilities - general Waste water reception in the Port of Helsinki started in 1997 in the South Harbour. The first connection was established for a regular passenger ferry to Stockholm. Now all berths in every harbour have reception facilities. Currently there is a new sewer line under construction in the West Harbour in one of the berths. Most of the regular liner traffic vessels use the reception facilities. The majority of the waste waters received at the Port of Helsinki come from passenger ships. Cargo ships generate only small amounts of waste water due to the small number of passengers and crew members Capacity and technical issues Waster waters are pumped from vessels via hoses in to the Port of Helsinki sewers and from there in to the general sewage system of the city (Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY). The receiving capacity of the reception facilities varies approximately from m3/hr depending on the solid content of the waste water. Most of the hoses connected to vessels are 10 m long sections which can be connected approximately up to 100 m. The diameter of the pipeline is 4 inches. Vessels can be offered the opportunity to discharge waste water through two hoses, allowing the vessel to discharge twice as much waste water. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 13

21 Figure 3. Hoses and connections, Port of Helsinki. There are sewers in all of the quays in all of the three harbours. All sewers are pressure sewers. The sewer pipes are mainly plastic pressure pipes. Vuosaari cargo harbour has a separate pre-treatment unit in which waste waters are treated before pumped further to the municipal sewer. The purpose of the unit is odour removal. There are possibilities for aeration and chemical treatment (lye, sodium hydroxide). The treatment unit has an automatic flow measurement system. Waste waters are treated in Viikinmäki waste water treatment plant in Helsinki. The plant is operated by Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY. The waste water treatment process employed at the Viikinmäki plant is based on the activated sludge method and includes three phases: mechanical, biological and chemical treatment. Nitrogen removal has been enhanced with a biological filter that utilises denitrification bacteria. The organic matter contained in the sludge produced in the waste water treatment process is exploited by digesting the sludge, and the biogas generated in the digestion process is collected for further use. Thanks to the energy produced from biogas, the treatment plant is self-sufficient in terms of heating and about 50 per cent selfsufficient in terms of electricity. In the Viikinmäki waste water treatment plant, all solid and oxygen-consuming substances as well as 95 per cent of the phosphorus and 90 per cent of the nitrogen are removed from the waste water. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 14

22 4.1.3 Port of Helsinki waste water study in summer 2012 During summer 2012 Port of Helsinki made a small study on waste waters received from the vessels. Interviews of environmental officers or chief engineers were conducted on a total of 15 ships. Interviews dealt with vessels waste water treatment systems, duration of pumping, maximum pumping output and the usual waste water volumes discharged by the vessel per visit. Waste water samples were also taken to analyse the waste water in more detail. Samples were taken at the pumping station at Vuosaari, and on the passenger ships in the South Harbour. Another sample was taken at Hernesaari (West Harbour) on a cruise. All the environmental officers interviewed were satisfied with the waste water reception at the Port of Helsinki. Special thanks were received for the quick connection of waste water hoses and good service on the quay in general. There were some minor complaints concerning for example the layout of waste water receipts. According to the interviews, the receiving capacity in the port is sufficient and there is no need to increase it at the moment. According to the interviews, the maximum pumping output was about 120 m 3 /h. The majority of the black water pumped at the Port of Helsinki comes from passenger ships (passenger ferries). During the survey in summer 2012 many of the surveyed international cruise ships discharged very little or hardly any black water at the Port of Helsinki. They mainly discharge pre-treated water. The majority of the cruise ships have waste water treatment plants on board.. Cargo ships generate only small amounts of black water due to the small number of passengers and crew members Amount and quality of received waste waters Amounts and measuring Received waste waters are continuously measured in Vuosaari cargo harbour. In South and West harbour there are no fixed flow measurement systems. Individual measurements of the pumped amounts were made in summer During the survey the amounts pumped per vessels visit varied from 50m³ to 1000 m³. The pumping capacity varied from 25 m³/h to 120 m³/h. Examples of waste water amounts received by vessel visit during individual pumpings in the summer of 2012 are presented below (tables 1-3). Table 1. Amounts from individual pumpings in summer 2012, Port of Helsinki (passenger ships in West harbour) Vessel Black water m 3 /visit Grey water m 3 /visit Black + grey m 3 /visit Pumping output, m 3 /h Frequency of visits to Helsinki Silja Every other day CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 15

