Punch Tape. Punch Cards for computers. Cylinder vs Disc Cylinder Records since Phonograph (gramophone) Telegraphone and Magnetic Wire

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1 The Modern Digital Computer: A Historical Perspective Seminar External Data Storage Technologies 1898 External Data Storage - Outline AD BC Svetlana Sheptiy EARLY STORAGE METHODS SOLID-STATE STORAGE 2 Early Data Storage Media Ancient Caves Paintings Mesopotamian Clay Tablets ge ter stora Com pu EARLY DATA STORAGE METHODS EARLY DATA STORAGE METHODS June Ancient Inca Quipu tch! om scra not fr Early Data Storage Media Tally Sticks Ishango Bone, Congo, Africa, 18,000-20,000 BC since 35,000 BC Papyrus Ancient Egypt, 300 BC Paper Diamond Sutra, China, 868 AD 3,000 BC - 1,000 AD since 100 AD atical Mathem culations? Cal alendar? Lunar c 3 4 Punch Cards early uses Punch Cards early uses Statistics & Accounting Textile Industry First mechanical Tabulator by Herman Hollerith Bouchon-Falcon loom Motorized Jacquard loom 5 IBM Tabulator (1932) 1900s-60s IBM Tabulators era 6 1

2 Punch Cards for computers Punch Tape Typical Mainframe Computer used to send telegrams Mark I computer Till 70 s ~ 400B on 1m of 8-channel tape COMPUTER MUSEUM UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM From 40s till 80 s IBM 029 Keypunch (1964) Phonograph (gramophone) First practical sound recording & reproduction device Sound was recorded as indentations into the tinfoil or wax sheet wrapped around a grooved cylinder. Original Edison Tin Foil Phonograph 1880 Cylinder vs Disc Cylinder Records since 1878 Size: 10.2x5.5cm Playing time: ~2 min Single-sided Could be played only a few dozen times Wax records were rewritable (by dealer) Gramophone discs since 1894 Diameter: 12.7/17.5/25cm Playing time: Double-sided Not rewritable Thomas Edison Telegraphone and Magnetic Wire 1928 Magnetic Tape Telegraphone invented by Valdemar Poulsen in Recording audio signals by magnetization of steel wire Wire is wound on a rotating cylinder. Electromagnetic head connected to microphone or earphone Using magnetic field for audio recording and retrieval Fritz Pfleumer patent: the application of magnetic powders to strip of paper or film First Magnetophone by AEG

3 1951 Magnetic Tape for computers s Magnetic Tape First used to record data on UNIVAC I in Recording medium: thin band of nickel-plated bronze. Width: 1/2 inch Recording density: 128 cpi on 8 tracks Speed: 100 ips Data rate: 12,800 cps. IBM 7094 typical mainframe computer Compact Cassette Magnetic Tape Today Data Backup and Storage IBM 5100 PC 1975 Commodore A C2N Datassette recorder for Commodore computers Capacity: up to 660KB/side Data rate: 2000-bit/s Amstrad CPC Low cost per megabyte Portable: off-site data storage Formats: Data Capacity Transfer Rate DS4 40GB 3MBps DLT GB 6MBps SuperDLT 110GB 11MBps LTO 100GB 16MBps T9940B 200GB 30MBps T GB 120MBps Tape library Hard Disc 1956 Hard Disc vs. Cassette Tape hybrid between the magnetic tape and gramophone record Tape Drive Coated plastic strip No random access Read/write head touches the tape Linear speed: 0.05 m/s Large magnetic domains Low data density Hard Disc Coated aluminum or glass disk Random access Read/write head never touches the disk Linear speed: 76 m/s Extremely small magnetic domains High data density

4 First Hard Disc Drive First introduced in 1956 in IBM 305 RAMAC 50 platters (~60 cm diameter) Capacity: ~ 5MB 1956 Hard Disc Drive - Evolution 1973 IBM 3340 IBM 62PC "Piccolo" ST 506 First Microcomputer Hard Disk Winchester Capacity: 35/70MB Capacity: 64.5 MB 8" 14" 6 disks 2 / 4 disks Capacity: 5 MB disks 19 Hard Disc Drive - Evolution 1982 Hard Disc Drive Moore (Kryder (Kryder)) Law World's smallest hard disk Capacity: 1.2GB Capacity: 4 GB 0.85 Mobile applications Capacity: up to 500 GB Sustainable increase in capacity Sustainable dramatic reduction in the price per MB 21 RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Drives Combines multiple drives into a single logical unit Fault tolerance Better Performance Performance Fault Tolerance/ Capacity Tradeoff Floppy Disc Small, portable, cheap Idea quite similar to Hard Disc, but FD is spinning much slower far less capacity slower access time. Used to store PC OS. Declined in 90s, due to the increase in size of software & development of internet. 24 4

5 1971 Floppy Drive Floppy Disc Formats Read/Write Head for each side Arasing Head for each side Drive Motor Stepper Motor Mechanical frame Circuit Board inch 5 1/4 inch 3 1/2 inch kb 80 kb 1.2 MB 1.2 MB 2.88 MB 1.44 MB 775 kb 720 kb 360 kb 110 kb 264 kb Floppy Drives Optical Storage Revolution 8" floppy drives: 5.25" floppy drives: full size 1/2 height full size 1/2 height Using light for Information recording and retrieval History: 1958 Laserdisc Compact Disc (CD) CD-ROM 1988 CD-R 1995 DVD 1997 CD-RW MO 3.5" floppy drive: for laptop standard Optical Storage - Reading Optical Storage - Writing Mainly digital data. Spiral track (0.5mm wide, 3.5km long) with bumps (125nm high) Manufacturing: photolithography, followed by imprinting and metallization Read Only 29 Writable - additional (more powerful) write laser is used The laser darkens the photosensitive dye to encode 0 and leaves it translucent to encode 1 Rewritable phase changing material instead of the dye Crystalline translucent, amorphous dark Special erasing procedure dedicated erasing laser 30 5

6 1978 LaserDisc Compact Disc (CD) Technology invented by David Paul Gregg Video/Audio recording Analog format Transparent mode Diameter: 30 cm (11.81 ) 60 min video/audio per side Read only Random Access Single-sided brought to market by Philips and MCA Modification: Reflective mode Double-sided (two single-sided discs bonded with glue) 31 - "Red Book - the Compact Disc standard by Philips and Sony 1982 CD reached the market Audio content only Digital format Error correction method - CIRC Diameter: 12 cm Playing time: minutes ( MB) Scanning velocity: m/s ~ 500 rpm at the inside of the disc, and ~ 200 rpm at the outside edge First CD Player - Sony CDP $625 US CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW Diameter 12cm=4.72 Standard CD-ROM - 747Mb (74 min) Transfer rate 150 kb/sec (1X, can be faster, up to 52X) Using error correction techniques Re/Writing speed up to 32X 1995 DVD - Multilayer Digital Video Disk main purpose is video Same principles as CD, but much more precise disk reading mechanism Spiral track 320nm wide 12km long 120nm high bumps X8 data density of CD Semitransparent gold layer is used to create double layer structure Transfer rate 1X 1.32Mb/sec Competing formats: DVD- R/RW, DVD+R/RW SUMMARY SOURCES Price of storage media as a function of storage capacity (December 2002)