Think tanks in Denmark Media visibility and Network Relations
|
|
- Cecily Alexander
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Think tanks in Denmark Media visibility and Network Relations Paper prepared for the ECREA 2014-conference By: Professor, PhD, Mark Blach-Ørsten, University of Roskilde & Associate Professor, PhD, Nete Nørgaard Kristensen, University of Copenhagen Introduction Special interest think tanks have a long history in countries such as the US, Great Britain and Germany but have only recently entered the public and political arena in Denmark. This entry is closely associated with the weakening of societal corporatism in Denmark since the 1980 s and 1990 s, which have necessitated that actors seeking to influence political decisions making, such as interest groups, have had to find new ways of influencing policy making (Rommetvedt et al., 2012). Studies of special interest groups in Denmark have pointed towards three important arenas of influence for organized interest: the Parliament, the administration and the news media (Binderkrantz et al., 2012). However, such studies have until now not included think tanks. In our study we, first and foremost, analyze the two most prominent advocacy think tanks in Denmark, the liberal think tank CEPOS and the social democratic think thank the Economic Council of the Labor Movement (ECLM), and their influence on two of the three arenas: the media arena and the administrative arena. Theoretically, we draw on theories of neo-corporatism (Rommetvedt et al., 2012) and mediatization (Hjarvard, 2013; Strömbäck & Esser, 2014), and argue that media visibility and attention have become increasingly important for political actors seeking to influence decision makers (Rich & Weaver, 2000), but that corporatist networks and access to the administrative sphere are also still important arenas of influence (Binderkrantz et al., 2012). In the empirical study of the media arena in this paper we analyse the full-yearly coverage of the selected think thanks in the three of the largest Danish broadsheet newspapers in two selected years 2006 to 2013 (n = 1696 news items), since especially national broadsheets in a Danish context continue to play an important role as agenda-setters (e.g., Lund et al., 2009). For the study of the administrative arena we have used a database containing the members of all (by January 2014 active), nationally relevant boards. Thereby containing the boards of the top corporations, all state committees and councils, all boards and subcommittees of nationally represented interest group, and several formal and informal networks. The unit of analysis is the ap- 1
2 pearance of a member of the board or advisory board of the selected think tanks, in any of these nationally relevant boards. Our study shows that both CEPOS and The ECLM are very active and visible in the media, but that the media s coverage of these think tanks to some extent confirms the repoliticization of Danish newspapers, which others have pointed to (e.g., Hjarvard, Kristensen & Ørsten, 2004; Esmark & Ørsten, 2006; Binderkrantz & Christensen, 2013; Hjarvard & Kristensen, 2014). That is, that the Danish newspapers, traditionally closely linked to the political parties (e.g., Allern & Ørsten, 2011), are to some extent politically biased in their coverage of the two think tanks. Our network analysis of boards and committees shows that the social democratic think tank is very well connected to state, government, and organizations mirroring a classical corporatist network structure, whereas the liberal think tank has much weaker links to state and government being outside the corporatist structure. De-corporatization and the new terrain for political actors Think Tanks are a new phenomenon in a Danish political context. Although well-known both internationally and in our neighbouring countries Sweden and Norway, Denmark only got its first think tank have a think tank until the year Today the number of thinks tanks, depending on how you define them, may be as high as That think tanks are now playing an increasingly important role in the Danish public and political debate (Kelstrup, 2014) is no coincidence. Recent research shows that as the traditional corporatist structure, i.e. that of integrating employers associations, trade unions, and other interest groups in the policy making process, is in decline in Denmark. Indeed throughout Scandinavia, political actors seeking to influence political decision making have had to adjust and find new and alternative ways of gaining public and political influence (Rommetvedt et al., 2012; Tyllström, 2013, Binderkrantz et. al., 2013). In a study on corporatism in Denmark and Norway from 1980 to 2005 Rommetvedt et al. (2012: 46) conclude that: Interest group participation in policy preparing committees has declined dramatically since the early 1980s, and today political decisions are rarely prepared in corporatist committees. Similar Swedish studies argue, along the same lines, that: ( ) the Swedish political system ( ) has undergone a significant decorporatization since the 1990s in which corporatist institutions have lost their influence (Tyllström, 2013:21). All in all these studies argue that evidence suggests that the so-called Scandinavian Model is not what it used to be. 1 See p. 22, and last retrieved 19. September
3 These studies also imply that the process of de-corporatization has led to several important changes in political influence and decision-making. First of all de-corporatization has occasioned what Rommetvedt et al. (2012) name the revival of Parliament. This means that the Parliaments have become more active, influential, and competitive, but also that the outcome of the decision making process has become more uncertain since the political opposition in many instances has succeeded in changing or amending government policy in ways the government did not foresee or intend (Rommevedt et. al. 2012: 477). As part of the revival of Parliament, civil servants in the ministries have also become increasingly part of the policy preparing process. Thus, for political actors outside of government, parliament, and the ministries the process of de-corporatization has led to increasing uncertainty as to the outcome of parliamentary decision-making. As a consequence a new strategic terrain for those seeking to influence political decision making has emerged (Rommevedt et. al., 2012). One part of this new terrain consists of the rise of lobbying and PR (Rommevedt et. 2012; Tyllström, 2013) Since Parliament and civil servants have become more powerful, it has also become more important for organized interests to seek to influence public policy making via these channels. Thus, increased political lobbyism directed at civil servants, government and parliament has been observed in all Scandinavian countries (Tyllström, 2013; Rommevedt et al., 2012). Another consequence is the increased focus by political actors on strategic political advocacy through the news media (Binderkrantz & Christensen, 2013; Tyllström, 2013). Advocacy can here be understood as the building of public opinion around an issue through the news media (Tyllström, 2013). Thus, this kind of advocacy means preparing press releases and talking to journalist both off and on the record, but this media advocacy is often complemented with other activities, such as the direct lobbying of politicians, civil servants, etc. A third development that may be seen as part of this new strategic terrain is the rise of the think tank. As mentioned Denmark only recently saw the introduction of the first think tank, but both Tyllström (2013) and Kelstrup (2014) point out that Europe as a whole has seen an explosion in think tanks in recent years (Tyllström, 2013:21), and the news media are one important arena for think tanks in general to practice political advocacy. But whereas news media advocacy by special interest groups (e.g., business groups, unions, organizations of public institutions, etc.) and, to some extend their lobbyism, have already been the focus of some research (e.g., Binderkrantz, 2012, Binderkrantz et al. 2013), the rise of the think tank in the Danish political and public debate has so far been the subject of less scholarly attention. 3
