IBM AIX Sun Solaris HP HP-UX Linux 1969 AT&T Bell Labs Unix Linux kernel Linus Torvalds Linux. Salus A Quarter Century of Unix Unix

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2 IBM AIX Sun Solaris HP HP-UX 1969 AT&T Bell Labs kernel Linus Torvalds Perter Salus A Quarter Century of MULTICS MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service 1965 Batch Processing Jobs CPU CPU MULTiplexed CPU American Telephone and Telegraph Inc. AT&T General Eletrics G.E. Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT General-Purpose Time-Sharing Multi-User MIT CTSS Compatible Time-Sharing System MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service CTSS G.E. GE

3 1 MULTICS GE-645 GE- 635 G.E. GE-635 GE-635 GE DOS CPU I O

4 CPU MULTICS A B MULTICS AT&T Bell Labs 60 Ken Thompson University of California at Berkeley UCB Bell Labs MULTICS MULTICS MULTICS Bell Labs Bell Labs MULTICS 1972 Honeywell G.E. MULTICS MULTICS MIT MULTICS Honeywell Bull MULTICS 1988 Ken Thompson MULTICS GE-645 Space Travel Bell Labs MULTICS Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie Bell Labs DEC-10 Digital PDP-7 minicomputer PDP-7 Little- 1-4

5 1 used PDP-7 in a corner PDP-7 DEC Digital Equipment Corporation 1964 Ken Thompson Thompson MULTICS MULTICS tree-structured command Interpreter device Ken cp... Ken Thompson PDP-7 GE-645 GEMAP Assembler Macros post-processer PDP-7 GE-645 PDP-7 Kernel Editor Assembler Shell rm cat PDP-7 PDP-7 Ken Thompson Ken Thompson DEC A Quarter Century of Perter Salus Ken Thompson Everything including hardware is a file Configuration data stored in text 1-5

6 Small, single-purpose program Avoid captive user interfaces Ability to chain program together to perform complex tasks System PDP-7 Brian W. Kernighan Ken Thompson MUITICS UNICS UNiplexed Information and Computing UNIX Dennis Ritchie UNIX 1974 CACM The UNIX Time-Sharing System typesetter troff UNIX Dennis Ritchie Bell Labs UNIX UNIX PDP-7 Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie PDP PDP-11 DEC-10 AT&T PDP- 1-6

7 1 PDP PDP nroff troff PDP Ken Thompson PDP-11 Assembly Langauge PDP KB PDP-11 12KB RAM Disk Ken Memory Protection 500KB Ken Thompson Bell Labs Ken Thompson Bell Labs Manual Bell Labs Version 1 V1 Bell Labs nth Edition Version n ed fork() roff troff... pipe()... Version 2 PDP-7 PDP-11 Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie 1-7

8 High-level Langauge Thompson Dennis Ritchie Ken Ken Thompson FORTRAN BCPL Basic CPL BCPL Martin Richards 1967 CPL Combined Programming Language 1963 CPL 1960 Algol60 Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie BCPL BCPL B B Dennis Ritchie B Data Type... B C 1973 Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie C Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie Turing Award Bell Labs Ken Thompson Columbia University 1-8

9 Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie Communications of the ACM Communications of the ACM PDP-11 DEC 1976 AT&T 1976 AT&T License 1978 UC Berkeley 1 BSD 1st Berkeley Software Distribution BSD AT&T USG Support Group USG System III System IV BSD AT&T System IV 4.x BSD Sun Solaris OS POSIX 1-9

10 NIST CSL 1988 Portable IEEE POSIX POSIX Portable Operation System Interface C programming interface Library system calls Files Process Terminal I O... portability POSIX 1979 K&R C Bourne Shell kernel 40 Kbytes VAX 32V University of Illinois Harvard University DEC... UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Bill Joy Ozalp Baboglu 32V 3 BSD DARPA 3BSD 32 vi... C Shell BSD 4.2 BSD 1-10

11 1 LAN Ethernet Token Ring WAN NSFNET AT&T BSD AT&T BSD AT&T C IBM AT&T System V BSD AIX... Graphical User Interface GUI 1984 MIT Project Athena X Window System 1988 XFree86 XFree86 X Window System Free X86 XFree86 GUI AT&T Richard M. Stallman Stallman Open Source Open Source 1-11

