LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution

Transcription

1 LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution From Theory to Practice Second Edition Stefania Sesia ST-Ericsson, France Issam Toufik ETSI, France Matthew Baker Alcatel-Lucent, UK WILEY A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

2 Contents Editors' Biographies xxi List of Contributors xxiii Foreword xxvii Preface xxix Acknowledgements xxxi List of Acronyms xxxiii 1 Introduction and Background 1 Thomas Salzer and Matthew Baker 1.1 The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS Historical Context LTE in the Mobile Radio Landscape The Standardization Process in 3GPP Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution System Performance Requirements Deployment Cost and Interoperability Technologies for the Long Term Evolution Multicarrier Technology Multiple Antenna Technology Packet-Switched Radio Interface User Equipment Categories From the First LTE Release to LTE-Advanced From Theory to Practice.. 20 References 21

3 viii CONTENTS Part I Network Architecture and Protocols 23 2 Network Architecture 25 Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin 2.1 Introduction Overall Architectural Overview The Core Network The Access Network Roaming Architecture Protocol Architecture User Plane Control Plane Quality of Service and EPS Bearers Bearer Establishment Procedure Inter-Working with other RATs The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: SI Interface Protocol Structure over SI Initiation over SI Context Management over SI Bearer Management over SI Paging over SI Mobility over SI Load Management over SI Trace Function Delivery of Warning Messages The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface Protocol Structure over X Initiation over X Mobility over X Load and Interference Management Over X UE Historical Information Over X Summary 55 References 55 3 Control Plane Protocols 57 Himke van der Velde 3.1 Introduction Radio Resource Control (RRC) Introduction System Information Connection Control within LTE Connected Mode Inter-RAT Mobility Measurements Other RRC Signalling Aspects PLMN and Cell Selection 78

4 CONTENTS ix Introduction PLMN Selection Cell Selection Cell Reselection Paging Summary 86 References 86 4 User Plane Protocols 87 Patrick Fischer, SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun and YoungDae Lee 4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Functions and Architecture Header Compression Security Handover Discard of Data Packets PDCP PDU Formats Radio Link Control (RLC) RLC Entities RLC PDU Formats Medium Access Control (MAC) MAC Architecture MAC Functions Ill 4.5 Summary of the User Plane Protocols 120 References 120 Part II Physical Layer for Downlink Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 123 Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slock 5.1 Introduction History of OFDM Development OFDM Orthogonal Multiplexing Principle Peak-to-Average Power Ratio and Sensitivity to Non-Linearity Sensitivity to Carrier Frequency Offset and Time-Varying Channels Timing Offset and Cyclic Prefix Dimensioning OFDMA Parameter Dimensioning Physical Layer Parameters for LTE Summary 142 References 142

5 X CONTENTS 6 Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design 145 Matthew Baker 6.1 Introduction Transmission Resource Structure Signal Structure Introduction to Downlink Operation 149 References Synchronization and Cell Search 151 Fabrizio Tomatis and Stefania Sesia 7.1 Introduction Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE Zadoff-Chu Sequences Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Sequences Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Sequences Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection 161 References Reference Signals and Channel Estimation 165 Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Gorokhov 8.1 Introduction Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink Cell-Specific Reference Signals UE-Specific Reference Signals in Release UE-Specific Reference Signals in Release RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation Time-Frequency-Domain Correlation: The WSSUS Channel Model Spatial-Domain Correlation: The Kronecker Model Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation Channel Estimate Interpolation General Approach to Linear Channel Estimation Performance Comparison Time-Domain Channel Estimation Finite and Infinite Length MMSE Normalized Least-Mean-Square Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation Advanced Techniques 185 References Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels 189 Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley 9.1 Introduction Downlink Data-Transporting Channels Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH) 192