4 Visibility, political influence and the news media From the studies mentioned above, but also from studies on both visibility (Thompson, 1995, 2005) and the mediatization of politics (Ørsten, 2004; Hjarvard, 2013; Strömbäck & Esser; 2014), it is clear that with the decline of corporatism the news media as an arena of political influence has become increasingly important. Addressing the change in Danish corporatist structure in the late 1980s Pedersen (1989) stated that the bargaining and decision making process that used to take place behind the closed doors of the corporatist committees to an increasingly degree now took place in the news media (Ørsten, 2005). Indeed Thompson (1995, 2005) has argued that the increasing visibility of public life is to be understood as one of the most important structural changes in modern society, transforming public life from face-toface interaction to mediated quasi-interaction. In his work, Thompson outlines a general theory of mediated visibility that analyzes how the development in communication media has changed social interaction in modern societies. To bring out the significance of this change Thompson focuses on the relationship between visibility and political power, arguing that the media has become a central arena for the battle for power. Indeed he states that mediated visibility is not just a vehicle through which aspects of social and political life are brought to the attention of others: is has become the principal means by which social and political struggles are articulated and carried out (Thompson, 2005: 49). In much the same way the mediatization of politics thesis argues that western societies to an increasing degree is submitted to, or becomes dependent on, the media and their logic (Hjarvard, 2008:14). In fact Hjarvard argues that despite the decline of the party press in the Nordic countries during the 20th century, we have in recent years witnessed a re-politicization of the news media, which have turned into an opinion industry, meaning that the media s contribution to the formation of public opinion becomes institutionalized as a permanent feature of modern politics, and the media no longer solely reflect politics, but become intimately involved in the very production of politics (Hjarvard, 2013: 52). In this new environment political actors including politicians, their spin doctors, but also trade unions, special interest groups, NGO s, business corporations, public bureaucracies, etc. center much of their activities on the news media (Binderkrantz & Christiansen, 2013). In a large study on Danish special interest groups, Binderkrantz et al. (2013) for instance argue that special interest groups in theory can be active in three different arenas of political influence: the administrative arena, the parliamentary arena and the media arena, but they also argue that the media arena has become an increasingly important arena (Binderkrantz et. al. 2012:4). Binderkrantz et. al (2013: 183) further state that: In line with the mediatization of 4
5 politics, decisions makers have become increasingly sensitive to the news ( ). A prominent media presence provides an opportunity to effect or even shape the political agenda and influence the content of ongoing debates as well as political decisions. When it comes to think tanks the question of access to the media arena is also central, even though think tanks can also be active in the other arenas, depending on the type of think tank (see below). On the subject of think tanks and media visibility in general Rich & Weaver (2000: 81) write: Media visibility has become an especially important priority for nongovernmental research organizations whose principal mission is to produce and promote their expertise among policymaker ( ) Policymakers are known to be influenced by and to pay attention to issues and ideas covered by the news media (Cook, 1989) ( ) media visibility of research organizations is often assessed as a proxy for organizational viability and success. But that special interest groups and think tanks are successful in gaining media attention, as the studies of both Binderkrantz et al. (2013) and Rich & Weaver (2000) suggest, has not only got to do with the structural changes in political decision making. Indeed both argue that special interest groups and thinks tanks are in possession of a number of more general attributes that interact favorably with the way in which the news media as an institution (Cook, 1998; Ørsten, 2005) understands its role in society and organizes it work. At the most general level, the news media in Denmark, as well as the rest of Scandinavia, act as the director and interpreter of the public and political debate (Allern & Blach- Ørsten, 2011). A clear political priority given to public service television as well as direct and in-direct state subsidies for the press have made the news media in Scandinavia less vulnerable to technological and economic changes compared to, for instance, the US news media (Blach-Ørsten, 2013). Thus, the news media maintains a high focus on national politics and national political actors as part of its political and democratic obligation to further public debate (Esmark & Ørsten, 2006). This also means that the news media actively compete for the best political stories, a fact that many types of increasingly professionalized news sources have exploited in recent years (Allern, 2001; Kristensen, 2004; Blach-Ørsten, 2013). Indeed it is the special interest groups and think tanks ability to assume the role of a professional news sources that both national and international studies point to as one of the reasons why both kinds of political actors have been so successful in gaining media attention (Rich & Weaver, 2000; Binderkrantz & Christiansen, 2013). Much evidence suggest that think tanks and special interest groups to the news media simply represent new sources of information or new voices in the public debate, and thus may help to contribute positively to a more varied, informed political debate. Along these lines Pautz (2011: 426) and others argues 5
6 that: Think-tank analysts are best defined as part of the network of organic intellectuals ( ) among whom civil servants, technicians, policy experts or legal experts can also be found. From a news media perspective this implies that think tanks are seen as a new category of expert sources to the already heterogeneous group of experts and pundits characterizing contemporary journalism and its increasingly interpretive turn (e.g., Hopmann & Strömbäck, 2010; Hjarvard, 2010). This argument is supported by Schlesinger (2009), who argues that: the connections between think tanks and news media (as well as the political system) are key because some key-think tank players are also media intellectuals. The practice of think tankery is above all about the mediation of ideas. However, evidence also suggests that not all special interest groups or think tanks receive the same amount of media attention. Both Binderkrantz & Christiansen (2013) and Rich & Weaver (2000) suggest that resources play an important role when it comes to the battle of media access and media visibility. The more resources a think tank or a special interest group can invest in media attention, the more attention it gets. This is confirmed by McGann & Sabatini (2011: 63) who argue that one of the challenges for think tanks to get impact is that (especially European) think tanks have not been engaged by the media and likewise do not attract media attention ( ) Many think tanks simply don t have the resources available to actively pursue the media. But the existing research also suggests that the media attention may be unevenly distributed across media outlets with the ideology or political dispositions of the news media being a clear factor in this distribution. In the US study on think tanks Rich & Weaver (2000) find some correlation between the newspapers ideological standpoint and the think tanks it favors. Binderkrantz & Christiansen s (2013) study, focusing on the historical political parallelism between newspapers and political parties, also finds that left leaning newspapers and right leaning newspapers favor different interest groups, with the left leaning favoring unions, and the right leaning favoring business groups. These findings exemplify Hjarvard s (2013) argument of the re-politicization of the news media. Thus, changing political circumstances ( intra-political ) and changing relations between politics and media ( extra-political ) are influential factors paving the way for the emergence of think tanks in a Danish context. However, these same circumstances potentially entail that the political access and media access, gained by different think tanks, vary considerably. 6
7 The Danish study: Think tank typology, research design and research questions Typology of Danish think tanks, and the think tanks included in this study As indicated, think tank is a heterogeneous concept, because a variety of special interest groups, NGOs and grassroots all proclaim themselves as such. Indeed defining what a think tank is, and drawing the line between think tanks on other types of institutions and actors, are at the centre of a great deal of the existing literature on think tanks (Kelstrup, 2014). Furthermore, much of this literature concerns the US and is therefore biased towards the American debate and conceptualization of the subject. Writing on think tanks in an European context Kelstrup (2014:21) suggests that, at the most basic level, a think tank can be identified by the following definition: 1) Think tanks are organisations with a physical headquarters (sic). 2) Think tanks claim some degree of autonomy. 3) Think tanks attempt to exert influence on public policy, understood broadly as courses of action adopted and pursued by political decisions-makers. 4) Think tanks are active in mobilizing research with relevance for public policy by displaying a certain level of activity whether by conducting events, publishing or wielding media impact. In more detail, McGann & Sabatini (2011) argue that the functions of think tanks include: mediating between government and public; identifying, articulating, and evaluating current or emerging issues, problems, or proposals; transforming ideas and problems into policy issues; serving as an informed and independent voice in policy debates; and providing a constructive forum for the exchange of ideas and information between key stakeholders in the policy formulation process. Among the number of organizations that may, according to these characteristics, be acknowledged as a think tank, there are typically three types 2 : Advocacy think tanks, universities without students, and party-affiliated think tanks. Whereas the universities without students are seen as the oldest think tanks internationally, the advocacy think tank is seen as a newcomer amongst think tanks (Stone, 1991,1996, Kelstrup, 2014: 37). In a Danish context, DIIS (the Danish Institute for International Studies) is close to a think tank of the second kind, but since most Danish think tanks are relatively new, many of these can be defined as advocacy think tanks for instance CEPOS, CEVEA, and KRAKA which are all included in this study. More specifically, Center for Political Studies/CEPOS, founded in 2004, and began its activities in 2005, by business people, cultural personalities, 2 Kelstrup (2014) proposes a fourth type of think tank called the policy think tank. This category is not found in the international literature, and differs, in our opinion, only slightly from the well-known category of advocacy think tank. 7
