Communication protocols for Body Area Networks. M. Maman, D. Miras and L. Ouvry (CEA-Leti Minatec) 05/12/2012
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1 Communication protocols for Body Area Networks M. Maman, D. Miras and L. Ouvry (CEA-Leti Minatec) 05/12/2012
2 System Integration 1. Introduction 2. Wear-a-BAN communication protocols 1. Network topology and devices roles 2. Layers description 3. Abstraction layer 4. MAC protocol layer 5. Logical Link Control layer 6. Higher layers 7. Interface between WAB nodes and the PC 3. Wear-a-BAN scenarios and applications 4. Network Demonstrator 5. Conclusions Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 2
3 System Integration 1. Introduction 2. Wear-a-BAN communication protocols 1. Network topology and devices roles 2. Layers description 3. Abstraction layer 4. MAC protocol layer 5. Logical Link Control layer 6. Higher layers 7. Interface between WAB nodes and the PC 3. Wear-a-BAN scenarios and applications 4. Network Demonstrator 5. Conclusions Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 3
4 CEA Contributions CEA is responsible for the development of the communication protocolstack and the profiling(i.e. adaptation of its parameters to end-user scenarios) for applications. This protocol enables forwarding of the data coming asynchronouslyfrom the various BAN sensors so that individual data transmitted by each is easily identified, received without error and transmitted to a central station for further processing and visualization. This support both motional and emotionalkind of sensor data, with their respective Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. The communication protocol runs onto the Wear-a-BAN SoC and is responsible for transmitting and receiving the user databetween the different devices of the network CEA have to validate the performance of a network composed of heterogeneous modules from a networking and radio perspective and to optimize the protocol for the Wear-a-BAN chip (WAB SoC) Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 4
5 Context Shadowing depthand durationhave a strong impact on system performance. MAC specification requiresspecific BAN investigations andoptimizations due to the closeness of the human body and its environment. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 5
6 Goals To collectmultiple real-timemotional and emotional sensors information of nodes at different places of the human body and to wirelesslytransmit it towards dedicated devices, machines or computers. To provide a completeprotocol stack from Sensors to End Users clients: Design and Optimizationof the WAB radio driver for low power and low latency switch Design custom MAC communications protocol for WBAN Design of the Logical Link Control layer providing flow control, traffic management and QoS Design of the application Scheduler providing for example the frame type, the Remote programming and the Sensor control Design the interfacebetween WAB node and the PC Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 6
7 Goals To implement a self organizing adaptive, flexible and low-power communication protocols for BAN Unique: a common protocol architecture for several applications Flexible (Network size, topology, communication ) Adapted to BAN Guaranteeing good QoS(reliability, latency, ) Dynamic and Automatic relaying mechanisms mitigating the shadowing impact on PER Optimized low power consumption for a long autonomy Providing network functionalities (association, self-organizing, data collection ) Transparent for the application thanks to several profiles Autonomously and dynamically adaptive Trade off between QoS and energy consumption Adapted to several applications Adapted to heterogeneous traffics Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 7
8 System Integration 1. Introduction 2. Wear-a-BAN communication protocols 1. Network topology and devices roles 2. Layers description 3. Abstraction layer 4. MAC protocol layer 5. Logical Link Control layer 6. Higher layers 7. Interface between WAB nodes and the PC 3. Wear-a-BAN scenarios and applications 4. Network Demonstrator 5. Conclusions Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 8
9 2.1. Network topology and devices roles Network topology Star mesh hybrid topology The approach is to basethe Wear-A-BAN MAC specifications on the IEEE /IEEE standards with these main deviations: Support for peer to peer communication, whereas requires mediation from the coordinator to allow it. Systematic usage of guaranteed time slots for data transmissions. Specification of the relaying procedure. Dedicated time slots for monitoring and allocation request. Simplification of association and transactions to allow very low complexity implementations. Simplification of initialization procedures. Adapt to Body Area Networks Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/2012 9
