Resource Planning Tool

Transcription

1 Resource Planning Tool

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3 Executive Summary Benchmarks have been developed by BRE as part of a Defra funded project, Understanding and predicting construction waste. These benchmarks have been used to develop a resource planning tool which can be used at a national, regional, county and local level to assist with predicting waste arisings from construction activity. This work has been funded by the Construction Resource and Waste Platform Programme (Defra) and managed by BRE and AEA. This report accompanies the resource planning tool and shows a number of estimates that have been carried out, including: > National waste arisings from new build construction output were estimated to be 7.9 million tonnes for 2006, assuming all projects were performing at standard practice. Estimates assuming all projects are performing at good and best practice were also calculated. > Regional waste arisings were estimated for the East of England region using the resource planning spreadsheet and information from the Regional Spatial Strategy. > At a county level more detailed waste predictions were carried out, e.g. waste from the construction of new build housing. It is also possible to look at how the waste arisings change if targets for waste reduction are set as part of the planning process. Estimates of waste from new build construction output were calculated for Hertfordshire together with more detailed estimates for proposed residential development. These estimates have been calculated by district, and waste arisings by waste type have been calculated. > Locally, it is possible to predict waste arisings from specific developments based on the floor area of the development and the project type (e.g. residential, commercial, retail etc.). BREMAP can then be used to locate suitable waste management facilities near the development. In addition, the effect of setting waste reduction targets for specific projects can be modelled. > The benchmarks developed can be used to predict waste arisings as part of Site Waste Management Plans (SWMP) and are currently used in BRE s SMARTWaste Plan tool to estimate waste arisings.

4 Contents Introduction 02 Development of benchmarks 04 Volume benchmarks 06 Tonnage benchmarks 06 Waste product benchmarks 07 Development of Resource Planning Spreadsheet 08 National level 08 Legislation/policy drivers 08 Use of resource planning spreadsheet at national level 09 Regional level 11 County level 13 Predicted waste arisings from new build construction in Hertfordshire. 14 Predicted waste arisings from new build residential construction in Hertfordshire 17 District 23 Waste minimisation targets 23 Local/Project level 24 Waste arisings and effect of waste reduction targets 25 Waste disposal options 25 Site Waste Management Plans 28 Conclusions 31 National level 31 Regional level 31 County level 31 Local level 32 Site Waste Management Plans 32 Demolition and refurbishment projects 32 Appendix A Waste benchmarks in m3 Appendix B Resource Planning Spreadsheet Appendix C Waste arisings from residential development in m3 CRWP - Resource Planning Tool Prepared for Name Andrew Gregory Prepared by Name Maggie Blackwell Position Senior Consultant Approved on behalf of BRE Name Katherine Adams Position Principal Consultant BRE Garston WD25 9XX T + 44 (0) F + 44 (0) E enquiries@bre.co.uk This report is made on behalf of BRE. By receiving the report and acting on it, the client - or any third party relying on it - accepts that no individual is personally liable in contract, tort or breach of statutory duty (including negligence).

5 BRE Client report

6 Page 02 Introduction The Construction Resources and Waste Roadmap, sets a target to halve the amount of (nonaggregate) construction waste in England by 2015 and sets out key actions that are needed to meet this target. These include: > Set baseline data for construction related waste this needs to be carried out at national, regional, sector and product level > Measure performance consistently in terms of waste reduction, re-use and recycling per company, sector, process and product. BRE has carried out a Defra-funded project Understanding and Predicting Construction Waste which aimed to set minimum reporting requirements for construction waste and to produce benchmarks for a set of performance indicators. Companies were asked to supply site waste data to BRE s SMARTWaste Benchmarking website and a range of performance indicators were produced for different project types and different waste products. These benchmarks will be continually updated as more data is entered and it is hoped that the introduction of site waste management plans (SWMP) will increase the amount of data available. For instance, BRE s new, free Site Waste Management Plan tool, SMARTWaste Plan ( should add significantly to the data available which will help to refine, and add confidence to, the benchmark data produced. The spreadsheet has been used to model predicted waste arisings for Hertfordshire County Council at a county, district and project level. Predicted waste arisings from new build construction were calculated for the whole of Hertfordshire and for individual districts. In addition, waste arisings by type have been calculated for each district in Hertfordshire. The spreadsheet has also been used to calculate waste arisings by type and overall for a specific residential new build construction project proposed in Wheathampstead. It is hoped that the spreadsheet will help users to estimate likely waste arisings from proposed construction which will assist planners in development of waste management policies, assist with forecasting future waste arisings and help to model the effect of setting waste reduction targets. The spreadsheet can also be used by companies to estimate waste arisings to support their site waste management plans and, together with the BREMAP tool, to plan how to manage waste produced. The benchmarks produced have been incorporated into a new resource planning spreadsheet (available by ing a request to smartwaste.co.uk). This has been developed to allow users to predict waste arisings at a national, regional, county or local level. The tool is simple to use and requires users to enter details of planned new build construction projects or construction output. Waste arisings can be estimated by weight (tonnes) or volume (m3). In addition, detailed waste arisings by waste type can be calculated for planned residential new build construction at a county or local level. 1 - Construction and Resources Waste Roadmap,