6 CONTENTS xi Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) Downlink Control Channels Requirements for Control Channel Design Control Channel Structure Physical Control Format Indicator CHannel (PCFICH) Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH) PDCCH Scheduling Process 212 References Link Adaptation and Channel Coding 215 Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesia and Issam Toufik 10.1 Introduction Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback CQI Feedback in LTE Channel Coding Theoretical Aspects of Channel Coding Channel Coding for Data Channels in LTE Channel Coding for Control Channels in LTE Conclusions 245 References Multiple Antenna Techniques 249 Thomas Salzer, David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe 11.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory Overview MIMO Signal Model Single-User MIMO Techniques Multi-User MIMO Techniques MIMO Schemes in LTE Practical Considerations Single-User Schemes Multi-User MIMO MIMO Performance Summary 276 References Multi-User Scheduling and Interference Coordination 279 Issam Toufik and Raymond Knopp 12.1 Introduction General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies Scheduling Algorithms Ergodic Capacity Delay-Limited Capacity 285

7 xii CONTENTS 12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse Inter-eNodeB Signalling to Support Downlink Frequency-Domain ICIC in LTE Inter-eNodeB Signalling to Support Uplink Frequency-Domain ICIC in LTE Static versus Semi-Static ICIC Summary 291 References Broadcast Operation 293 Himke van der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker 13.1 Introduction Broadcast Modes Overall MBMS Architecture Reference Architecture Content Provision Core Network Radio Access Network - E-UTRAN/UTRAN/GERAN and UE MBMS Interfaces MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission Physical Layer Aspects MBSFN Areas MBMS Characteristics Mobility Support UE Capabilities and Service Prioritization Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling Protocol Architecture Session Start Signalling Radio Resource Control (RRC) Signalling Aspects Content Synchronization Counting Procedure Public Warning Systems Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes Delivery by Cellular Networks Delivery by Broadcast Networks Services and Applications 313 References 314 Part III Physical Layer for Uplink Uplink Physical Layer Design 317 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 14.1 Introduction SC-FDMA Principles 318

8 CONTENTS xiii SC-FDMA Transmission Structure Time-Domain Signal Generation Frequency-Domain Signal Generation (DFT-S-OFDM) SC-FDMA Design in LTE Transmit Processing for LTE SC-FDMA Parameters for LTE d.c. Subcarrier in SC-FDMA Pulse Shaping Summary 325 References Uplink Reference Signals 327 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 15.1 Introduction RS Signal Sequence Generation Base RS Sequences and Sequence Grouping Orthogonal RS via Cyclic Time-Shifts of a Base Sequence Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning Sequence-Group Hopping Sequence-Group Planning Cyclic Shift Hopping Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) SRS Subframe Configuration and Position Duration and Periodicity of SRS Transmissions SRS Symbol Structure Summary 340 References Uplink Physical Channel Structure 343 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 16.1 Introduction Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure Scheduling on PUSCH PUSCH Transport Block Sizes Uplink Control Channel Design Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Structure Types of Control Signalling Information and PUCCH Formats Channel State Information Transmission on PUCCH (Format 2) Multiplexing of CSI and HARQ ACK/NACK from a UE on PUCCH HARQ ACK/NACK Transmission on PUCCH (Format la/lb) Multiplexing of CSI and HARQ ACK/NACK in the Same (Mixed) PUCCH RB Scheduling Request (SR) Transmission on PUCCH (Format 1) Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH ACK/NACK Repetition 367

9 xiv CONTENTS 16.6 Multiple-Antenna Techniques Closed-Loop Switched Antenna Diversity Multi-User 'Virtual' MIMO or SDMA Summary 369 References Random Access 371 Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang 17.1 Introduction Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE Random Access Procedure Contention-Based Random Access Procedure Contention-Free Random Access Procedure Physical Random Access Channel Design Multiplexing of PRACH with PUSCH and PUCCH The PRACH Structure Preamble Sequence Theory and Design PRACH Implementation UE Transmitter enodeb PRACH Receiver Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH Preamble Format Concluding Remarks 405 References Uplink Transmission Procedures 407 Matthew Baker 18.1 Introduction Uplink Timing Control Overview Timing Advance Procedure Power Control Overview Detailed Power Control Behaviour UE Power Headroom Reporting Summary of Uplink Power Control Strategies 420 References 420 Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects User Equipment Positioning 423 Karri Ranta-aho and Zukang Shen 19.1 Introduction Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning 426