10 2.1. Network topology and devices roles Device roles Coordinator Sends beacon for synchronization and Superframe management Accepts node associations Manages allocated slots for the different flows. Central node Connected to the PC Collects the data from different Sensors nodes. Sensors nodes Synchronize on the beacon Request to the coordinator an association and a short address Request to the coordinator GTS slots. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
11 2.2. Layers Description Emotion Sensor Client Motion Sensor Client Remote Programming Client wrapper (COM to UDP) PC Driver (USB to COM) FTDI (UART to USB) UART framer USB JTAG KEY WAB Remote Programming Application Application framer LLC MAC WAB node WAB Sensors Abstraction Layer WAB Radio WAB Timer Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
12 2.3. Abstraction Layer Emotion Sensor Client Motion Sensor Client Remote Programming Client wrapper (COM to UDP) PC Driver (USB to COM) FTDI (UART to USB) UART framer USB JTAG KEY WAB Remote Programming Application Application framer LLC MAC WAB node WAB Sensors Abstraction Layer WAB Radio WAB Timer Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
13 2.3. Abstraction Layer The Hardware Abstraction Layer provides a programming interface (API) between the protocol stack and the drivers for the specific WAB platform. With this Radio state machine, we define a trade off between the energy efficiency and the radio latency. For each mode, we can define its power consumption and the necessary time to switch in RX/TX Mode. Depending on its latency constraint, the MAC layer can choosethe most energy efficientradio state. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
14 2.4. MAC protocol layer Emotion Sensor Client Motion Sensor Client Remote Programming Client wrapper (COM to UDP) PC Driver (USB to COM) FTDI (UART to USB) UART framer USB JTAG KEY WAB Remote Programming Application Application framer LLC MAC WAB node WAB Sensors Abstraction Layer WAB Radio WAB Timer Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
15 2.4. MAC protocol layer The Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer provides channel access control mechanisms to several communicating devices. The MAC layer is responsible for: The network formation The associationand disassociationof devices to the network, The maintenanceof the network Manage the list of the nodein the BAN The management of the accessto the radio channel. A TDMA, centralized and beacon based protocol, inspired from the IEEE standard and, more recently, from the IEEE standard. A dedicated format of the superframedelimited by beacons, with CAP, PAP, CFP and inactive periods The management of the traffic: Traffic allocation/deallocation and expiration Acknowledgmentand retransmission policies Time to live Data relaying Manage the duplicate data Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
16 2.4. MAC protocol layer Beacon period Poll Slot GTS PAP Beacon Period: Dedicated to the coordinator. Each node can synchronize and update its knowledge of the BAN Indicator Period: Each device has an attributed Poll minislot for sending back ACK to beacon. During this period, each node can advertise the coordination and other BAN nodes for neighbour discovery, relaying functionalities GTS Period: Guaranteed time slotsdedicated to the report of data to the coordinator. PAP+CAP: During these Periods slotted ALOHA access i.e. with slot allocation. With the split of the CAP, emergency traffic is protected from control traffic. Inactive part:each node can switch offtheir radio and save energy. CAP Inactive Part Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
17 2.4. MAC protocol layer MAC functionalities Starting a BAN: The coordinator begins operating the BAN and using a new superframe configuration Beacon generation: Generate and transmit beacon frames Beacon Synchronization: Devices can get synchronized by receiving and decoding the beacon Association Procedure: Once synchronized, a device requests to the coordination an association and its short address. Disassociation Procedure: A device can request to the coordination a disassociation when it missed MAC_MAX_MISSED_BEACON beacons A coordination can force a disassociation when it missed MAC_ALIVE_NODE_CNT poll node packet Poll Period: During this period, each device sends back a poll node packet to the coordinator indicating its presence. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