8 and politicians, frames itself as an independent liberal think tank. This American inspired think tank aims at: ( ) Promoting a society based on freedom, responsibility, private initiative and limited government ( last retrieved September ). More specifically, CEPOS seeks to influencing the political debate and thereby the political decisionmaking and policies, among other things by means of the media. Key topics for CEPOS are welfare, the public sector and municipalities, labor market and growth, business- and energy politics, taxes, and financial/monetary politics. One might argue that CEPOS has popularised the term think tanks in a Danish context and, more importantly, made way for competing or opposing, left-wing think tanks such as CEVEA and KRAKA. CEVEA, for example, was founded in 2008 as an independent center-left think tank that develops ideas with the purpose to work for a society based on the values of equality, freedom and community ( last retrieved September ), while KRAKA, founded in 2011 also as an independent think tank, aims to securing the future Danish Welfare state. It is Kraka s task to point out professionally well functioning and politically realistic solutions that can match the challenges confronting the Danish welfare state in the years to come ( our translation, last retrieved September ). In Kelstrup s (2014) definition the Economic Council of the Labor Movement (ECLM) started out as a party-affiliated organization, founded in 1936 with close ties to the Danish Trade Unions, and funded by the trade union umbrella organisation LO. But since such organizations enjoy little credibility in the Danish public, it has moved away from its status as party-affiliated and towards a role as advocacy-think tank with a clear focus on professional media strategies. This development is clearly stated on the Council s homepage, explaining that the Council changed its way of organizing itself in 2003, transforming from an economic council to a more independent think tank. More specifically, ECLM aims to promote social justice in Denmark and at a society where economic growth and wealth does not result in increased inequality and new social divisions. Our vision is a society where the economically strong as well as the economically weak, have the same opportunities when it comes to taking an education and follow their personal goals ( last retrieved 22 September 2014). In Kelstrup s analysis the ECLM is still listed as the only party-affiliated think tank in Denmark, but Kelstrup recognizes that this position has been challenged and nuanced on several accounts (Kelstrup, 2014: 139). Therefore, we argue that from 2003 and onwards the Council changed from a party-affiliated think tank to being a leftleaning advocacy think tank. 8
9 Thus, these four think tanks are included in this study, because 1) all of them may be considered advocacy think tanks the most dominating type of think tanks in Denmark, and because 2) two of them (ECLM and CEPOS) have existed in the full period of our study ( ), while the other two (CEVEA & KRAKA) are new-comers, exemplifying the very recent emergence and growth of advocacy think tanks in a Danish context. Arenas of influence and samples In line with Binderkrantz et al. s (2013) abovementioned theoretical argument of special interest groups acting in three different arenas of political influence (the administrative arena, the parliamentary arena and the media arena), we analyze the influence of think tanks in two of these arenas: the media arena and the administrative arena. Since special interest groups are still active in the parliamentary arena and invited to participate in the legislative process, this arena is of continuous importance to the study of special interest groups. However, think tanks are not recognized in this way and are not a formal part of legislative processes. Thus, they have less influence on this arena, at least in the traditional sense. Or put in another way, if think tanks want to influence politics, they have to go through the other two arenas. In the empirical study of the media arena, we analyse the full yearly coverage of the selected think thanks in two selected years 2006 to 2013, covering a time-period characterised by, as already mentioned, a considerable increase in think tank efforts in Denmark (Kelstrup, 2014). We include the coverage in three national broadsheets (print-version included only) (n = 1696 news items), since especially national broadsheets in a Danish context continue to play an important role as agenda-setters (e.g., Lund et al., 2009). The newspapers are; the broadsheets Berlingske Tidende (right-wing conservative, daily readers, Winter 2013), Jyllands-Posten (right-wing liberal, daily readers, Winter 2013), and Politiken (centre-left, daily readers, Winter 2013) (Gallup, 2013). 3 The codebook was developed as part of a larger comparative study of think tanks in the Nordic countries. For the purpose of this paper, however, we have chosen to include only a small selection of the variables coded for. Based on our theoretical framework, the empirical design was namely developed in order to answer, among other things, the following research questions: 3 Future publications will compare these national broadsheets to two tabloids (B.T., daily readers, Winter/Spring 2014; and Ekstra Bladet, daily readers, Winter 2013), and two niche newspapers (Information, left-leaning, daily readers, Winter 2013; and Kristligt Dagblad, Christian-based, daily readers, Winter 2013). 9
10 RQ 1: How (much) are the different think tanks represented in different printed newspapers? This question concerns the general visibility in the newspapers of the four advocacy think tanks, and whether the visibility of the individual think tanks can be linked to the political leaning of the different news media. RQ 2: What kind of source role(s) do the think tanks play in the news articles? This question is linked to the general debate on the media-sources relationship. Do the think tanks in question appear as neutral expert sources in the news articles, or are they clearly identified as sources with a special interest. For the study of the administrative arena we have used a database containing the members of all (by January 2014 active), nationally relevant boards. Specifically the database contains the boards of the all Danish top corporations, all state committees and councils, all boards and subcommittees of nationally represented interest group and several formal and informal networks. The unit of analysis is the appearance of a member of the board or advisory board of the selected think tanks, in any of these nationally relevant boards. The database has been collected by Ellersgaard & Larsen (2014:14) for their study of power elites in Denmark. It is based on the inclusion principal in the selection meaning that ( ) if a registered gathering of some sort, be it a corporation board, a social club, a royal ball, within the limits of our sociological imagination can be conceived as potentially either powerful in its own right or serve as a vehicle for social integration between elite individual, it is included ( ). The database contains organizations and positions, but cannot be considered big data, according to its collectors. Instead it is data of middle range, since it is deliberative focused on Danish society (Ellersgaard & Larsen, 2014). But, in this sort of analysis other types of relationships that could have potential influence on network relations are overlooked, for example 1) informal relationships such as friendship and kin, 2) and relations created in the past, for instance between actors from the same education/university (Ellersgaard & Larsen, 2014: 18). The aim of the network analysis was to answer the following research question: RQ 3: How are the different think tanks connected to the administrative arena? This question concerns the fact that while corporatism is in decline, the administrative arena is still an important arena of influence. 10