10 CONTENTS xv Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) OTDOA Performance and Practical Considerations Cell-ID-based Positioning Basic CID Positioning Enhanced CID Positioning using Round Trip Time and UE Receive Level Measurements Enhanced CID Positioning using Round Trip Time and Angle of Arrival LTE Positioning Protocols Summary and Future Techniques 435 References The Radio Propagation Environment 437 Juha Ylitalo and Tommi Jamsa 20.1 Introduction SISO and SIMO Channel Models ITU Channel Model GPP Channel Model Extended ITU Models MIMO Channel Models SCM Channel Model SCM-Extension Channel Model WINNER Model LTE Evaluation Model Extended ITU Models with Spatial Correlation ITU Channel Models for IMT-Advanced Comparison of MIMO Channel Models Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing Performance and Conformance Testing Future Testing Challenges Concluding Remarks 455 References Radio Frequency Aspects 457 Moray Rumney, Takaharu Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne 21.1 Introduction Frequency Bands and Arrangements Transmitter RF Requirements Requirements for the Intended Transmissions Requirements for Unwanted Emissions Power Amplifier Considerations Receiver RF Requirements Receiver General Requirements Transmit Signal Leakage Maximum Input Level Small Signal Requirements 478

11 xvi CONTENTS Selectivity and Blocking Specifications Spurious Emissions Intermodulation Requirements Dynamic Range RF Impairments Transmitter RF Impairments Model of the Main RF Impairments Summary 500 References Radio Resource Management 503 Muhammad Kazmi 22.1 Introduction Cell Search Performance Cell Search within E-UTRAN E-UTRAN to E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier Reporting Requirements E-UTRAN to UTRAN Cell Search E-UTRAN to GSM Cell Search Enhanced Inter-RAT Measurement Requirements Mobility Measurements E-UTRAN Measurements UTRAN Measurements GSM Measurements: GSM Carrier RSSI CDMA2000 Measurements UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements E-UTRAN Event Triggered Reporting Requirements Inter-RAT Event-Triggered Reporting Mobility Performance Mobility Performance in RRC_IDLE State Mobility Performance in RRC_CONNECTED State RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance RRC Connection Re-establishment Random Access Radio Link Monitoring Performance In-sync and Out-of-sync Thresholds Requirements without DRX Requirements with DRX Requirements during Transitions Concluding Remarks 528 References Paired and Unpaired Spectrum 531 Nicholas Anderson 23.1 Introduction Duplex Modes 532

12 CONTENTS xvii 23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum Adjacent Carrier Interference Scenarios Summary of Interference Scenarios Half-Duplex System Design Aspects Accommodation of Transmit-Receive Switching Coexistence between Dissimilar Systems HARQ and Control Signalling for TDD Operation Half-Duplex FDD (HD-FDD) Physical Layer Operation Reciprocity Conditions for Reciprocity Applications of Reciprocity Summary of Reciprocity Considerations 561 References Picocells, Femtocells and Home enodebs 563 Philippe Godin and Nick Whinnett 24.1 Introduction Home enodeb Architecture Architecture Overview Functionalities Mobility Local IP Access Support Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment Interference Scenarios Network Listen Mode RF Requirements for Small Cells Transmitter Specifications Receiver Specifications Demodulation Performance Requirements Time Synchronization for TDD Operation Summary 580 References Self-Optimizing Networks 581 Philippe Godin 25.1 Introduction Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF) Intra-LTE ANRF Automatic Neighbour Relation Table Inter-RAT or Inter-Frequency ANRF Self-Configuration of enodeb and MME Self-Configuration of enodeb/mme over SI Self-Configuration of IP address and X2 interface Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell Identity Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 587