12 Stallman 1984 GNU GNU is Not GNU GNU 1985 Free Software Foundation FSF Stallman GNU GPL GNU GPL GNU General Public License GPL GPL GPL GNU GPL GNU General Public License GNU GCC GCC GNU C GUN C Compiler GCC GCC GNU Shell C C library Shell Stallman Shell GNU Shell bash Bourne Again Shell Shell Bourne Shell C kernel C library 1990 Kernel C C library bash 1-12

13 1 kernel Shell C 1-2 Stallman kernel Linus Torvalds kernel AT&T System Lab oratories USL UNIX USL 1993 Novell USL UNIX X Open

14 PDF 1-14

15 1 IBM AIX Sun Solaris FreeBSD BSD Sun SCO HP... -Like AT&T System V BSD Berkeley Software Distribution SVR4 System III 1981 AT&T FIFOs named pipes System V 1983 IPC package shm msg sem SVR Shell sh SVID System V Interface Definition SVR STREAMS poll() TLI RFS shared librarys SVID 2 demand paging SVR Xenix Intel

16 SVR System V BSD SunOS SVR3 Terminal RFS STREAMS uucp BSD FFS TCP IP sockets select() csh SunOS NFS OpenLook GUI X11 NeWS virtual memory subsystem with memory-mapped files ksh ANSI C 8-bit clean ABI Application Binary Interface routines instead of traps POSIX X Open SVID3 SVR I O SunOS SVR based on SVR4.1ES Veritas FS ACLs BSD Berkeley Software Distribution VAX RISC... System V BSD BSD BSD 2.xBSD 1979 PDP-11 csh 3BSD

17 1 4.0BSD 1980 termcap curses vi 4.1BSD 1981 AT&T CRG job automatic kernel config vfork() 4.2BSD 1983 TCP IP sockets ethernet UFS symbolic links reliable signals SVR3 4.1 reliable signals select() 4.3BSD Tahoe BSD Tahoe 32 Fat FFS TCP 4.3 Reno 1990 for VAX Tahoe HP P NFS from Sun MFS OSI TP4 CLNP ISODE's FTAM VT and X.500 SLIP Kerberos Net1 Net2 June BSD alpha June 1992 for HP Sparc 386 DEC System V Open Software Foundation 1991 OSF 1 OSF 1 SVR2 SVID 2 SVID 1-17

18 1987 Andrew Tanenbaum MINIX MINIX mini Linus Torvalds MINIX Linus Torvalds 25 Linus Torvalds USENET NEWS MINIX AT MINIX MINIX MINIX kernel Linus hobby Intel x freax Linus's Linus FTP 1-18

19 1 under GNU Public License 10 Linus 0.02 Internet MINIX kernel 2.6X Intel x86 Alpha Sun Sparc Motorola 68K MIPS PowerPC... API POSIX Single Specification AT&T memory partition 1-19

20 CPU Intel x86 CPU 100 Alpha 1024 I O... CPU monolithic kernel microkernel module -Like 1-20

21 1 kernel 1-6 Distribution SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 9 9 Distribution 2.6.x Novell SUSE Red Hat Open Mandrake Debian... Distribution Distribution Distribution Standard Base LSB Distribution 1-21

22 Distribution Distribution Distribution Distribution 1-22

23 1 SuSE 1993 Hubert Mantel Burchard Steinbild Roland Dyroff Thomas Fehr SuSE oftware nd ystem ntwicklung Software and System Development SuSE Slackware Slackware Distribution Florina LaRoche jurix distribution YaST et nother etup ool Distribution SuSE 4.2 YaST SuSE KDE K Desktop Environment SuSE X Server SuSE XFCom-Server XFCom- Server XFree86 XFree86 XFCom X Server SuSE XFree86 Distribution FreeBSD SuSE Oakland SuSE Distribution Novell CEO Jack Messman SuSE NetWare IBM 5000 Novell SuSE Novell SUSE LINUX Novell