11 Results from the content analysis When it comes to how often the various think tanks are mentioned by the different printed newspapers (RQ1), the empirical data shows that all the broadsheets most frequently refer to the liberal think tank CEPOS, indicating that CEPOS has been very successful in gaining media visibility and managing the news media. This is especially the case in newspapers of a similar political leaning, since CEPOS is more frequently mentioned in the right-wing conservative newspaper Berlingske Tidende and the right-wing liberal newspaper Jyllands-Posten compared to the centre-left-leaning broadsheet Politiken (see table 1). This last-mentioned newspaper, Politiken, favours the left-leaning think tanks ECLM and KRAKA by more often including these think tanks in the coverage compared to Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands-Posten. Thus, these findings more generally point to a tendency of political parallelism and thus a re-politicization of the interplay of Danish broadsheets and ideologically or politically toned social agents. But, the findings also confirm that liberally/conservative parties often are more successful at influencing and entering the news media. Thus Rich & Weaver (2000: 98-99) in their study of think tanks in the US media conclude that think tanks with in the conservative cluster talk with a larger collective voice, than think tanks in the liberal cluster. Also Hopmann & Strömbäck (2010) in their study of the media coverage of elections, found that media pundits more often than not have a right-wing rather than a left-wing background (p. 955), and that conservative groups are better at promoting their opinions, and that they are more active and better funded. As a result there are more conservative pundits to include in the media coverage of elections (ibid.: p. 956). Our study indicates that this pattern also characterises think tanks in the Danish news media. This conclusion is supported by the fact that even though two new left-wing think tanks (KRAKA and CEVEA) have entered the media arena in the analysed time period ( ), CEPOS continuous to be the most frequently mentioned think tank in all three broadsheets in 2013, no matter their political leaning. 11
12 Table 1: Think tank most in focus * Name of newspaper Name of newspaper Jyllands- Berlingske Posten Politiken Total Think tank most in focus CEPOS Count % within Name of newspaper 53,5% 51,9% 39,2% 48,6% ECLM Count % within Name of newspaper 30,5% 34,8% 37,6% 34,0% KRAKA Count % within Name of newspaper 8,0% 8,8% 18,4% 11,5% CEVEA Count % within Name of newspaper 8,0% 4,4% 4,8% 5,9% Total Count % within Name of newspaper 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% This conclusion is also supported by the use of think tanks as source and the source role(s), more specifically, attributed by the news media to the think tanks (RQ2). First and foremost, there has been a significant increase in the use of think tank representatives as sources more generally in the news coverage: While approximately six in ten articles in 2006 included a think tank representative as source, this number had by 2013 increased to eight in ten (table not shown). In addition, think tanks are frequently used as the main source by all three broadsheets in fact, approximately every one in three main sources, quoted or referred to by the analysed newspapers, are think tank representatives (table not shown). Furthermore, the think tanks are in every second case cast in the role of (autonomous) experts and thus not explicitly affiliated with specific political agendas or interests (see table 2 below). The broadsheets much less frequently approximately in one in five cases frame the think tanks as special interest sources, promoting specific viewpoints. This confirms the earlier mentioned theoretical arguments on think tanks as being successful in orchestrating themselves as part of the increasingly large network of organic intellectuals or media intellectuals characterising contemporary media culture (e.g. Townsley & Jacobs, 2011; Kristensen & From, 2015). 12
13 Table 2: If think tank source, in what role? * Name of newspaper Crosstabulation Name of newspaper Jyllands- Berlingske Posten Politiken Total If think tank source, in what role? Expert Count % within Name of newspaper 53,4% 53,2% 53,1% 53,3% "Special interest" source Count % within Name of newspaper 23,2% 19,6% 20,5% 21,2% Peripheral_reference Count % within Name of newspaper 18,1% 23,7% 24,0% 21,6% Other Count % within Name of newspaper 5,3% 3,5% 2,4% 3,9% Total Count % within Name of newspaper 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% This dominating performance and casting of think tanks as neutral experts is confirmed by the fact that all the analysed newspapers are most often either positive or neutral to a proposal or initiative made by the think tanks when included in a news story (see table 3 below). In less than one in thirty cases, the newspapers apply a negative approach the proposals or ideas presented by the think tanks. Thus, as is the case with most sources performing the role of expert sources, or being cast in this role in the news coverage, the think tanks only on rare occasions are meet by a critical framing by the analysed newspapers. Accordingly, the think tanks seem to have more or less unhindered access to supply the news media and the public with tailored information and agendas. 13
14 Table 3: News angle tendency * Name of newspaper Crosstabulation Name of newspaper Jyllands- Berlingske Posten Politiken Total News angle tendency Positive to a proposal/initiative from the think tank most in focus Negative to a proposal/initiative from the think tank most in focus Neutral to a proposal/initiative from the think tank in focus Count % within Name of newspaper 42,0% 44,2% 42,1% 42,7% Count % within Name of newspaper 1,8% 2,9% 3,4% 2,6% Count % within Name of newspaper 31,3% 40,9% 36,3% 35,9% Irrelevant/not possible to decide Count % within Name of newspaper 24,9% 12,0% 18,2% 18,7% Total Count % within Name of newspaper 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% This picture is to some extend confirmed when looking a commentary articles that is, articles often produced by the think tank representatives themselves. Not surprisingly this entails an even larger share of articles, compared to the news articles, with a positive stance towards the idea or argument proposed by the think tank (see table 4 below). Among these opinion pieces we do however also find more critical attitudes towards the think tank initiatives that is, viewpoints most likely presented by opponents of the think tank, its proposals or ideological standpoint. This indicates that if looking for critical approaches to think tanks in the newspapers one must turn to the op-ed pages and thus opinionated genres rather than to the news. 14
15 Table 4: Commentary tendency * Name of newspaper Crosstabulation Name of newspaper Jyllands- Berlingske Posten Politiken Total Commentary tendency Positive to a proposal/initiative from the think tank most in focus Negative to a proposal/initiative from the think tank most in focus Neutral to a proposal/initiative from the think tank in focus Count % within Name of newspaper 60,7% 66,5% 59,8% 61,9% Count % within Name of newspaper 18,7% 19,0% 23,1% 20,3% Count % within Name of newspaper 7,8% 11,7% 12,0% 10,3% Irrelevant/not possible to decide Count % within Name of newspaper 12,8% 2,8% 5,1% 7,5% Total Count % within Name of newspaper 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% Results from the network analysis As Stone (2007) points out think tanks do not act alone in setting an agenda. As evident from the analysis above, the news media is an important partner for most think tanks, but also network relationships to donor-groups, government, organizations, corporations, etc. may assist think tanks in being recognized and gaining status as authoritative experts in society. Thus turning to the analysis of the network affiliations of ECLM and CEPOS, we first of all need to keep in mind that the unit of analysis is the appearance of a member of the board or advisory board of the selected think tanks, in any of the nationally relevant boards that have been included in the database. Looking first at the network affiliations of ECLM (see appendix 1), this think tank obviously has a high density of network relations. Looking closer at these relations, as done in table 5 below, it becomes clear that most of these relations include affiliations with either the state or with organizations, corporations, and the Danish Parliament. 15
16 Table 5: ECLM s network affiliations Percentage No. of relations Parliament 13 % 14 Foundations 8 % 9 Commissions 5 % 5 Organizations 26 % 28 State 32 % 34 Corporations 15 % 16 The density of relations is linked to the fact that the ECLM still has a close relationship with the Danish Workers Union and many of their members, and to the fact that the Danish Workers Union continues to have a strong relationship with the Social Democratic party, which at the time of this analysis, is leading the Danish coalition government that came into power in However, the many network relations also show that the corporatist state, in many ways, is still alive and well. Though we cannot go back in time and conduct the same network analysis at time when the corporatist state was in its heyday, this study does suggest that the notion of de-corporatization should be considered an ongoing process, and that many of the corporatist networks still remain firmly in place. Thus, the analysis shows that the ECLM has no fewer than 106 relations all in in all. Turing to CEPOS, it is evident from the network analysis (see appendix 2 and table 6 below) that the network relations of this think tank are fewer and also to some extent different from those of the ECLM. With a total of 27 network relations CEPOS is connected to a much smaller, national network than the ECLM. Furthermore, CEPOS is connected to different types of organizations and corporations compared to ECLM, and the think tank is to a much lesser extend linked to State and Parliament than was the case for the ECLM. Instead CEPOS has most relations to organizations and corporations, on the one hand emphasising its profile as a neoliberal, market-oriented think tank, but, on the other hand, also implying successful media management and extensive visibility in the media arena does not necessarily reflect dense network relations outside the media. Indeed, it might be the other way around. CEPOS being a newly formed liberal think tank does not have any strong historically based network 16
