Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture, Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy. Pages Great Architecture of the World
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1 Readings Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture, Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy Pages Great Architecture of the World Photo: Alexander Aptekar 2009 ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY
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4 Gardner Art Through the Ages
5 Classical Greek Architecture BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence puts man above the rest of nature Architecture began in the service of religion 7 th century BCE 1 st efforts to create proper shapes and design Beauty = Gods Secret of beauty lay in ratios and proportions Invented democracy and philosophy Created works of art in drama, sculpture and architecture
6 Greek Architecture BCE Temples first built with wood, then stone w/ terra cotta tiles Purely formal objects Greeks pursued the beauty through architecture and materials The home of the Gods Became the principal ornaments in the cities, generally on hills or other prominent locations Temple of Hephaestus megron Athenian Treasury
7 Classical Orders In classical Greek architecture, beauty lay in systems of the ratios and proportions. A system or order defined the ideal proportions for all the components of the temples according to mathematical ratios based on the diameter of the columns.
8 What is an order? An order includes the total assemblage of parts consisting of the column and its appropriate entablature which is based on the diameter of the column. Temple of Hera II (Poseidon) 450 BCE
9 The column is vertical and supports the structure. Its diameter sets the proportion of the other parts. The entablature is horizontal and consists of many elements. Temple of Hera II Paestum Italy
10 The entablature is divided into three parts cornice (any molded projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is attached) frieze (a decorative band) architrave (ornamental moldings)
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12 The two classical Greek orders Doric Late 7 th Century BCE Heaviest and most massive of the orders Column height is 4-6 x its diameter No base Fluted column (20 flutes) Ionic Suitable for smaller temples - delicate Columns are 8-9x high as the diameter Base Fluted shaft (24 flutes) More elaborate capital with volute (a spiral curve; a curved top; like rolled ends of a scroll) Ching & Jarzombek & Vikramaditya - A Global History of Architecture
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14 Gardner - Art Through the Ages
15 Entasis Done to visually correct how vertical elements seem to narrow as they rise Done to covey straight lines and counteract the optical illusion that the middle appears thinner. Swelling half way up columns Less than 1 in a 31 high column Jenkins Greek Architecture and its Sculpture
16 Doric Order in temples: Typical temples had 6 columns along the front and rear and 13 columns at the side. (2 x front +1) Construction was call petrified carpentry based on wood construction. Temple of Zeus at Olympia BCE
17 "The Basilica" at Paestum Italy Janson - History of Art
18 Janson - History of Art
19 Janson, H. W. History of art. (Englewood Cliffs, 1991); Page 187
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21 The Erechtheion BCE Sloping site inspired split level design Built at the Acropolis No continuous colonnade 4 separate porticos Accommodates diverse hallowed areas Departs from traditional symmetry Continuous frieze running above architrave Abundance of sculpted ornament
22 The Erechtheion BCE
23 The Erechtheion BCE
24 The Erechtheion BCE
25 The Erechtheion BCE
26 The Erechtheion BCE
27 The Erechtheion BCE
28 Ballista " Temple_of_Apollo_(2c)" Image from "Paestum" 2006/18/05 (2/10/2010)
29 Mark Architectural Technology
30 Greece: BCE 480 BCE Persians destroyed many of the buildings 479 BCE ends the Persian invasion of Greece 450 BCE Pericles allocates defensive funds for rebuilding Begins rebuilding the Acropolis
31 Acropolis (High Point in the City) Complex Site Commanding shape Highly defensible surrounded by sheer cliffs except the west Religious and Cultural Center Built of marble - allowed fine detail (previously mainly limestone)
32 Acropolis (High Point in the City)
33 Site Planning: Each Building was sited and designed with others in mind The observer went up a zigzag ramp many glimpses Avoid strictly frontal views of monuments (Unwritten Rule) Symmetry in Buildings, not in Site Planning Wanted observer to view buildings in 3-D not flat elevations
34 Parthenon: BCE Thought to be the worlds most perfect building Doric Temple dedicated to Athena Patron Goddess of Athens Highest Point of the Acropolis 20,000 Tons of Marble Designed by Iktinus & Kalikrates Symbol of Architecture Refinement
35 Janson - History of Art
36 Ching & Jarzombek & Vikramaditya - A Global History of Architecture
37 Parthenon: BCE 8 x 17 Doric columns 6 Columns at front and rear entrances www. academinc-reed-edu
38 Wikimedia www. Greatbuildings.com Parthenon: BCE 8 x 17 Doric columns 6 Columns at front and rear entrances www. Odesseyadventures.com
39 Parthenon: BCE 101 x x 17 Doric columns Columns: 6 2 wide and 34 3 tall Ratio: 1 : 5-1/2 Three step around the Temple Statue of Athena Fully Armed Marble transported 16k from the Pentelicus Mountain Remained intact until 1687 when a Venetian shell exploded destroying interior and roof Many sculptures Terracotta tiled roof www. mlahanas-de