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8 Page 04 Development of benchmarks As part of this project a benchmarking website was set up to collect waste data ( smartwaste.co.uk/wastebenchmarking). The data collected included: > Type of waste produced > Amount of waste (tonnage and or/volume) > Cost of waste > Percentage segregated on-site, recycled on-site, recycled off-site, diverted from landfill > Cost of project* > Floor area of project* > Project address and location* > Type of project e.g. residential, commercial etc* > Length of project (start and anticipated end date)* > If the project is construction; refurbishment and/or demolition* > Type of construction.* * mandatory information In addition to the benchmarking website, further data has been collected from BRE s SMARTStart system. This is a web-based benchmarking tool for construction, facilities or waste management contractors to use. Data entered via the benchmarking website and data from BRE s SMARTStart system was analysed to produce a range of benchmarks including: > Volume (m3) waste per 100m2 floor area and tonnes waste per 100m2 floor area by project types > Volume (m3) waste per 100K and tonnes waste per 100K project value for different project type > Volume (m3) (or tonnes) waste per 100m2 and volume (m3) (or tonnes) waste per 100K by waste products by project type. > Reject the data if it is less than 5m3 waste per 100 m2 of gross internal floor area > Reject the data is if it is more than 75m3 waste per 100 m2 of gross internal floor area For m3/ 100K waste: > Reject the data if the project value is less than 100. > Reject the data if waste produced is less than 10m3 > Reject the data if it is less than 5m3 waste per 100K of gross internal floor area > Reject the data is if it is more than 75m3 waste per 100K of gross internal floor area Once these logical tests had been applied, the data was sorted further into new build construction projects, refurbishment projects and demolition projects. At present there is still a limited number of refurbishment and demolition projects so benchmarks produced here are based on new build construction projects and the following assumptions have been made: > no demolition waste is included > no excavation waste is included > no groundworks waste is included. A count of the number of plausible results, the average, standard deviation and median of the results was obtained. This data analysis is carried out every two months. A summary of the overall benchmarks for different project types and the number of projects the benchmarks are based on is given in Table 1. All benchmarks used in this report are based on projects completed by 23rd April Before inclusion in the data analysis, data for all completed projects was subjected to a number of logical and statistical tests as follows: For m3/100m2 waste: > Reject data if the gross internal floor area is less than 10m2 > Reject the data if waste produced is less than 10m3

9 Page 05 Table 1: Benchmarks by project type Project Type Number of projects m3/100m2 Number of projects m3/ 100K Residential Public Buildings Leisure Industrial Buildings Healthcare Education Commercial Retail Commercial Offices Civil Engineering Total Benchmarks have been calculated for standard, good and best practice projects by ranking the performance figures and sorting them into quartiles. The lower quartile has been assigned best practice, the next quartile is good practice and the remaining data is standard practice. This has been carried out for residential projects for which there are a large number of projects and for all other project types. Although it is possible to calculate these benchmarks for other project types where there are a significant number of projects (e.g. commercial retail and education) these have not been used here as there is limited information available about planned new build construction in these areas. There is, however, information about new build construction output available from the Construction Statistics Annual 2 which can be separated into residential and other new build construction. 2 - Construction Statistics Annual, August 2007, BERR