17 relations with the actors of the Danish corporatist state, but compensates for this lack network relations by focusing its resources on media relations instead. Table 6: CEPOS network affiliations Percentage No. of relations Foundations 15 % 4 Commissions 4 % 1 Organizations 37 % 10 State 15 % 4 Corporations 22 % 6 VL-Networks 7 % 2 Conclusion Our analysis shows that the two oldest and largest think tanks, CEPOS and the ECLM, receive almost the same amount of media attention, yet the liberal think tank receives more positive attention by the liberal media, and the social democratic think tanks receive more positive attention by the centre left media (RQ1). This confirms the tendency towards repolitization of the news media in Denmark that we have pointed to in other works (Esmark & Ørsten, 2006; Hjarvard & Kristensen, 2014), but which also was confirmed by Binderkrantz & Christiansen (2013) in their study of the representation of Danish special interest groups in the Danish news media. Similar conclusions have also been reached based on data from the US news media (Rich & Weaver, 2000). Our content analysis also shows that think tank most often appear as independent expert sources in a news item as opposed to special interest sources. The content analysis even shows that there is an increase from 2006 to 2013 in the number of news items where think tanks appear as expert sources. Our network analysis shows that both think tanks are well connected, but are largely connected to different spheres of society. CEPOS is mostly connected to media and private business, whereas the ECLM has a much larger network that connects them to the state/government, to private business, to the unions, etc. We can therefore conclude that think tanks are very active in Denmark, have a high media visibility and are very successful in cast- 17
18 ing themselves in the news media as expert sources rather than being affiliated with specific political interests. But we can also conclude that media visibility is only one part of the equation. The social network of the think tanks must also be taken into consideration, and here we argue that the ECLM comes out on top as the most well connected of the two dominating think tanks in Denmark. Thus, though the debate on de-corporatization would suggest that the news media as an arena of influence has become the most important one, our analysis show that some of the corporatist structures still are intact and thus still warrants both focus and analysis. 18
19 Appendix 1: ECLM network affiliations 19
20 Appendix 2. CEPOS network relations 20
21 References Allern, Sigurd. Flokkdyr på Løvebakken: søkelys på Stortingets presselosje og politikkens medierammer. Pax, Allern, Sigurd, & Mark Blach-Ørsten. "The news media as a political institution: A Scandinavian perspective." Journalism Studies 12.1 (2011): Binderkrantz, AS & Christiansen, PM 2013, 'Making it to the news. Interest groups in the Danish media' i Politische Interesenvermittlung und Medien. Binderkrantz, AS (2012) Interest groups in the media: Bias and diversity over time, European Journal of Political Research, Volume 51, Issue 1, pages , January 2012 Binderkrantz, AS, Christiansen, PM & Pedersen, HH 2014, 'Interest Group Access to the Bureaucracy, Parliament and the Media' Governance. Blach-Ørsten, Mark. "The Emergence of an Increasingly Competitive News Regime in Denmark." Political Journalism in Transition: Western Europe in a Comparative Perspective (2013): 93. Christiansen, Peter Munk, and Hilmar Rommetvedt. "From Corporatism to Lobbyism? Parliaments, Executives, and Organized Interests in Denmark and Norway." Scandinavian Political Studies 22.3 (1999): Cook, Timothy E. Governing with the news: The news media as a political institution. University of Chicago Press, Ellersgaard, Christoph Houmann & Anton Grau Larsen. Identifying power elites a social network analytis approach. Paper, Esmark, Anders & Mark Ørsten. Media and Politics in Denmark in Jesper Strömbäck, Mark Ørsten & Torill Aalberg (red.) Political Communication in the Nordic Countries, Nordicom,
22 Hjarvard, Stig, and Nete Nørgaard Kristensen. "When media of a small nation argue for war." Media, War & Conflict 7.1 (2014): Hjarvard, Stig, Nete Nørgaard Kristensen, and Mark Ørsten. Mediernes dækning af invasionen af Irak. Modinet,(Working Paper no. 13), Hjarvard, Stig. The mediatization of culture and society. Routledge, Hopmann, David Nicolas, and Jesper Strömbäck. "The Rise of the Media Punditocracy?: Journalists and Media Pundits in Danish Election News " Media Culture and Society 32.6 (2010): Kelstrup, Jesper Dahl. Think tanks in Europe: explaining their development and variation in Germany, the United Kingdom, Denmark and at the EU-level. Diss. Roskilde Universitet. Kristensen, Nete Nørgaard. Journalister og kilder-slinger i valsen?. Ajour, Lund, Anker Brink, Ida Willig, and Mark Blach-Østen. Hvor kommer nyhederne fra?: Den journalistiske fødekæde i Danmark før og nu. Ajour, McGann, James G. "Introduction. I McGann, James G. & Sabatini, Richard (red)." Global Think Tanks. Policy Networks and Governance (2011): Pautz, Hartwig. "Revisiting the think-tank phenomenon." Public Policy and Administration 26.4 (2011): Rich, Andrew, and R. Kent Weaver. "Think tanks in the US media." The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 5.4 (2000): Schlesinger, Philip. "Creativity and the experts New Labour, think tanks, and the policy process." The international journal of press/politics 14.1 (2009):
23 Stone, Diane. "Old guard versus new partisans: think tanks in transition." Politics 26.2 (1991): Stone, Diane. "Recycling bins, garbage cans or think tanks? Three myths regarding policy analysis institutes." Public Administration 85.2 (2007): Strömbäck, Jesper, and Frank Esser. "Mediatization of Politics: Towards a Theoretical Framework." Mediatization of Politics. Understanding the Transformation of Western Democracies (2014): Thompson, John B. Media and modernity: A social theory of the media. Polity Press, Cambridge, Thompson, John B. "The new visibility." Theory, Culture & Society 22.6 (2005): Jacobs, Ronald N., and Eleanor Townsley. The space of opinion: Media intellectuals and the public sphere. Oxford University Press, Tyllström, Anna. "Legitimacy for Sale: Constructing a Market for PR Consultancy." (2013). Ørsten, Mark. Nyhedsinstitutionen et ny-institutionel perspektiv på den medierede politiske kommunikation, i Økonomi & Politik, vol. 78, nr. 3, Ørsten, Mark. Transnational politisk journalistik. Roskilde Universitet,
Methodological Approach: Typologies of Think Tanks
Methodological Approach: Typologies of Think Tanks Unlike Stone, Donald Abelson applies a typology of think tanks by focusing on four distinctive periods of think tanks development to recognise the major
More informationInternational Advocacy Capacity Tool for organizational assessment
International Advocacy Capacity Tool for organizational assessment Please e: Key terms throughout the survey (in bold) are defined in the terminology page on the Alliance for Justice website To access
More informationPersuasive analytical essay
Persuasive analytical essay The purpose of a persuasive analytical essay is to present and argue for a particular position on a topic/issue which is under debate. When a lecturer reads a persuasive analytical
More informationFour think tank perspectives
Four think tank perspectives By Jesper Dahl Kelstrup Note to readers This is a first draft of an article intended for a public policy journal. Comments on what journals to target and how to advance the
More informationWhen students complete the Master of Arts in Political Science program, they should have:
Political Science (M.A.) Political Science Admission Criteria and Degree Requirements The JMU graduate school requires that prospective students submit official transcripts of all undergraduate and graduate
More informationExchange of good practices on. gender equality. The role of men in. gender equality. Comments Paper - Denmark. Finland, 28-29 October 2014
The role of men in gender equality Finland, 28-29 October 2014 Exchange of good practices on gender equality Comments Paper - Denmark The information contained in this publication does not necessarily
More informationINTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES 3, place Jean-Marteau CH-1201 Geneva (Switzerland) Tel. (+41 22) 908 01 00 Fax (+41 22) 908 01 01 E-mail: icn@icn.ch Web site: www.icn.ch Guidelines on shaping effective
More informationWho Governs? CHAPTER 22 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER CHAPTER FOCUS STUDY OUTLINE
CHAPTER 22 Who Governs? REVIEWING THE CHAPTER CHAPTER FOCUS This chapter provides an overview of American politics and central themes of the text, namely, Who Governs? To What Ends? A broad perspective
More informationTHE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES. - Issue Paper -
THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES - Issue Paper - UNESCO, Bureau of Strategic Planning September 2003 1 I. The past and present scope of innovation During the last two decades,
More informationHow can the press be subsidized by the state, and still be free? Norway is tied with Iceland for first
Norwegian media: Free, but dependent How can the press be subsidized by the state, and still be free? Norway is tied with Iceland for first place on the 2007 Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index.