23 Symphony Silja Serenade Viking Gabriella Viking Mariella Every other day Every other day Every other day Viking XPRS Twice a day Total: Vessel Black water m 3 /visit Grey water m 3 /visit Black + grey m 3 /visit Pumping output Frequency of visits to Helsinki Nordlandia Once a day Star Three times a day Superstar Three times a day Baltic Princess Once a day Total: Table 2. Amounts from individual pumpings in summer 2012, Port of Helsinki (cruise ships in West harbour, Hernesaari) Cruise ship Black water m 3 /visit Grey water m 3 /visit Black + grey m 3 /visit Pumping output, m 3 /h Norwegian Sun None Marina None Queen Victoria None Eurodam None Celebrity Constellation None Costa Luminosa None Crystal Symphony None Seven Seas Voyager None None None - Total: CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 16

24 Table 3. Amounts from individual pumpings in summer 2012, Port of Helsinki (RoRo and RoPax in Vuosaari) Vessel Black water m 3 /visit Grey water m 3 /visit Black + grey m 3 /visit Pumping output, m 3 /h Frequency of visits to Helsinki Finnmaid times a week Finnlady times a week Nordlink times a week Finnstar times a week Europalink times a week Total: The amount of received waste waters has been constantly rising during the recent years (Fig. 4). In 2011 the total amount of received waste waters from vessels was approximately m³ Vuosaari amount also includes 2 months from 2008 Figure 4. Received waste waters in Port of Helsinki. Amounts from Vuosaari are measured, amounts from Passenger and Cruise ships are based on information from vessels Composition and sampling Most of the received waste waters in Port of Helsinki are grey waters. According to the study made during summer 2012 proportions of black water of the total waste water amount varied approximately from 0 to 20 % depending on the vessel. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 17

25 Waste waters samples were taken from different vessels during summer Two samples were taken at Vuosaari, three in the South Harbour and one on a cruise ship at Hernesaari (West harbour). The samples were taken by the consulting company FCG Ltd. Samples were analysed in MetropoliLab Ltd, a testing laboratory T058 accredited by FINAS, the Finnish Accreditation Service. Samples were taken in South Harbour from two passenger vessels in regular traffic between Helsinki and Stockholm. The sampling involved three grab samples per vessels: at the beginning, middle and end of pumping. Finally, samples were mixed together into a composite sample. During the sampling, the vessel 1 pumped 170 m 3 of black water and 75 m 3 of grey water and vessel 2 pumped 120 m 3 of black and grey water mixed together. Results are presented in table 4 below. They are also compared to samples taken in Port of Turku earlier in 2011 and The table shows how much the composition of waster waters changes between vessels and also within one vessel between different pumping sessions. Table 4. Waste water analysis results for passenger ships in Port of Helsinki South harbour and the comparison samples from Turku. Passenger Vessel 1 (7/2012) Helsinki Passenger vessel 2 (7/2012) Helsinki Passenger vessel X (Turku) Passenger vessel Y (Turku) 4/2012 Passenger vessel Y (Turku) 2/2011 Waste volume Conductivity water m ms/ m ph BOD-7 ATU mg/l Total phosphorus mg/l Total nitrogen mg/l Solids mg/l Sulphate mg/l Total sulphur mg/l Grease content mg/l Greases oils and mg/l CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 18

26 The proportion of grey water of the total flow in vessel 1 waste water sample was about 31%. Of the composite sample, one third (33%) was grey water. The differences in the results may be explained by several factors: amount of passengers, amount of water used by passenger and pumping speed (the solids may exit the tank in pulses during pumping, meaning that the amount of solids in the water may be higher at certain moments). Also the high analysis results for solids and BOD-7 ATU in vessels 2 may be partly explained by the mixing of food waste to the waste water. Another sampling was made to take separate samples of grey water and black water (Vessel 3, September 2012, see table 5) Table 5. Results from passenger ship sampling in September 2012, Port of Helsinki, separate for black and grey waters. Vessel 3 Black water Grey water Conductivity ms/m ph BOD-7 ATU mg/l Total phosphorus mg/l Total nitrogen mg/l Solids mg/l Sulphate mg/l Grease content mg/l Greases and oils mg/l <0.5 <0.5 The black water sample was considerably stronger than regular municipal waste water, but its nutrient ratios were similar to those of municipal waste water. Levels were compared to limit values presented in the Industrial Waste Water Guide 2011 published by HSY and Finnish Water Utilities Association (FIWA). The grey water sample was also stronger than regular municipal waste water in terms of organic matter, but the amounts of solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in the grey water were clearly lower than in regular municipal waste water. Samples were also taken on the cruise ship in West harbour (Hernesaari). Ten partial samples were taken and combined into a composite sample. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 19