10 Page 06 Volume benchmarks The m3/100m2 and m3/ 100K benchmarks are summarised in Tables 2 and 3 below. Table 2: m3/100m2 benchmarks for standard, good and best practice m3/100m2 Project type Standard Good Best Residential <8.1 All other project types <8.7 All projects <8.6 Table 3: m3/ 100K benchmarks for standard, good and best practice m3/ 100K Project type Standard Good Best Residential <8.8 All other project types <7.4 All projects <6.2 Tonnage benchmarks Tonnage benchmarks have been calculated by applying density factors to the volume benchmarks. The density factors (tonnes/m3) used have been derived from the Environment Agency 3 review of Construction and Demolition waste arisings. The tonnes/100m2 and tonnes/ 100K benchmarks are shown in Tables 4 and 5 below. Table 4: Tonnes/100m2 benchmarks for standard, good and best practice Tonnes/100m2 Project type Standard Good Best Residential <4.3 All other project types <4.8 All projects <4.7 Table 5: Tonnes/ 100K benchmarks for standard, good and best practice Tonnes/100m2 Project type Standard Good Best Residential <4.3 All other project types <4.8 All projects < Environment Agency : A survey on the arisings and management of Construction and Demolition waste in Wales , published 2008, commondata/acrobat/cd_wls_exec_e_ pdf

11 Page 07 Waste product benchmarks Further benchmarks for waste type for each project type have also been developed from the same dataset. These are based on average performance indicators of m3/100m2 or m3/ 100K (shown in Appendix A) and applying density factors for the different waste product types. The benchmarks for waste types shown in Table 6 and 7 below for Tonnes/100m2 and tonnes/ 100K. The tonnage figures are shown as it is thought that these will be more useful to planners in order to compare waste arisings with capacities. Table 6: Tonnes/100m2 for waste product by project type Tonnes/100m2 Waste product Civil Engineering Commercial Offices Commercial Retail Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Leisure Public Buildings Residential Canteen/office/ad-hoc Ceramics/bricks Concrete Electrical equipment Furniture Inert Insulation Liquids and Oils Metals Packaging Plaster/cement Plastics Timber Grand Total Table 7:Tonnes/ 100K for waste product by project type Tonnes/100m2 Waste product Civil Engineering Commercial Offices Commercial Retail Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Leisure Public Residential Canteen/office/ad-hoc Ceramics/bricks Concrete Electrical equipment Furniture Inert Insulation Liquids and Oils Metals Packaging Plaster/cement Plastics Timber Grand Total

12 Page 08 Development of Resource Planning Spreadsheet The benchmarks developed have been incorporated into a resource planning spreadsheet with can be used to estimate waste arisings from proposed construction activity on a national, regional, county and local level. It can be used to predict waste arising from construction, and to model changes in waste when targets for waste reduction are applied. Details of the applications of the spreadsheet together with the information needed and the output are summarised in Appendix B. National level Legislation/policy drivers The Waste Strategy for England sets out the Government s objectives and targets with regard to waste. One of the Government s key objectives is to increase the diversion from landfill of non-municipal waste. The key new actions associated with the waste strategy which relate to construction and demolition waste are summarised in Table 8 below. Table 8:Key actions from Waste Strategy relating to Construction and Demolition Actions Timeframes Responsibility Develop sector-level agreement to reduce plasterboard waste to landfill and increase By end of 2007 WRAP/former MTP/plasterboard industry collection and recycling Develop policy roadmaps for other priority Ongoing Government/Industry construction products such as window systems Make Site Waste Management Plans mandatory for April 2008 Government larger construction sites, subject to consultation* Implement the Construction Waste and Resources Roadmap Summer 2008 onwards Government/BRE/Industry *Site Waste Management Plans are now a mandatory requirement for construction projects over 300, Waste Strategy for England, 2007, DEFRA