18 2.4. MAC protocol layer Relaying Procedure During the Poll period, each device has an attributed poll slot for sending back an poll notification to all nodes in the BAN. Each device listensto the poll slots and uses the channel reciprocity. The poll packet reception will define the instantaneous reliability of a link. In order to select the route (direct or relayed), the originator compares the reliability of the link with a threshold. If the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of Recipient-Originator link is under the threshold, the direct route is selected. If the RSSI of Recipient-Originator link is not under the threshold, the originator selects the route with the best reliability i.e. the direct route of the relayed route with the best relay. => A dynamic relaying table is automatically built depending on the quasi instantaneous shadowing effect. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
19 2.5. Logical Link Control Layer Emotion Sensor Client Motion Sensor Client Remote Programming Client wrapper (COM to UDP) PC Driver (USB to COM) FTDI (UART to USB) UART framer USB JTAG KEY WAB Remote Programming Application Application framer LLC MAC WAB node WAB Sensors Abstraction Layer WAB Radio WAB Timer Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
20 2.5. Logical Link Control Layer The Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer provides an interface between upper sublayers (e.g. Application layer) and the MAC data communication protocol sublayer. The LLC provides flow controlof data to MAC sublayer Buffer management mechanisms Traffic (Bandwidth) Permanent Traffic: permanent traffic set up when the connection is established. Switched Traffic: Set up and released on demand via a procedures. Quality of service A connection (an LLC flow) must be established before any packets are sent. Each flow category is defined by associated traffic, priority and QoS parameters. Severalflows can be managed simultaneouslyby the LLC depending on the traffic generated This scheme permits to a higherflow priority to used bandwidth to a lower flow priority (e.g. emergency data used bandwidth to monitoring data) Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
21 2.5. Logical Link Control Layer A specific flowhas to define a flow for each WAB scenario with one or two profiles. When the profile1 does not respectthe requirement (e.g. loss rate), the flow can switch to Profile2(Better Reliability but higher power consumption) Flow Typeof flows Network control Remote programming Emergency Voice Monitoring Logging Best effort Excellent effort Recipient address Packet rate in ms % of loss Rate Acceptable Time To Live: time before discarding the data Packet Rate statistics: useful to change profile Profile 1 Profile 2 Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
22 2.5. Logical Link Control Layer In Monitoring category, two profiles have been defined for data reporting: In the first profile, the device transmits its data in allocated slots of the CFPand waits for an immediate acknowledgment. If the data is not correctly received, it can send againthis data in the CAPperiod of the same superframe. If the quality of service configurable by the application is not respected, the monitoring flow can switch to the second profile with relaying functionalities. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
23 2.6. Higher Layers Emotion Sensor Client Motion Sensor Client Remote Programming Client wrapper (COM to UDP) PC Driver (USB to COM) FTDI (UART to USB) UART framer USB JTAG KEY WAB Remote Programming Application Application framer LLC MAC WAB node WAB Sensors Abstraction Layer WAB Radio WAB Timer Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
24 2.6. Higher Layers The application framerlayer directs the received packet from the LLC layer towards the specified application module. Definition of Several application modules for each scenarios The central node is able to program WAB nodes using the RF. Remote programming is an application using lower layers to transmit its frame. UARTs driverhas been optimized with multi-uart functionality in order to: support higher data rate between the central node and the PC. The complete chain throughput is up to 20Ko/s (Radio, MAC, UART, UDP). direct the received packet from the UART module towards the specified module. The UART framer adds a terminator at the end of the frame in order to delimit the frame and converts binary hexadecimal to ASCII format. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
25 2.7. Interface between WAB node and the PC Sensor node application RFD MAC stack FFD MAC stack Central node application UART FTDI (UART to USB) Driver (USB to COM) Remote Programming Client wrapper (COM to UDP) Motion Sensor Client Sensor node Central node USB JTAG Emotion Sensor Client PC The pathbetween the application Layerof the central node and the PCis the following: The FTDI interfacesthe UART to the USB port (in USB JTAG). In the PC, we interface the USB port with the COM Port using the driver. In the PC, we can launch the Wrapper programwhich converts the COMPort Protocol to UDPPort Protocol and sends it to the corresponding client. The GUI client can interface using UDPprotocol and WAB frame format Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