13 xviii CONTENTS Intra-LTE Load Exchange Intra-LTE Handover Parameter Optimization Inter-RAT Load Exchange Enhanced Inter-RAT Load Exchange Mobility Robustness Optimization Too-Late Handover Coverage Hole Detection Too-Early Handover Handover to an Inappropriate Cell MRO Verdict Improvement Handover to an Unprepared Cell Unnecessary Inter-RAT Handovers Potential Remedies for Identified Mobility Problems Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization Energy Saving Emerging New SON Use Cases 597 References LTE System Performance 599 Tetsushi Abe 26.1 Introduction Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity Multiple Access Techniques Frequency Reuse and Interference Management Multiple Antenna Techniques Semi-Persistent Scheduling Short Subframe Duration and Low HARQ Round Trip Time Advanced Receivers Layer 1 and Layer 2 Overhead LTE Capacity Evaluation Downlink and Uplink Spectral Efficiency VoIP Capacity LTE Coverage and Link Budget Summary 610 References 611 Part V LTE-Advanced Introduction to LTE-Advanced 615 Dirk Gerstenberger 27.1 Introduction and Requirements Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced Backward Compatibility Deployment Aspects UE Categories for LTE-Advanced 621

14 CONTENTS xix References Carrier Aggregation 623 Juan Montojo and Jelena Damnjanovic 28.1 Introduction Protocols for Carrier Aggregation Initial Acquisition, Connection Establishment and CC Management Measurements and Mobility User Plane Protocols Physical Layer Aspects Downlink Control Signalling Uplink Control Signalling Sounding Reference Signals Uplink Timing Advance Uplink Power Control Uplink Multiple Access Scheme Enhancements UE Transmitter and Receiver Aspects UE Transmitter Aspects of Carrier Aggregation UE Receiver Aspects of Carrier Aggregation Prioritized Carrier Aggregation Scenarios Summary 650 References Multiple Antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced 651 Alex Gorokhov, Amir Farajidana, Kapil Bhattad, Xiliang Luo and Stefan Geirhofer 29.1 Downlink Reference Signals Downlink Reference Signals for Demodulation Downlink Reference Signals for Estimation of Channel State Information (CSI-RS) Uplink Reference Signals Uplink DeModulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs) Downlink MEMO Enhancements Downlink 8-Antenna Transmission Enhanced Downlink Multi-User MIMO Enhanced CSI Feedback Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission Uplink SU-MIMO for PUSCH Uplink Transmit Diversity for PUCCH Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) Transmission and Reception Cooperative MIMO Schemes and Scenarios Summary 671 References 671

15 XX CONTENTS 30 Relaying 673 Eric Hardouin, J. Nicholas Laneman, Alexander Golitschek, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Osvaldo Gonsa 30.1 Introduction What is Relaying? Characteristics of Relay Nodes Protocol Functionality of Relay Nodes Relevant Deployment Scenarios Theoretical Analysis of Relaying Relaying Strategies and Benefits Duplex Constraints and Resource Allocation Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced Types of RN Backhaul and Access Resource Sharing Relay Architecture RN Initialization and Configuration Random Access on the Backhaul Link Radio Link Failure on the Backhaul Link RN Security Backhaul Physical Channels Backhaul Scheduling Backhaul HARQ Summary 699 References Additional Features of LTE Release Teck Hu, Philippe Godin and Sudeep Palat 31.1 Introduction Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination LTE Interference Management Almost Blank Subframes X2 Interface Enhancements for Time-Domain ICIC UE Measurements in Time-Domain ICIC Scenarios RRC Signalling for Restricted Measurements ABS Deployment Considerations Minimization of Drive Tests Logged MDT Immediate MDT Machine-Type Communications 712 References LTE-Advanced Performance and Future Developments 715 Takehiro Nakamura and Tetsushi Abe 32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance Future Developments 718 References 720 Index 721