13 Page 09 In addition, the Strategy for Sustainable Construction 5 states an overarching target for waste which has been agreed by the Strategic Forum for Construction: > By 2012, a 50% reduction of construction, demolition and excavation (CD&E) waste to landfill compared to This target does not include aggregates used for backfilling quarries, site restoration or legitimately spread on exempt sites. The amount of CD&E waste disposed of to landfill is estimated to be more than 25 million tonnes a year in England alone. Defra s Waste Data Strategy 6 will deliver key data for monitoring the Waste Strategy. More data is required to monitor some indicators and targets and to assess progress on implementation of the Waste Strategy. However, data for 2008 is expected to be more robust than in previous years and so this will be taken as the baseline for the waste reduction target. benchmarks used in the spreadsheet are based on real construction projects and are continually updated. For example, waste arisings from new build construction or construction output were estimated at a national level using information from the Construction Statistics Annual 9. Output in current prices for 2006 (provisional) are summarised in Table 9. Output includes estimates of unrecorded output by small firms and selfemployed workers, and output by public sector direct labour departments. A further part of the national waste management plan for the UK is Planning Policy Statement 10: PPS10 Planning for Sustainable Waste Management 7, published in The policies within PPS10 need to be taken into account by regional planning bodies when preparing regional spatial strategies and by local planning authorities in the preparation of local development documents. The companion guide to PPS10 8 gives information on data collection in support of PPS10. Although some data is available about waste arisings from construction and demolition waste, data available for forecasting this waste is relatively poor. Use of the resource planning spreadsheet at national level The resource planning spreadsheet can be used, together with information about future construction output, to provide forecasts of waste arisings for policymakers. The data can be used at a national level in setting and evaluating evidence-based policy in the area of construction waste and resource efficiency. The 5 - Strategy for Sustainable Construction, June 2008, file46535.pdf 6 - The DEFRA/WAG waste data strategy for waste streams across the UK, April 2006, PPS10 Planning for Sustainable Waste Management, documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/ pdf 8 - Planning for Sustainable Waste Management, Companion Guide to Planning Policy Statement 10 pdf/ pdf 9 - Construction Statistics Annual, August 2007, BERR

14 Page 10 New Housing Date Public Private Total housing Output for Great Britain, current prices ( million) Other New Work Infrastructure Public Private Industrial Table 9: Output for Great Britain for new work ( million) Private Commercial Total other new work 2006 Q ,720 5,541 1,672 2,514 1,203 4,719 10, Q ,844 5,713 1,627 2,455 1,184 4,850 10, Q ,994 5,878 1,639 2,483 1,211 5,189 10, Q ,014 5,882 1,594 2,487 1,290 5,380 10,751 Total ,442 19,572 23,014 6,532 9,939 4,888 20,138 41,497 Applying the benchmarks for residential development to the total 2006 housing output and benchmarks for all other project types to output for all other new work gives an estimate of annual waste arisings for standard, good and best practice. These are shown in Table 10. These estimates have been calculated assuming that all projects are at the same level, i.e. waste arisings for standard practice assume that all construction output is carried out using standard practice. In reality, there will be a large variation between companies. Table 10: Predicted annual waste arisings from new work construction output in Great Britain Tonnes waste arising for Great Britain Standard Good Best Residential new work output 2,922,778 2,025,232 1,357,826 Other new work output 5,062,634 3,236,766 2,448,323 All new work output 7,985,412 5,261,998 3,806,149 Therefore, the resource planning spreadsheet can be used at a National level to: > Help with forecasting and planning for sustainable waste management policy at a construction sector level > Help to prioritise actions and policies related to construction waste management > Help evaluate the performance of policies such as the Site Waste Management Plan Regulations > Model possible future scenarios and capacities required for recovery of construction waste.

15 Page 11 Regional level The resource planning spreadsheet produced can be used to assist with policy development at a regional level. Each of the regions in England has a regional planning body which draws up regional planning guidance, including a regional waste plan. For example, a Regional Spatial Strategy was developed for the East of England region and this has now been developed into the East of England Plan 10. This includes regional policies on housing, transport and waste. The Core strategy (Section 4) sets out the strategic policies and proposals for the region and includes policy SS16: quality in the built environment. This states that local development documents will ensure that new built development will promote resource efficiency including maximising use of reused and recycled materials. Section 9 of the plan covers environmental resources and includes Policy ENV10: Waste management. This states that waste management strategies will include policies to encourage waste minimisation. describes the policies in place for waste management. Policy 9 of the RWMS states that new development should be designed and planned with regard to minimizing the production of waste. It states that local authorities should include policies that ensure development proposals have regard to the need to minimize use of raw materials and the amount of waste generated during construction. In addition, policy 22 states that planning authorities should seek to ensure adequate provision of sites and facilities for the recovery of construction and demolition waste. The resource planning spreadsheet has been used to estimate waste arisings from regional new build construction activity for the East of England. Information on output for the East of England (including output by small firms and self-employed workers, and output by public sector direct labour departments) is available from the Construction Statistics Annual, This is shown in Table 11 below. Policy ENV11: management of wastes arising within the East of England also states that targets will be adopted by all authorities and commercial producers to minimise waste with the aim of minimum recovery levels for commercial and industrial waste of 66% at 2005 and 75% at In addition, the East of England Regional Assembly adopted the Regional Waste Management Strategy (RWMS) for the East of England 11 in 2003 which Table 11: Output for East of England for new work ( million) New Housing Date Public Private Total housing Output for East of England, Current prices ( million) Other New Work Infrastructure Public Private Industrial Private Commercial Total other new work Total , , East of England Plan, The Revision to the Regional Spatial Strategy for East of England, May 2008, Government Office for the East of England 11 - East of England Regional Waste Management Strategy 2002, RelStrat/RWMS/RWMS16-7.pdf