26 2.6. Interface between WAB node and the PC Frame Type Timestamp ACC_X ACC_Y ACC_Z G_X G_Y G_Z M_X M_Y M_Z Node ID 8 bits 24 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 16 bits 8 bits The frame_type values are: Log Remote Programming Network management Motion Data Emotional Data RSSI Accelerometer Gyrometer Accelerometer and Gyrometer Magnetometer Accelerometer and Magnetometer Gyrometer and Magnetometer Accelerometer, Gyrometer and Magnetometer Energy Expenditure 0x0x 0x1x 0x2x 0x4x 0x5x 0x8x 0x41 0x42 0x43 0x44 0x45 0x46 0x47 0x48 Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
27 System Integration 1. Introduction 2. Wear-a-BAN communication protocols 1. Network topology and devices roles 2. Layers description 3. Abstraction layer 4. MAC protocol layer 5. Logical Link Control layer 6. Higher layers 7. Interface between WAB nodes and the PC 3. Wear-a-BAN scenarios and applications 4. Network Demonstrator 5. Conclusions Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
28 3. WAB Scenarios and Applications Application A: Robotics based rehabilitation The objective of this scenario is to detect the amplitude of movements in an arm. This is achieved by placing a series of movement sensors in a textile base in the form of a wearable sleeve. 4 Motion Nodes Measurethe angular motion (gyroscope), the linear acceleration (accelerometer), and the orientation (magnetometer). Transmitthe motion sensor data to the Central Node 1 Central node and BAN coordinator Manage the BAN. Receive all sensors informationand deliver it to the PC central unit. Define Adapted Profile Type of flows = Monitoring Packet rate = 20ms i.e. 50Hz % of loss Rate Acceptable= 10% Time To Live= 40ms Coordinator Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
29 3. WAB Scenarios and Applications Application B : Daily life physical activity monitoring in Real Time In this scenario, the nodes, and their communication protocol, have to support biofeedback functionalities which impact their real-timecapabilities and technical specifications. The expiredmonitoring data is retransmitted later using logging mode. Nomotion sensor data is lost. 3 Motion Nodes Measurethe angular motion (gyroscope), the linear acceleration (accelerometer), and the orientation (magnetometer). Transmit the motion sensor data to the Central Node in Real Time. Motion sensor data, which not respected specifications, are retransmitted in logging mode. 1 Central node and BAN coordinator Manage the BAN. Receive all sensors informationand deliver it to the PC central unit. Coordinator Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
30 3. WAB Scenarios and Applications Application B : Daily life physical activity monitoring in Real Time In this scenario, the nodes, and their communication protocol, have to support biofeedback functionalities which impact their real-timecapabilities and technical specifications. The expiredmonitoring data is retransmitted later using logging mode. Nomotion sensor data is lost. Flow for monitoringfor real time mode Packet rate = 66ms i.e. 15Hz % of loss Rate Acceptable= 10% Time To Live= 100ms Flow forlogging for expired monitoring data % of loss Rate Acceptable= 0% Time To Live= Unexpired Coordinator Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
31 3. WAB Scenarios and Applications Application C: Daily life physical activity monitoring In this scenario, each node has to collectively provide activity recognition and energy expenditure informationwithout a constant connection to the central node and PC. In case of autonomous work, all information regarding physical activity is to be stored in a local memory of the BAN coordinator and sent to the PC once the connection is re-established with the Central node. 2Motion Nodes Measure the linear acceleration (accelerometer). Compute activity index every second. Transmit the energy expenditure to the coordinator. 1 Motion Nodes acting as BAN coordinator Manage the BAN. Receive all sensors information andstored in a local memory. When the Central node is associatedto the BAN, transmit data stored to the Central node. 1 Central Node Receive all sensors informationand deliver it to the PC central unit. Motion Node BAN Coordinator Central Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
32 3. WAB Scenarios and Applications Application D: Gaming This scenario presents a game that merge singing and dancing performance. The singing performance is score by the use of an Emotion node (microphone sensor), while the dancing performance is done by the use of motion nodes (several movement sensor). 5 Motion Nodes Measurethe angular motion (gyroscope), the linear acceleration (accelerometer), and the orientation (magnetometer). Transmitthe motion sensor data to the Central Node 1 Emotion Node The microphone collects the audio. Transmit the audio stream to the Central Node. 1 Central node and BAN coordinator Manage the BAN. Receive all sensors informationand deliver it to the PC central unit. Central Node and BAN Coordinator Motion Node Emotion Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