More informationAn introduction to LO the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions
An introduction to LO the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions 1 Facts LO s affiliated unions have approximately 1.1 million members. 450,000 of them are public sector employees. 650,000 of them are private
More informationWhere does the news come from?
Where does the news come from? News flow between print newspapers, broadcasting and the web in Norway Paper for the 20th Nord conference Akureyri 2011 Ivar John Erdal Associate professor Volda University
More informationInternational Trade and Corporate Social Responsibility
International Trade and Corporate Social Responsibility Professor Kevin Kolben Rutgers Business School, Newark and New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Testimony Before the Committee on International Trade European
More informationAction Plan 2013-2014
SAMHÄLLSVETARKÅREN VID LUNDS UNIVERSITET Action Plan 2013-2014 Approved by the Executive Council on May 30th, 2013 Table of Contents 1. Purpose... 2 2. Introduction... 2 3. Areas of Focus... 3 3.2 Communications
More informationUniversities for the benefit of Finland
Professors and Researchers VISION Universities for the benefit of Finland Constitution of Finland 16 The freedom of science, the arts and higher education is guaranteed. 123 The universities are self-governing,
More informationOn the Relationship between Empowerment, Social Capital and Community-Driven Development. by Christiaan Grootaert
August 11, 2003 On the Relationship between Empowerment, Social Capital and Community-Driven Development by Christiaan Grootaert The purpose of this brief note is to provide some thoughts on the conceptual
More informationAmerican Experiences Danish Realities?
D E P A R T M E N T O F M E D I A, C O G N I T I O N A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N American Experiences Danish Realities? Presented at Berlingske media conference: Trust Us - We are (not) Lying September
More informationThoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming David H. Weaver School of Journalism, University of Indiana, Bloomington, IN 47405 This article
More informationBARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENT FOREIGN POLICY THINK-TANKS IN RUSSIA
Training Program for Russian Policy and Opinion Makers Policy Papers 2/11 BARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENT FOREIGN POLICY THINK-TANKS IN RUSSIA Author: Igor Okunev Supervisor: Jacek Kucharczyk,
More informationTo refresh the project aims and the concept of AKS. The project aims: Minutes of meeting
Minutes of meeting Project title: Accumulated knowledge and Skills (AKS) Project no.: n N/02/B/PP-131.005 Subject: Second partner meeting in Greece Follow up Date: 07-09.05.2003 Participators: Koutoulakos
More informationThe Work on Gender Mainstreaming in the Ministry of Employment by Agnete Andersen, legal adviser
The Work on Gender Mainstreaming in the Ministry of Employment by Agnete Andersen, legal adviser Agnete Andersen The outset for the work on gender mainstreaming Gender equality is a difficult bird because
More informationNonprofit welfare and active citizenship in Scandinavia
Nonprofit welfare and active citizenship in Scandinavia In Scandinavia welfare services are mainly funded by the public sector. However, there are increasing differences when it comes to who provides the
More informationTraining journalists. The development of journalism education in Sweden, 1944-1970
Training journalists. The development of journalism education in Sweden, 1944-1970 Elin Gardeström The thesis Training journalists analyses the interaction between various interests in Swedish society
More informationIPR Policy as Strategy ISBN: 978-3-945185-04-9. December 2015. The Battle to Define the Meaning of FRAND
December 2015 ISBN: 978-3-945185-04-9 IPR Policy as Strategy The Battle to Define the Meaning of FRAND Bowman Heiden Center for Intellectual Property (CIP) Department of Technology Management and Economics
More informationEn tidning i tiden? Metro och den svenska dagstidningsmarknaden [A Paper for Its Time? Metro and the Swedish Newspaper Market.]
Göteborg university Department of Journalism and Mass Communication English summary of the dissertation: En tidning i tiden? Metro och den svenska dagstidningsmarknaden [A Paper for Its Time? Metro and
More informationHalmstad University Heading towards 2020. Vision Research and education strategy
Halmstad University Heading towards 2020 Vision Research and education strategy Contents Introduction 3 The University s vision 4 Research and Education Strategy 6 1. Universities challenges and tasks
More informationThe Role of a Charter Commission: An Overview
The Role of a Charter Commission: An Overview by Kenneth Verburg The Role of a Charter Commission: An Overview The purpose and role of the charter commission officially is to prepare the first charter
More informationPolicy on Mixed Migration. Adopted by the Council 2008 Revised may 2009 to include and refletc climate change concerns
Policy on Mixed Migration Adopted by the Council 2008 Revised may 2009 to include and refletc climate change concerns Policy on Mixed Migration 1. The growing complexity of migration in a globalized world
More informationSummary. Remit and points of departure
Summary The digital society and the digital economy are already here. Digitalisation means that it is becoming natural for people, organisations and things to communicate digitally. This changes how we
More informationMemo. KAB is a customer owned non profit manager of non profit housing associations.
jny/ppa/has Contact information Peter Abbas Consultant T 33 63 11 13 F 33 63 10 11 ppa@kab bolig.dk KAB a customer owned non profit manager of housing associations This paper is intended to give our English
More informationGuidelines for Civil Society participation in FAO Regional Conferences
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy Fax: +39 0657053152 Tel: +39 0657051 www.fao.org Guidelines for Civil Society participation in FAO Regional Conferences 1. Intro: Civil Society participation
More informationCMFE. Community TV and digitalisation in the Nordic countries. By Christer Hedërstrom
Community TV and digitalisation in the Nordic countries By Christer Hedërstrom Text prepared with occasion of the seminar Community TV and digital transition in Europe, organized by the UNESCO Chair in
More informationKRISTINA VAARST ANDERSEN
Copenhagen Business School Kilevej 14A DK-2000 Frederiksberg Denmark Phone: +45 3815 2546 e-mail: kva.ino@cbs.dk KRISTINA VAARST ANDERSEN EDUCATION Ph. D. in Economics and Management, Copenhagen Business
More informationGood governance and the Non-Governmental Organizations
Good governance and the Non-Governmental Organizations Magdalena Stankowska Member of the Polish Delegation to the OSCE Abstract In this article I would like to concentrate on connections between the values
More informationBusiness. Democratic Socialism. Sponsoring Faculty Member: Professor Cindi Bearden. Levi Evans
Business Levi Evans Democratic Socialism Sponsoring Faculty Member: Professor Cindi Bearden Levi Evans Democratic presidential primary candidate, Bernie Sanders, wants America to adopt the political and
More informationObjective Oriented Planning Module 1. Stakeholder Analysis
III. Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders are people, groups, or institutions, which are likely to be affected by a proposed project (either negatively or positively), or those which can affect the outcome
More informationBachelor of Public Administration Curriculum
2010 Bachelor of Public Administration Curriculum From the beginning of the academic year 2010 1 Contents Preamble 1. Aims and scope of the degree programme 1.1. Aims 1.2. ECTS credits 1.3. Titles 1.4.
More informationBA (Hons) Broadcast Journalism and BA (Hons) Journalism 2016
BA (Hons) Broadcast Journalism and BA (Hons) Journalism 2016 These degree courses share all modules except for the practical modules that follow either the Broadcast Journalism Training Council (BJTC)
More informationPreparing for new horizons
Preparing for new horizons By Lauritz Holm-Nielsen, President of EuroScience Anders Borchorst Gårdhus, International Advisor, Aarhus University Introduction The sustainability of world societies is challenged.