16 Page 12 Applying the benchmarks for residential development to the total 2006 housing output and benchmarks for all other project types to the output for all other new work gives an estimate of annual waste arisings for standard, good and best practice. These are shown in Table 12. Again, these figures assume that all companies are performing at the same level when, in fact, there will be a large variation between projects and waste arisings would be within the figures for standard and best practice. Table 12: Predicted annual waste arisings for East of England from new construction output Tonnes waste arising for Great Britain Standard Good Best Residential new work output 277, , ,033 Other new work output 446, , ,999 All new work output 724, , ,032 It should be noted that this figure is much less than regional estimate for construction and demolition and excavation waste (CDEW) as given in the ODPM Survey of Arisings and Use of Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste as Aggregate in England in The total CDEW for the East of England was estimated to be 12,608,000 tonnes with 1,789,000 tonnes (14.2%) of this being landfilled. No information is available about how much of the waste produced is from the construction phase. Therefore, at a regional level, these benchmarks can be used to produce data to assist planners with the following: > Assessing development and construction policies in terms of likely amount of waste produced e.g. housing > Waste planning through assessing existing and future capacities of waste facilities for construction waste > Setting targets and/or providing appropriate guidance for reduction and recovery of waste in planning policies and guidance > Implementing and enforcing Site Waste Management Plan regulations

17 Page 13 County level The resource planning tool can be used to assist with policy development at a county level and work has been carried out with Hertfordshire County Council to model waste arisings using the tool. The Hertfordshire Minerals and Waste Development Framework produced a Waste Core Strategy Submission 13 which sets out the vision for waste planning and provides strategic objectives for the county. This core strategy has to take into account national planning policy and, in particular, the National Waste Strategy 2007 and Regional Spatial strategies (in this case the East of England Plan). A key policy in Hertfordshire s Waste Core Strategy submission is WCS6 Sustainable design, construction and demolition. This states that new development should facilitate the efficient use of resources and states that proposals for new development should incorporate, amongst other things, construction and demolition methods that minimise waste generation and re-use/recycle materials as far as possible on site. The benchmarks produced in this project can be used to produce data to assist planners with the following: > Assess development and construction policies in terms of likely amount of waste produced e.g. housing > Aid in waste planning through assessing existing and future capacities of waste facilities for construction waste > Set targets and/or provide appropriate guidance for reduction and recovery of waste in planning policies and guidance 12 - Survey of Arisings and Use of Construciton, Demolition and Excavation Waste as Aggregate in England in 2003, Capita Symonds, October 2004, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Hertfordshire Minerals and Waste Development Framework, Waste Core Strategy Submission, January 2008, County Development Unit, pdfstore/wastecorstr08.pdf

18 Page 14 Predicted waste arisings from new build construction in Hertfordshire Information is available in the Construction Statistics Annual3 about new orders and output from construction activity. Further detailed information on new orders has been obtained from BERR which relates just to Hertfordshire from 2003 to Detailed information was not available for output which includes estimates of unrecorded output by small firms and self-employed workers and output by public sector direct labour departments. However, a comparison of new orders and output for new work for the whole of the UK over a period of 7 years gives a ratio of output to new orders of 1.4. Therefore, the figures for new orders by district have been multiplied by 1.4 to give an estimate of output for new work. The resource planning tool has been used to estimate the waste arising from new build construction output for Hertfordshire based on the benchmarks for tonnes waste per 100k project value (as shown in Table 5). Waste arisings for Hertfordshire have been calculated using the tonnes/ 100K benchmarks for residential projects for the residential new orders/output and the tonnes/ 100K benchmarks for all other projects for the other new work new orders/output. The waste arisings calculated are shown in Table 13. Table 13: Predicted waste arisings for Hertfordshire based on estimated new build construction output for 2007 Value ( millions) Tonnes waste arising for Great Britain Standard Good Best Residential New orders ,702 19,888 13,334 Output ,183 27,843 18,668 Other new work New orders ,680 34,320 25,960 Output ,152 48,048 36,344 Total New orders ,382 54,208 39,294 Output ,335 75,891 55, Personal Communication with BERR