27 Table 6. Waste water analysis results for Cruise ship in Port of Helsinki in August Cruise ship Grey water Waste water volume m Conductivity ms/m 81 ph 7.4 BOD-7 ATU mg/l 28 Total phosphorus mg/l 0.97 Total nitrogen mg/l 35 Solids mg/l 21 sulphate mg/l 19 grease content mg/l 7 greases and oils mg/l <0.5 In terms of organic matter and phosphorus content, waste water from the cruise ship was clearly more diluted than regular municipal waste water. Also the solids content of the waste water was clearly lower than that of regular municipal waste water. Its nitrogen content, however, was equal to that of regular, fairly strong waste water. Composite samples were taken at Vuosaari cargo harbour pre-treatment unit in May and June 2012 (see table 7). The effects of pre-treatment on the waste water were determined by making a comparison between pre-treated and non-pre-treated samples. The sample taken on 28 May was pre-treated, and the one taken on 4 June was not. In the non-pre-treated sample, the feeding of sodium hydroxide, or lye, to the system was cut. During the measurements there was a measuring devise for H 2 S inside the pre-treatment unit facility. The results showed that the pre-treatment with lye significantly lower the levels of H 2 S in the air. Table 7. Waste water analysis results in Vuosaari, Port of Helsinki, May-June Vuosaari waste water treatment unit Average for all sampling days Average for first sampling period Average for second sampling period Flow rate m 3 /d Conductivity ms/m ph BOD-7 ATU mg/l Total phosphorus mg/l Total nitrogen mg/l CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 20

28 Solids mg/l Sulphate mg/l Grease content mg/l Waste waters received in Vuosaari are in general stronger than regular municipal waste water. Especially nitrogen levels are high.. The ph and sulphate contents of the waste water remained below general limit values set for municipal sewer systems. Vuosaari samples are quite homogenous, for they are taken further away from the ship. Thus the differences between the waste waters of different vessels are lost Combating odour problems - H 2 S Port of Helsinki has done many improvements during the recent years to combat odour problems from pumped waste waters especially in the South harbour which is situated in the very city centre of Helsinki. The absence of air and oxygen in the waste waters (anaerobic conditions) causes bacterial production of hydrogen sulphide H 2 S. It has been agreed with the ship owners that ferries in South Harbour must use pretreatment on-board (ozonisation and/or aeration, some also use Nutriox -chemical) before pumping waste waters into the Port s sewers. Sewer piping has been renovated during the years so that pressure sewers are installed everywhere. In the sewage pumping station in South harbour the ventilation has been improved and there are new, so called citycarb filters to filter the out-going air. The out-going air is also led to several meters height by an air pipe tide to a light mast. In this way the out-going air doesn t stay in the street areas. In Vuosaari Harbour the pre-treatment facility using aeration and chemical treatment significantly lowers the levels of H 2 S in the waste waters before they are pumped further to the municipal sewers Pricing Port of Helsinki receives waste waters, both black and grey, according to the NSF system without any additional costs. No extra charge is taken for the emptying of waste water into the port s sewer system. If the waste water pumped into the ports sewers would be classified completely as industrial waste water, charge will be determined separately. These waste waters can still be pumped into the sewers. The general waste management fee in Port of Helsinki is based on vessel s net tonnage and it is collected whether or not the vessel leaves any wastes to the port. A vessel in regular service can apply for an exemption from the mandatory waste delivery and waste management charges. The exemption is applied from TRAFI (Finnish Transport Safety Agency). Such exemptions may be granted on the condition that the vessel has concluded a waste management agreement with a qualified waste CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 21