More informationCountry Report on Adult Education in SWEDEN
Country Report on Adult Education in SWEDEN Helsinki, 2011 Please check our website for the latest version of this country report via the following url or QR-code, or contact us directly at eaea-info[at]eaea.org.
More informationNinth session. Intergovernmental Council for the Information for All Programme
IFAP-2016/COUNCIL.IX/Inf 7 Paris, 4 April 2016 Original : English Distribution limited Ninth session Intergovernmental Council for the Information for All Programme 30-31 May 2016 UNESCO House, Paris (Fontenoy
More informationEUROBAROMETER 72 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Standard Eurobarometer European Commission EUROBAROMETER 72 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AUTUMN 2009 NATIONAL REPORT Standard Eurobarometer 72 / Autumn 2009 TNS Opinion & Social June 17, 2003 EXECUTIVE
More informationThe Contribution of Government Communication Capacity to Achieving Good Governance Outcomes
The Contribution of Government Communication Capacity to Achieving Good Governance Outcomes The George Washington University s Elliott School for International Affairs Linder Commons Room, February 19,
More informationUniversity Autonomy and Financing: How to Provide Equitable High Quality Higher Education
University Autonomy and Financing: How to Provide Equitable High Quality Higher Education D. Bruce Johnstone Good University Governance Practices Center for Mediterranean Integration Marseille, December
More informationChanging Patterns of European Governance(1): Introduction to the Symposium
Changing Patterns of European Governance(1): Introduction to the Symposium Nils C. Bandelow The progress of European integration causes different constraints and options for national politicians. The German
More informationSyria: Civil-military relations during civil war
Military Studies Magazine Syria: Civil-military relations during civil war by major Lars Cramer-Larsen Royal Danish Defence College & professor Bertel Heurlin University of Copenhagen Photo: Colourbox
More informationPolitical participation: Model by Verba in the EU and Russia
Political participation: Model by Verba in the EU and Russia Introduction Democracy is a political system based on 1) representative government; 2) citizen participation in the political process; 3) freedom
More informationDanish Union of Teachers
Danish Union of Teachers Mission 3 Vision 3 The profession strategy 3 Tasks and activities 4 Members 5 Organisational structure 6 Training activities 8 Finances 9 Information activities 10 Social dialogue
More informationPOLITICAL SCIENCE. Department of Law and Politics. BACHELOR OF ARTS (General) POLITICAL SCIENCE. Please refer to the general regulations
FACULTY PROFESSOR(S) R. M. Myers, B.A. (Hons), M. A., Ph.D. (Toronto) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR(S) D. A. Jackson, B.A. (Hons), M.A. (Toronto) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR(S) N. Cruickshank, B.A. (Hons), M.A. (Wilfrid
More informationThe Double Democratic Deficit Parliamentary Accountability and the Use of Force under International Auspices
The Double Democratic Deficit Parliamentary Accountability and the Use of Force under International Auspices Hans Born, Senior Fellow, DCAF Geneva Brussels, 29 April 2004 Presentation given at the Book
More informationEun-Jeung Lee and Hannes B. Mosler. Introduction
Eun-Jeung Lee and Hannes B. Mosler Introduction This book joins a long series of scholarly projects that attempt to unpack the complicated and controversial concept of civil society. Very few other political
More informationINTRODUCTION THE 2ND EUROPEAN YOUTH WORK CONVENTION
INTRODUCTION This Declaration, prepared within the framework of the Belgian Chairmanship of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, is addressed to the Member States of the Council of Europe,
More informationACADEMIC PERCEPTION OF THE BOLOGNA PROCESS
ACADEMIC PERCEPTION OF THE BOLOGNA PROCESS Report of the Education International to the Bologna Ministerial meeting in Bucharest, April 2012 1 Education International represents organisations of teachers
More informationINTEGRATION IN DENMARK
INTEGRATION IN DENMARK 3 INTEGRATION TODAY As of January 2012, the total population of Denmark was 5,580,516 including a total of 580,461 migrants and descendants (10,4 % of the total population). The
More informationTypes of Democracy. Types of Democracy
Types of Democracy The democratic form of government is an institutional configuration that allows for popular participation through the electoral process. According to political scientist Robert Dahl,
More informationNorth Carolina Essential Standards Third grade Social Studies
North Carolina s Third grade Social Studies In third grade, students draw upon knowledge learned in previous grades to develop more sophisticated understandings of how communities may be linked to form
More informationPARIS AGENDA OR 12 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MEDIA EDUCATION
PARIS AGENDA OR 12 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MEDIA EDUCATION 25 years after the adoption of the Grünwald Declaration that paved the way for media education at the international level, experts, education policy-makers,
More informationBRIEFING NOTE TRADE UNIONS AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE ROLE OF UNIONS IN TRAINING IN THE WORKPLACE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE
BRIEFING NOTE December 2008 (updated January 2011) Series briefing note 15 TRADE UNIONS AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 1. Introduction 2. The role of unions in training in the workplace: theory and evidence 3.
More informationDualization and crisis. David Rueda
Dualization and crisis David Rueda The economic crises of the 20 th Century (from the Great Depression to the recessions of the 1970s) were met with significant increases in compensation and protection
More informationCorporate Social Responsibility and Reporting in Denmark:
Corporate Social Responsibility and Reporting in Denmark: Impact of the third year subject to the legal requirements for reporting on CSR in the Danish Financial Statements Act Foreword The impact of
More informationNew developments in occupational health and safety management in Danish companies
HUMAN FACTORS IN ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT XI NORDIC ERGONOMICS SOCIETY ANNUAL CONFERENCE 46 371 New developments in occupational health and safety management in Danish companies Rikke SEIM,
More informationLecture 2: European media systems. European media and communication policies 22 January, 2009 Hannu Nieminen
Lecture 2: European media systems European media and communication policies 22 January, 2009 Hannu Nieminen Background: the book Daniel C. Hallin & Paolo Mancini (2004): Comparing Media Systems: Three
More informationIPCE Institute for Policy and Civic Engagement http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/ipce/
IPCE Institute for Policy and Civic Engagement http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/ipce/ TRANSPARENCY, CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY USE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL SURVEY April 2011
More informationGeneral Syllabus for Third Cycle Studies for the Degree of
GENERAL SYLLABUS 1 10 December 2015 Reg. no U 2015/469 Centre for Theology and Religious Studies Philosophy of Religion and Ethics General Syllabus for Third Cycle Studies for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy
More information3 rd Africa Europe Youth Leaders Summit People, Prosperity and Peace. Summit Paper
3 rd Africa Europe Youth Leaders Summit People, Prosperity and Peace 31 March to 1 April 2014 Summit Paper Introduction In 2014 half of the world s population are under 25 years old. In order to give young
More informationMaster s Programme in International Administration and Global Governance
Programme syllabus for the Master s Programme in International Administration and Global Governance 120 higher education credits Second Cycle Confirmed by the Faculty Board of Social Sciences 2015-05-11
More informationMunicipal co-payment for health care services
Municipal co-payment for health care services Country: Denmark Partner Institute: University of Southern Denmark, Odense Survey no: (10)2007 Author(s): Ankjær-Jensen, Anni and Terkel Christiansen Health
More informationUse Your Master s Thesis Supervisor
Use Your Master s Thesis Supervisor This booklet was prepared in dialogue with the heads of studies at the faculty, and it was approved by the dean of the faculty. Thus, this leaflet expresses the faculty
More informationRobin Denburg - Asia Pacific Environmental Exchange
1 of 5 03/31/2005 3:51 PM Robin Denburg Asia Pacific Environmental Exchange Interviewee: Robin Denburg Affiliation: Asia Pacific Environmental Exchange Interviewer: Miguel Bocanegra Date of interview:
More informationHow To Study Political Science At Pcj.Edu
Political Science Courses-1 American Politics POL 110/American Government Examines the strengths and weaknesses, problems and promise of representative democracy in the United States. Surveys the relationships
More informationWARSAW SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
WARSAW SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS mgr Ewelina Florczak The summary of doctoral dissertation THE TITLE SOCIAL ENTERPRISE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENT 1 Rationale topic A social enterprise as a business entity is subject
More informationROADMAP. Initial IA screening & planning of further work
ROADMAP Title of the initiative: Youth programme post 2013 Type of initiative (CWP/Catalogue/Comitology): CWP Lead DG: DG EAC/E-2, Youth in Action Unit Expected date of adoption of the initiative (month/year):
More informationADMINISTRATIVE REFORM IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION Summary of Israel *Lello Esposito, an important contemporary Neapolitan artist, created and donated the cover artwork, which revolves around the colours
More informationGovernment and Politics
General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2013 Government and Politics GOVP1 Unit 1 People, Politics and Participation Friday 17 May 2013 9.00 am to 10.30 am For this paper
More informationGovernment in America People, Politics, and Policy 16th Edition, AP Edition 2014
A Correlation of 16th Edition, AP Edition 2014 Advanced Placement U.S. Government and Politics AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of,
More informationRwanda. Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with 2015 2019 MFA
MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SWEDEN UTRIKESDEPARTEMENTET Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Rwanda 2015 2019 MFA 103 39 Stockholm Telephone: +46 8 405 10 00, Web site: www.ud.se Cover:
More informationSchool of Law. Guidelines for Writing a Research Proposal
School of Law Guidelines for Writing a Research Proposal Applications for entry into the MPhil/PhD programme with the School of Law at Queen Mary, University of London, must include a research proposal.