19 Page 15 In addition, total new orders ( Millions) by district from 2003 to 2007 have been obtained. Detailed information on project types is not available by district and output has again been estimated to be 1.4 times new orders as shown in Table 14. Table 14: Value of new orders by district and estimated output District Value of new orders obtained by contractors (at current prices) Millions Estimated output Millions Broxbourne Dacorum East Hertfordshire Hertsmere North Hertfordshire St Albans Stevenage Three Rivers Watford Welwyn Hatfield Total Waste arisings by district have been calculated based on the estimated output for 2007 using the tonnes/ 100K performance indicator for all project types (Table 5). The annual waste arisings calculated are shown in Table 15 and Figure 4 below. Table 15: Predicted annual waste arisings from new build construction output (2007) by district Predicted annual waste arisings from 2007 construction output (Tonnes) District Standard Good Best Broxbourne 4,032-8,938 3,226-4,032 <3,226 Dacorum 4,956-10,986 3,965-4,956 <3,965 East Hertfordshire 4,452-9,869 3,562-4,452 <3,562 Hertsmere 6,552-14,524 5,242-6,552 <5,242 North Hertfordshire 6,888-15,268 5,510-6,888 <5,510 St Albans 5,712-12,662 4,570-5,712 <4,570 Stevenage 4,956-10,986 3,965-4,956 <3,965 Three Rivers 1,932-4,283 1,546-1,932 <1,546 Watford 6,300-13,965 5,040-6,300 <5,040 Welwyn Hatfield 10,080-22,344 8,064-10,080 <8,064 Total 55, ,823 44,688-55,860 <44,688

20 Page 16 Figure 4: Predicted annual waste arising by district from new build construction output (2007) BEST GOOD STANDARD 25,000 20,000 Tonnes waste 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Eastbourne Dacorum East Hertfordshire Hertsmere North Hertfordshire St. Albans Stevenage Three Rivers Watford Welwyn Hatford The overall waste arisings by district for standard practice have been plotted on a county map and this is shown in Figure 5. North Hertfordshire 6,888 Stevenage 4,032 East Hertfordshire 4,452 Dacorum 4,956 St. Albans 5,712 Welwyn Hatfield 10,080 Broxbourne 4,032 Figure 5: Predicted minimum waste arisings (tonnes) for Hertfordshire by district (standard practice) Watford Three 5,300 Rivers 1,932 Hertsmere 6,552

21 Page 17 These results can be compared with estimates of construction, demolition and excavation waste produced for Hertfordshire County Council. The waste arisings were estimated from the ODPM survey of waste arisings11 assuming that Hertfordshire accounts for 12% of the waste generated in the East of England. This gives a figure of 1,521,600 tonnes of CDEW compared to the figure calculated here of 123,823 tonnes for new build construction. Predicted waste arisings from new build residential construction in Hertfordshire The predicted waste arisings from new build residential development in Hertfordshire can be calculated using the resource planning spreadsheet, together with more detailed waste arisings by product type. The waste arisings are shown here in tonnes but it is also possible to calculate waste arisings in m3 and these are shown in Appendix C. The East of England Plan Panel Report (submitted to the Secretary of State June 2006) gives recommendations on the development of housing from 2001 to The panel s recommendations for Hertfordshire are summarised in Table 16 below. These figures can be used together with an assumption of the average floor area per dwelling and the performance indicator of tonnes waste per 100 m2 of floor area to provide an estimate of the waste arising from the construction of these dwellings. Information from the English House Condition Survey (EHCS), 2006 has been used to estimate the size of a typical new build dwelling 17. The median floor area for all dwelling types for post 1990 housing is 88m2 and this figure will be used for these waste predictions. The predicted waste arising from the recommended housing development for standard, good and best practice are summarised in Table 17 (also shown in Appendix C, Table C1, in m3) and shown in Figure 6. Table 16: East of England Plan Panel Recommendations for housing development in Hertfordshire, Area/District H1 Panel Five year indicative phases per annum per annum per annum Broxbourne 5,600 1, , , , Dacorum 12,000 2, , , , East Herts 12,000 2, , , , Hertsmere 5,000 1, , , , North Herts 7,800 2, , , , St Albans 7,200 1, , , , Stevenage 14,400 1, , , , Three Rivers 4,000 1, Watford 5,200 1, , , , Welwyn Hatfield 10,000 2, , , , per annum Hertfordshire 83,200 18,050 3,610 21,700 4,340 21,700 4,340 21,700 4, East of England Plan 2004, Examination in Public, Panel Report, June English House Condition Survey (EHCS), 2006