29 management company or port. Large majority of the vessels visiting Port of Helsinki have been granted this exception Challenges and future issues So far the capacity of the Port s sewage systems has been seen as adequate. Capacity problems are raised more often related to the pumping capacity on the ship or the size of the hoses connected to the ship. Size of the hoses cannot have too high diameter in order them to be still manageable by man power. Vessels can be offered the opportunity to discharge waste water through two hoses. There are some challenges in measuring the amount and quality of vessel waste water. During the 2012 waste water study some technical challenges related to sampling and flow measurement were met. In parts of the harbours there were no drain well or other suitable point in the Port s sewage system, so the waste water samples were taken manually on the ships. Flow meters proved to be quite difficult to retro install, many different ways of flow measurements were tested during summer For example a band type flow measuring device and the ultrasound flow meter installed through a ball valve were tested, but did not function reliably. One challenge is that some vessels still mix part of their food waste into waste waters. This leads to heavy nutrient concentrations as well as risks for the fats to block the piping systems and sewers. Also the treatment plant wishes that no food waste would be lead into its systems. 4.2 Port of Trelleborg, Sweden Port of Trelleborg provides port- and warehousing services in the port of Trelleborg. The port is one of the major RoRo and ferry ports in Scandinavia. Since 2005, Trelleborgs Hamn AB is the owner of all port facilities including real estate. This means that the company is also responsible for investments as well as operation and maintenance of all assets. The company has two business areas: port and handling of goods. Today six ferry lines connect Trelleborg with Germany and Poland, one to Swinoujscie, one to Sassnitz, two to Rostock and two to Travemünde. In total 13 so called RoPax vessels provide the services (Fig. 5). In addition, the port handles grain, fertilizers and oil/styrene. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 22

30 Figure 5. The four corridors of the Port of Trelleborg, connecting southern Sweden to Europe Port reception facilities - general The collection of black and grey water (sewage) in the Port of Trelleborg started in 2008, when berth number 9 was built. In 2009 berth number 8 was re-built and sewage delivery was also installed. During 2012 all extant berths in the inner port (berth 2-5) were upgraded to offering sewage reception. These facilities have been built in a fashion that allows movement, as they will be moved as the port expands and builds new berths; the Port of Trelleborg must follow an environmental decree that says that for each new berth built an extant must be closed. From 2012 the Port of Trelleborg has offered all RoRo ships, i.e. regular traffic, collection of sewage onshore. At the moment the Swedish ferries of former Scandlines, now Stena Line, deliver sewage at the port. The sewage consists of a mix of black and grey water, of which the black water is roughly 20%. The German ferries use onboard treatment, but following Stena Line recommendations, these ferries will be transformed for onshore sewage delivery. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 23

31 Figure 6. PRF pumping station in Port of Trelleborg Capacity and technical issues The facilities of sewage delivery in the Port of Trelleborg function such that by each berth a pump pumps the sewage into the municipal sewer system. The pump can either be placed above or underground. Each pump station has a capacity of pumping 80 m 3 /h and also has a depository of 8 m 3, which the Port of Trelleborg has dimensioned in mutual agreement with the shipping companies serving in the port. Once the sewage has passed the pump and the depository, it is sent out in the municipal sewer system and finally to the municipal waste water treatment plant. The waste water treatment plant in Trelleborg is able to handle the sewage from ships as long as it follows the regional directions of what sewage can contain (cf. ABVA). Any new shipping company that asks for discharging onshore must send a sewage sample for content analysis and approval to use the PRFs in the port. In tables 8-9 guidelines from the municipality of Trelleborg can be found. Table 8. General limit values for parameters that can affect the sewer piping system, municipality of Trelleborg. Parameter Momentary value Damages ph, min 6.5 Risk of corrosion ph, max 10.0 Risk of corrosion CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 24

32 Conductivity 500 ms/m Risk of corrosion on steel Suspended material 40 mg/l Risk of stop Fat, separatable 100 mg/l Risk of stop Sum of NH 3 -N, NH 4 + -N 60 mg/l Risk of corrosion on concrete Mg 2 + Sum of SO 4 2-, SO 3 2-, S 2 O mg/l Risk of corrosion on concrete 400 mg/l Risk of corrosion on concrete Chloride 2500 mg/l Damage on material Sulphide 1 mg/l Risk of corrosion on concrete Table 9. General limit values for metals, municipality of Trelleborg. Parameter Formula Value of warning (mg/l) Lead Pb 0.05 Cadmium Cd Should not exist Copper Cu 0.2 Chrome, total Cr 0.05 Chrome, 6 Cr(VI) Should not exist Mercury Hg Should not exist Nickel Ni 0.05 Silver Ag 0.05 Tin Sn 0.1 Zink Zn 0.2 Cyanid, total Cn 0.2 CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 25

33 Figure 7. PRF hoses in Port of Trelleborg Amount of received waste waters Figure 8. The amount of sewage per year discharged from two regular RoRo ferries serving Trelleborg-Sassnitz and Trelleborg-Rostock. CLEANSHIP Task 4.5 Page 26