40 Wikimedia Photographer: Marie-Lan Nguyen 2007 Wikimedia
41 Painted by Gottfried Semper 1836 Wikimedia
42 Parthenon: BCE
43 Propylaia: BCE Gateway to the Acropolis Designed by Mnesikles 2 levels due to uneven ground Gateway from Land of Humans to The Land of Gods www. encarta-.mns.com
44 Reconstruction Model of The Acropolis, Athens
45 Creative Commons license
46 Ching & Jarzombek & Vikramaditya - A Global History of Architecture
47 Wikimedia
48 Temple of Nike: BCE Goddess of Victory Earliest Ionic Building at the Acropolis Columns: 11 high Ratio: 1:7 Frieze: battle scenes depicting Greeks versus Persians Set on 4 steps Pediment decorated with winged victories or Nike(s) created by Callimachus Wikimedia
49 Temple of Nike: BCE 4 Column projecting Porches ARTstor Collection - University of California, San Diego "Temple of Athena Nike: reconstruction: raking view with parapet" www. Perseus.tufts.edu
50 Temple of Athena Nike Wikimedia
51 Temple of Nike: BCE ARTstor Collection - University of California, San Diego " Athens: Acropolis: Temple of Athena Nike: Ext.: W side"
52 The Erechtheion BCE Sloping site inspired split level design Built at the Acropolis No continuous colonnade 4 separate porticos Accommodates diverse hallowed areas Departs from traditional symmetry Continuous frieze running above architrave Abundance of sculpted ornament
53 Wikimedia
54 Wikimedia Key 1 Parthenon 2 Old Temple of Athena 3 Erechtheum 4 Statue of Athena Promachus 5 Propylaea 6 Temple of Athena Nike 7 Eleusinion 8 Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia 9 Chalkotheke. 10 Pandroseion 11 Arrephorion 12 Altar of Athena 13 Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus 14 Sanctuary of Pandion 15 Odeon of Herodes Atticus 16 Stoa of Eumenes 17 Sanctuary of Asclepius 18 Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus 19 Odeum of Pericles 20 Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus 21 Aglaureion
55 The Erechtheion BCE ARTstor - Bryn Mawr College
56 The Erechtheion BCE
57 The Erechtheion BCE
58 The Erechtheion BCE
59 The Erechtheion BCE ARTstor - Bryn Mawr College ARTstor - Image Bryn Mawr College
60 431 BCE: Peloponnesian War: Greece loses to Sparta democracy remains 336 BCE: Alexander the Great conquers Greece: democracy survives, but its vitality was gone Hellenism began after the death of Alexander the Great Change in the Greek citizen: specialized not involved in all aspects of public life (politically, military and economically) Change in Architecture: greater freedom, shift in Architectural style, introduction of the Corinthian Column
61 Corinthian: Late 2 nd Century BCE Thin and decorative Columns were 10 times taller than the diameter Designed by Callimachus combining a goblet and scrolls and acanthus leaves There were 24 flutes /www. Cmhpf.org
62 / /www. phpwebhosting.com /www. phpwebhosting.com Corinthian:
63 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. Wikimedia
64 Temple of Zeus Olympius, Athens: 170 BCE Started in the 6 th Century BCE with Ionic Columns, but abandoned Construction began again in the 2 nd Century BCE, but changed Order to Corinthian by Roman Architect, Cossutius www. Phpwebhosting.com
65 Temple of Zeus Olympius, Athens: 170 BCE /www. Phpwebhosting.com
66 Temple of Zeus Olympius, Athens: 170 BCE Located east of the Acropolis Over 100 Columns, double rows of 20 (N&S) and triple rows of 8 (E&W) Columns: 56 high 5 6 wide /www. Brynmawr.edu
67 Civic Architecture - Agora: Place of public assembly in a Greek city; the focus of political, commercial, administrative and social activity, the religious and cultural center, and the seat of justice NYPL Digital Gallery [Image ID: ]
68 Civic Architecture - Agora:
69 Civic Architecture - Agora:
70 Civic Architecture - Agora:
71 John Mck. Camp II - The Athenian Agora
72 Metroon 2 nd Century BCE The building has an Ionic propylon It accommodated both the sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods and the state archives, including the proceedings of the meetings of the Council of 500 and various official documents, protected by the goddess.
73 Tholos 460 BCE Circular building The chairmen (prytaneis) of the Council of 500 (Boule) dined and spent the night in the Tholos so as to be available if necessary. A set of standard weights and measures was also kept in the building.
74 John Mck. Camp II - The Athenian Agora
75 Temple of Hephaistos 449 BCE Doric temple It is sited on the hill. It is the most prominent and better preserved monument of the Agora. The temple was dedicated to two gods, Hephaistos and Athena, whose bronze cult statues stood in the interior.
76 Temple of Hephaistos 449 BCE
77 Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios 5 th Century BCE The stoa was erected in honor of those who fought for the freedom and security of the city. Socrates is said to have met his friends in this stoa.
78 Theater of Epidaurus 350 BCE Semicircular outdoor theater Consists of 55 tiers of steeply banked stone seats Used for: Political assemblies, religious festivals and plays Perfect acoustics Seating extends more than half way around the orchestra
79 Theater of Epidaurus 350 BCE
80 Wikimedia
81 The classical Greek orders
82 The classical Greek orders Janson - History of Art
83 The classical Greek orders ARTstor - Photographer: Silberberg-Pierce ARTstor - Queens College Teaching Collection ARTstor - Art Images for College Teaching
84 Swayne, Steve "The Parthenon Athens" Image from "Category:Parthenon" 2003/06/03 (2/16/2010)
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