24 SUSE LINUX Novell Novell kernel 2.6 Novell SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 9 SLES 9 11 Novell Desktop Open Enterprise Server OES Novell Taiwan Intel-based x86 x86 RISC SUSE LINUX Novell Novell Novell SG Cowen 440 Distribution 21% 33% Robert Frances Stacey Quandt SUSE LINUX Novell 1-24

25 kernel 2.6 Novell SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 9 kernel 2.6 kernel 2.6 scheduler Process OpenOffice WWW Server DNS Server... Process CPU CPU multitasking scheduler 1-8 O f(n) f(n) scheduler Process n Process Process n O n O n O 1 O 1 Process Process Process Process 1-25

26 Preemptive kernel kernel 2.4 Process CPU Process Process CPU preemptive load crash kernel heavy CPUs kernel CPUs kernel GB 64bit 1-26

27 1 kernel 2.4 block device 2TB kernel TB major numbers 4095 minor numbers 1,000,000 UID GID 40 PID 10 kernel 2.6 Intel Pentium 4 Hyperthreading kernel 2.4 kernel Hyperthreading Hyperthreading Hyperthreading CPU CPUs CPUs Bluetooth kernel 2.4 kernel 2.6 Bluetooth Bluetooth PDA hot-plug USB kernel 2.6 USB 2.0 kernel 2.4 SATA kernel2.6 SATA kernel 2.4 IDE CD-RW SCSI 1-27

28 IDE IDE CD-RW SCSI kernel 2.6 IDE CD-RW SCSI ISA PnP kernel 2.4 ISA PnP kernel 2.6 ISA kernel 2.6 kernel 2.4 devfs /dev /dev devfs kernel 2.6 Kernel devfs devfs udev mount /udev sysfs udev udev devfs JFS Novell SUSE ReiserFS Red Hat ext3 IBM AIX JFS JFS kernel AIX JFS kernel

29 1 kernel 2.6 NFS NFS4 NFS NFS2 NFS3 NFS4 UDP NFS4 TCP TCP UDP NFS4 NFS2 NFS3 kernel 2.6 NFS NFS Server Sun Solaris Sun Solaris kernel 2.4 NFS Server NFS 3 UDP rsize wsize 8192 bytes Sun Solaris NFS 3 UDP TCP rsize wsize bytes kernel 2.6 NFS NFS4 kernel 2.4 ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Distribution ACPI kernel 2.6 partition software suspend RAM Swap Swap partition CPU CPU CPU speedstep kernel 2.4 kernel

30 SUSE LINUX AutoBuild AutoBuild common code base x86 AMD64 Intel EM64T Intel Itanium IBM pseries IBM zseries SUSE LINUX 1-30

31 1 SUSE LINUX YaST Yet another Setup Tool cluster AutoYaST no touch API CIM EAL Evaluation Assurance Level ISO ISO IEC SLES CPUs SCSI Disks 4095 device types per partition file system size 16 TB native POSIX threading library Hyperthreading I O CKRM Class-based kernel resource management partitioning 1-31

32 ... cluster InfiniBand High Performance Computing HPC DNS DHCP FTP Firewall SSH VPN Proxy Samba NFS LDAP CUPS IMAP NTP SLP Postfix PXE SNMP SMTP Tomcat MySQL PostgreSQL Apache JBoss SAP mysap Oracle IBM Software Group BEA Computer Associates Sun BMC Software Polyserve Software AG Veritas SGI Tobit Imm Sybase... orarun Oracle APIs Eclipse KDevelop Anjuta Eric and Quanta Mono SUSE LINUX SDK 9 SUSE AutoBuild 1-32

33 1 Bell Labs Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie Multi-User Multi-Tasking MULTICS MULTICS C AT&T Free Software 1980 Richard M. Stallman Linus Torvalds 1991 AT&T Linus Torvalds kernel 2.6.X 1-33

34 SuSE 1993 Hubert Mantel Burchard Steinbild Roland Dyroff Thomas Fehr SuSE Software und System Entwicklung Software and System Development Linus Torvalds kernel Yast SuSE... Distribution 2003 Novell SuSE kernel 2.6 SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 9 SLES 9 Novell Do it! Nike Just If you don't wanna do it, you find an EXCUSE. If you do, you'll find a WAY. 1-34

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