33 3. WAB Scenarios and Applications Application D: Gaming This scenario presents a game that merge singing and dancing performance. The singing performance is score by the use of an Emotion node (microphone sensor), while the dancing performance is done by the use of motion nodes (several movement sensor). Flow Monitoring for motional node Packet rate = 100ms i.e. 10Hz % of loss Rate Acceptable= 10% Time To Live= 100ms Flow Voice for emotional node Packet rate = 5 khz => 10kBytes/s % of loss Rate Acceptable= 10% Time To Live= 16ms Central Node and BAN Coordinator Motion Node Emotion Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
34 System Integration 1. Introduction 2. Wear-a-BAN communication protocols 1. Network topology and devices roles 2. Layers description 3. Abstraction layer 4. MAC protocol layer 5. Logical Link Control layer 6. Higher layers 7. Interface between WAB nodes and the PC 3. Wear-a-BAN scenarios and applications 4. Network Demonstrator 5. Conclusions Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
35 4. Network Demonstrator 35 Network Composition: 1 Central Node (coordinator) connected to the PC. 5 WAB Nodes (device) embedded in the body. 1 Headset Node with microphone. 3 clients: 2 Graphical User Interface in the PC. 1 Java client for audio. Central node WAB Node Emotion Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
36 4. Network Demonstrator Traffic flows: Network Control: To define the positionof the node. Best Effort: To measure the quality of the linkbetween device. Excellent Effort: To manage the motion capture. Voice: To manage audio stream. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
37 4. Network Demonstrator Traffic flows: Network Control: To define the positionof the node. The device sendsto the Central node the position in the network topology when it is associated to the BAN. Central node WAB Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
38 4. Network Demonstrator Traffic flows: Best Effort: To measure the quality of the linkbetween device. The Device send neighbours RSSIinformation with multicast packet. All devices measure the link quality from this packet to reach the originator. The Central node collect the neighbours RSSI tablesfrom all the device associated to the BAN. RSSI Table Central node WAB Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
39 4. Network Demonstrator Traffic flows: Excellent Effort: To manage the motion capture. The device provide periodic motion sensor feedback to the Central Node. Central node WAB Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
40 4. Network Demonstrator Traffic flows: Voice: To manage audio stream. The headset device provide audio stream to the Central Node Central node Emotion Node Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
41 4. Network Demonstrator Network Topology : Collect network management and topology information. Motion sensorcapture : Collect motion sensor data of the targeted node. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
42 System Integration 1. Introduction 2. Wear-a-BAN communication protocols 1. Network topology and devices roles 2. Layers description 3. Abstraction layer 4. MAC protocol layer 5. Logical Link Control layer 6. Higher layers 7. Interface between WAB nodes and the PC 3. Wear-a-BAN scenarios and applications 4. Network Demonstrator 5. Conclusions Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
43 5. Conclusions A BAN is a self-organizing network at the human body scale which consists in a collection of smart, low-power, hardwareconstrained, miniaturized and heterogeneous wireless devices attached to (or implanted into) a moving body. With respect to state-of-the-art, the Wear-a-BAN protocol is a very interesting piece of technology with respect to existing/emerging WBAN protocols since it provides all features to potentially map most the identified applications in the BAN area while offering the right level of performance. It also provides innovativefeatures like physical layer profiling, dynamic relaying and traffic flows arbitration to optimize QoS and/or battery lifetime depending on user needs. Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
44 5. Conclusions Antennas design according to the application Trade-off between efficiencyand sizein the presence of human body Time-variant on-body channel, Space-time correlation properties Communication Protocol for Body Area Networks 05/12/
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