More informationThe Norwegian Storting: A less predictable parliament
The Norwegian Storting: A less predictable parliament By Hilmar Rommetvedt In his seminal article on numerical democracy and corporate pluralism published in the 1960s, Stein Rokkan claimed that votes
More informationMapping an Advocacy Strategy
Mapping an Advocacy Strategy Taking into consideration implementers limited time and resources, the tools in Pathfinder International s Straight to the Point Series provide clear, concise guidance on a
More informationTitle: Social media as journalistic tools among political journalists and commentators
Title: Social media as journalistic tools among political journalists and commentators Bio: Bente Kalsnes, PhD Candidate, Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo, Norway (bente.kalsnes@gmail.com).
More informationReputation Management
Reputation Management Kerstin Liehr-Gobbers and Christopher Storck Six basic ideas about managing corporate reputation: It is reputation that drives corporate value in the first place Corporate value depends
More informationIntroduction. Background
COTEC 4 Year Strategy 2017 2020 Introduction COTEC is the European organisation for occupational therapists through membership of their national associations. This four year strategy outlines the key areas
More informationMulti-level governance and employment policy
Multi-level governance and employment policy Background paper for the session on employment policy at the Multilevel Governance Conference - 2 December 2010 - Liège Ludo Struyven (HIVA, Leuven University)
More informationNeutrality s Much Needed Place In Dewey s Two-Part Criterion For Democratic Education
Neutrality s Much Needed Place In Dewey s Two-Part Criterion For Democratic Education Taylor Wisneski, Kansas State University Abstract This paper examines methods provided by both John Dewey and Amy Gutmann.
More informationCompetences for Democratic Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue: The Education of Globalized Citizens in a Digitalized World
Competences for Democratic Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue: The Education of Globalized Citizens in a Digitalized World Martyn Barrett School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK Keynote address
More informationIdentity, changes and challenges of the profession in the 21st Century. With the goal of gathering national and international researchers to discuss
1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON JOURNALISM STUDIES Identity, changes and challenges of the profession in the 21st Century National and International Event Center (CENI,) University of Santiago de Chile,
More informationLEADERSHIP AND CSR 1. Introduction: leadership as interface management that can be learned
LEADERSHIP AND CSR 1. Introduction: leadership as interface management that can be learned 1 Effective societal interface management requires effective leadership. Leadership refers to the trade-off between
More informationLectures, 2 ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Lectures, 2 ECONOMIES OF SCALE I. Alternatives to Comparative Advantage Economies of Scale The fact that the largest share of world trade consists of the exchange of similar (manufactured) goods between
More informationUndemocratic Activism? Transnational Civil Society, the World Bank, and the Democratization of Global Governance
Undemocratic Activism? Transnational Civil Society, the World Bank, and the Democratization of Global Governance Christopher L. Pallas Assistant Professor of Conflict Management Kennesaw State University
More informationVisit of UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, to Sweden from 10-18 th January 2006.
Visit of UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, to Sweden from 10-18 th January 2006. Professor Paul Hunt, UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable
More informationBusiness Process Models as Design Artefacts in ERP Development
Business Process Models as Design Artefacts in ERP Development Signe Ellegaard Borch IT University of Copenhagen, Rued Langgaards Vej 7, 2300 København S, Denmark elleborch@itu.dk Abstract. Adequate design
More informationA Brief Analysis of Think Tank Sector (Go to Think Tank Index Report) and the Turkish Case
A Brief Analysis of Think Tank Sector (Go to Think Tank Index Report) and the Turkish Case On the 22 nd of January, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) of Lauder Institute, University of Pennsylvania
More informationFrom International Relations to Internationalisation. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Vicepresidency for International Policy Octubre 2008
From International Relations to Internationalisation INTERNATIONAL POLICY PLAN 2008-2015 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Vicepresidency for International Policy Octubre 2008 1 Introduction As is true
More informationEU Association Lobbying Effectiveness Report
EU Association Lobbying Effectiveness Report 2013 2013 European Association Lobbying Effectiveness Survey 150 Responses March April 2013 A Consultancy involved with Association Management (28%) A Corporate
More informationCALL FOR PAPERS. Union Futures: Innovations, Transformations, Strategies
CALL FOR PAPERS Union Futures: Innovations, Transformations, Strategies International CRIMT Conference October 25 th to 27 th 2012, HEC Montréal, Montreal, Canada The deadline for submission of proposals
More informationCOMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG
STYRDOKUMENT Dnr F V 2014/71 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Published Decision-maker Responsible body medarbetarportalen.gu.se/styrdokument Vice-Chancellor Kommunikationsenheten
More informationMULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE IN THE EU MARKO TRNSKI
MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE IN THE EU MARKO TRNSKI European integration over the past decade has been a policy creating as well as market deepening process. Most obviously the Single European Act (1986) and
More informationHistory. Programme of study for key stage 3 and attainment target (This is an extract from The National Curriculum 2007)
History Programme of study for key stage 3 and attainment target (This is an extract from The National Curriculum 2007) Crown copyright 2007 Qualifications and Curriculum Authority 2007 Curriculum aims
More informationTrade Union Vision 2020 for the Baltic Sea Region
Trade Union Vision 2020 for the Baltic Sea Region April 12, 2011 in Riga 1 Trade Union Vision 2020 for the Baltic Sea Region The Baltic Sea Trade Union Network (BASTUN) is a network of trade union confederations
More informationA CHARTER OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY. Foreword
A CHARTER OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY 28 October 1995 Foreword In a speech to the European Parliament on March 8th, 1994, the poet Václav Havel, President of the Czech Republic, indicated the need for a Charter
More information