of Investments Fundamentals Security Types C h a p t e r Valuation & Management second edition Charles J.Corrado Bradford D.

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1 3 C h a p t e r Security Types 3-1 Fundamentals of Investments Valuation & Management second edition Charles J.Corrado Bradford D.Jordan Slides by Yee-Tien (Ted) Fu

2 3-2 Security Types Goal Our goal in this chapter is to introduce the different types of securities that are routinely bought and sold in financial markets around the world. For each security type, we will examine: 1its distinguishing characteristics, 2the potential gains and losses from owning it, and 3how its prices are quoted in the financial press.

For each security type, we will examine: 1its distinguishing characteristics, 2the

3 3-3 Classifying Securities Basic Types Interest-bearing Equities Derivatives Major Subtypes Money market instruments Fixed-income securities Common stock Preferred stock Options Futures

4 3-4 Interest-Bearing Assets Money market instruments Short-term debt obligations of large corporations and governments that mature in a year or less. Fixed-income securities Longer-term debt obligations, often of corporations or governments, that promise to make fixed payments according to a preset schedule.

less. Fixed-income securities Longer-term debt obligations, often of

5 3-5 Money Market Instruments Examples: U.S. Treasury bills (T-bills), bank certificates of deposit (CDs), corporate and municipal money market instruments. Potential gains/losses: Fixed future payment, except when the borrower defaults. Price quotations: Usually, the instruments are sold on a discount basis, and only the interest rates are quoted. So, some calculation is necessary to convert the rates to prices.

instruments. Potential gains/losses: Fixed future payment, except when the borrower defaults.

6 3-6 Fixed-Income Securities Examples: U.S. Treasury notes, corporate bonds, car loans, student loans. Potential gains/losses: Fixed coupon payments and final payment at maturity, except when the borrower defaults. Possibility of gain/loss from fall/rise in interest rates. Can be quite illiquid.

7 3-7 Fixed-Income Securities Price quotations: AT&T, the issuer of the bond. The bond will mature in the year CUR NET BONDS YLD. VOL CLOSE CHG. NEW YORK BONDS Corporation Bonds ATT 73/ / 4 ATT 81/ / 8 + 5/ 8 ATT 81/ / 4 The bond s annual coupon rate. You will receive 81/ 8 % of the bond s face value each year in 2 semiannual coupon payments.

NEW YORK BONDS Corporation Bonds ATT 73/ 4 07 7.8 56 100 + 1/ 4 ATT 81/ 8 22 8.

8 3-8 Fixed-Income Securities Price quotations: The closing price for Current yield = annual coupon the day is % of current price face value. CUR NET BONDS YLD. VOL CLOSE CHG. NEW YORK BONDS Corporation Bonds ATT 73/ / 4 ATT 81/ / 8 + 5/ 8 ATT 81/ / 4 The actual number of bonds traded that day. The closing price is up by 5/ 8 of 1% from the previous closing price.

9 3-9 Equities Common stock Represents ownership in a corporation. A part owner receives a pro rated share of whatever is left over after all obligations have been met in the event of a liquidation. Preferred stock The dividend is usually fixed and must be paid before any dividends for the common shareholders. In the event of a liquidation, preferred shares have a particular face value.

10 3-10 Common Stock Examples: IBM shares, Microsoft shares, etc. Potential gains/losses: Many companies pay cash dividends to their shareholders. However, neither the timing nor the amount of any dividend is guaranteed. The stock value may rise or fall depending on the prospects for the company and market-wide circumstances.

However, neither the timing nor the amount of any dividend is guaranteed.

11 3-11 Preferred Stock Example: Citigroup preferred stock. Potential gains/losses: Dividends are promised. However, there is no legal requirement that the dividends be paid, as long as no common dividends are distributed. The stock value may rise or fall depending on the prospects for the company and market-wide circumstances.

However, there is no legal requirement that the dividends be paid, as long as no

13 3-13 Derivatives Primary asset Security originally sold by a business or government to raise money. Derivative asset A financial asset that is derived from an existing traded asset rather than issued by a business or government to raise capital. More generally, any financial asset that is not a primary asset.

Derivative asset A financial asset that is derived from an existing traded

14 3-14 Derivatives Futures contract An agreement made today regarding the terms of a trade that will take place later. Option contract An agreement that gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific asset at a specified price for a set period of time.

Option contract An agreement that gives the owner the right, but not

15 3-15 Futures Contracts Examples: financial futures, commodity futures. Potential gains/losses: At maturity, you gain if your contracted price is better than the market price of the underlying asset, and vice versa. If you sell your contract before its maturity, you may gain or lose depending on the market price for the contract. Note that enormous gains/losses are possible.

market price of the underlying asset, and vice versa.

17 3-17 Option Contracts A call option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy an asset, while a put option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell an asset. The price you pay to buy an option is called the option premium. The specified price at which the underlying asset can be bought or sold is called the strike price, or exercise price.

asset. The price you pay to buy an option is called the option premium.

18 3-18 Option Contracts An American option can be exercised anytime up to and including the expiration date, while a European option can be exercised only on the expiration date. Options differ from futures in two main ways: 1There is no obligation to buy/sell the underlying asset. 2There is a premium associated with the contract.

19 3-19 Option Contracts Potential gains/losses: Buyers gain if the strike price is better than the market price, and if the difference is greater than the option premium. In the worst case, buyers lose the entire premium. Sellers gain the premium if the market price is better than strike price. Here, the gain is limited but the loss is not.

premium. In the worst case, buyers lose the entire premium.

21 3-21 Investing in Stocks versus Options Example: Suppose you have $10,000 for investments. Macron Technology is selling at $50 per share. Number of shares bought = $10,000 / $50 = 200 If Macron is selling for $55 per share 3 months later, gain = ($55 200) $10,000 = $1,000 If Macron is selling for $45 per share 3 months later, gain = ($45 200) $10,000 = $1,000

22 3-22 Investing in Stocks versus Options Example: continued A call option with a $50 strike price and 3 months to maturity is also available at a premium of $4. A call contract costs $4 100 = $400, so number of contracts bought = $10,000 / $400 = 25 (for = 2500 shares) If Macron is selling for $55 per share 3 months later, gain = {($55 $50) 2500} $10,000 = $2,500 If Macron is selling for $45 per share 3 months later, gain = ($0 2500) $10,000 = $10,000

23 3-23 Chapter Review Classifying Securities Interest-Bearing Assets Money Market Instruments Fixed-Income Securities Equities Common Stock Preferred Stock Common and Preferred Stock Price Quotes

24 3-24 Derivatives Futures Contracts Futures Price Quotes Chapter Review Gains and Losses on Futures Contracts Option Contracts Option Terminology Options versus Futures Option Price Quotes Gains and Losses on Option Contracts Investing in Stocks versus Options

Investments 320 Dr. Ahmed Y. Dashti Chapter 3 Interactive Qustions

Investments 320 Dr. Ahmed Y. Dashti Chapter 3 Interactive Qustions 3-1. A primary asset is an initial offering sold by a business, or government, to raise funds. A) True B) False 3-2. Money market instruments