Lesson 24: Adjectives

Transcription

1 Lesson 24: Adjectives Adjectives [vivumishi vya sifa] Adjectives are formed by attaching the noun class marker to an adjectival stem. Adjectives have various properties: Word origin (e.g. Bantu, Arabic) Borrowed adjectives which do not have prefixes (i.e. non Bantu) Verbal adjectives In English, adjectives come before the noun, but in Kiswahili adjectives follow the noun that they describe. A). Adjectives in Various oun Classes The adjectives below are introduced without any prefix, so that you may recognize them from their roots. Adjectives adopt the prefix that agrees with the noun they qualify. The agreement of the prefixes is identical to the class prefixes of the nouns with which they agree. ifano: 1. -zuri [good, nice, beautiful] 2. -baya [bad] 3. -dogo [small, little] 4. - [big] 5. -ingi [a lot, many] 6. -chache [a few, some] 7. -refu [tall] 8. - [short] 9. -zee [old] 10. -pya [new] 11. -changa [young] 12. -haba [few] 13. -tele [plenty]

2 Bi). Adjective Formation GELI [noun class] JIA [noun] ZRI [good] BAYA [bad] DOGO [small] KBWA [big] WA msichana wasichana wazuri wabaya wadogo wa KI VI kiti viti kizuri vizuri kibaya vibaya kidogo vidogo ki vi I mkono mikono mizuri mibaya midogo mi JI A gazeti magazeti zuri mazuri baya mabaya dogo madogo ma uzi nyuzi uji uji K K kufa kufa kuzuri kuzuri kubaya kubaya kudogo kudogo ku ku pahali pahali pazuri pazuri pabaya pabaya padogo padogo pa pa Bii). ore Adjective Formation GELI [noun class] JIA [noun] IGI [many] CHACHE [few] REF [tall] FPI [short] WA msichana wasichana wengi wachache warefu wa KI VI kiti viti vingi vichache kirefu virefu ki vi I mkono mikono mingi michache mirefu mi JI A gazeti magazeti mengi machache refu marefu ma

3 K K nyingi chache uzi nyuzi nyingi chache uji mwingi uji mwingi kufa kwingi kuchache kufa kwingi kuchache pahali pengi pachache pahali pengi pachache mwingi mwingi mchache mchache kurefu kurefu parefu parefu ku ku pa pa C). Adjectives with Bantu origin -anana [gentle/kindly] -ke [female] -baya [bad] - [big] -bichi [unripe] -kuu [great] -bivu [ripe] -kuukuu [old] -bovu [bad] -moja [one] -chache [few] -nene [big] -choyo [stingy/mean] -nono [fat] -dogo [small] -ororo [soft] -ekundu [red] -ovu [evil] -ema [fine] -pana [wide] -embamba [thin/slender] -pya [new] -epesi [light] -refu [tall] -erevu [clever] -tamu [sweet] -eupe [white] -tupu [empty] -eusi [black] -ume [male] - [short] -vivu [weak] -geni [new] -zee [old] -gumu [hard] -zima [whole] -kali [fierce] -zito [heavy] -kavu [dry] -zuri [good] -katili [mean]

4 D). Adjectives with non Bantu origin These borrowed adjectives do not have prefixes bora safi nadhifu dhalili duni rahisi ghali baridi hodari tele kamili haba muhimu shujaa stadi bingwa [suitable] [clean] [clean/smart] [weak/feable] [insignificant person/lowly] [cheap] [expensive/exorbitant] [cold] [skilled] [abundant] [exact] [rare] [important] [brave] [steadfast] [winner/victor] E). Verbal Adjectives -angavu [bright] -vumilivu -changamfu -tulivu -tukufu -dhaifu -takatifu -nyamavu -kunjufu -potovu [persevering] [happy] [calm] [excellency] [weak] [holy] [silent] [pure (heart)] [wayward] Sentence Formation ifano: 1. toto amelala. [The good, small child has slept.] Watoto wazuri wadogo wamelala. [The good, small children have slept.]

5 2. zigo ni. [Small luggage is good.] izigo midogo ni mizuri. [Small luggage bags are good.] 3. Chakula bora kimepikwa. [The good food has been cooked.] Vyakula bora vimepikwa. [The suitable foods have been cooked.] ifano zaidi: a). chakula kizuri b). mwanafunzi c). mlima d). bahari e). watu wengi f). matofaa machache g). mchezaji h). viti vi [good food] [bad student] [small mountain] [big ocean] [a lot/many people] [few apples] [tall athlete] [short chairs]