22 Page 18 Table 17: Predicted annual tonnes waste arising from recommended housing development Predicted annual waste arisings (tonnes) Distric Standard Good Best Broxbourne 1,795-2,059 1,135-1,795 1,135 Dacorum 3,710-4,256 2,346-3,710 2,346 East Herts 3,770-4,324 2,384-3,770 2,384 Hertsmere 1,556-1, , North Herts 2,094-2,402 1,324-2,094 1,324 St Albans 2,214-2,540 1,400-2,214 1,400 Stevenage 4,967-5,697 3,141-4,967 3,141 Three Rivers 1,137-1, , Watford 1,676-1,922 1,060-1,676 1,060 Welwyn Hatfield 3,052-3,501 1,930-3,052 1,930 Hertfordshire 25,971-29,790 16,423-25,971 16,423 Figure 6: Predicted annual waste arisings, tonnes, by district 6,000 BEST GOOD STANDARD 5,000 4,000 Tonnes waste 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Eastbourne Dacorum East Hertfordshire Hertsmere North Hertfordshire St. Albans Stevenage Three Rivers Watford Welwyn Hatford

23 Page 19 Detailed predictions of the types of waste arising can be estimated using the benchmarks for m3 of waste per 100 m2 floor area and tonnes waste per 100 m2 floor area for different waste types. A summary of the average, annual predicted waste arisings for Hertfordshire is given in Table 18 and shown in Figure 7. Also shown in Table 18 is the estimated number of 6.12 cu metre (8 cu yard) skips that would be required for the predicted waste arising. This has been calculated assuming a 40% void space except for ceramics, concrete, inert and metals where a 25% void space was assumed. Table 18: Predicted annual waste arisings by waste type from proposed residential development in Hertfordshire Predicted annual waste arisings (tonnes) Waste type m3 Estimated number of skips Tonnes Canteen/office/ad-hoc 6,916 1,883 1,452 Ceramics/bricks 5,558 1,211 6,003 Concrete 8,082 1,761 10,264 Electrical equipment Furniture Inert 2, ,181 Insulation 3,806 1, Metals 2, Packaging 10,160 2,767 2,134 Plaster/cement 6,856 1,867 2,262 Plastics 3,928 1, Timber 6,216 1,693 2,114 Total* 56,749 14,444 30,306 * Includes hazardous and liquid and oil wastes

24 Page 20 12,000 Figure 7: Annual waste arisings in m3 and tonnes for different waste types from residential development in Hertfordshire 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Canteen/ofice/ad-hoc Ceramics/bricks Concrete Electrical equipment m 3 Furniture Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Plaster/cement Plastics Timber Canteen/ofice/ad-hoc Ceramics/bricks Concrete Electrical equipment Furniture Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Plaster/cement Tonnes Plastics Timber Units of waste It is also possible to predict waste arisings by product for the different districts using the same benchmark figures and the floor area of the proposed residential development for each district. The results are shown in Table 19.These results are shown for some of the key waste products in Figure 8.

25 Page 21 1,400 Figure 8: Predicted annual waste arisings from residential development for key waste products (by district) 1,200 1, Ceramics/bricks Concrete Inert Packaging Units of waste Plaster/cement Timber Broxbourne Hertsmere Stevenage Welwyn Hatford Dacorum East Hertfordshire North Hertfordshire St. Albans Three Rivers Watford

26 Page 22 Table 19: Predicted annual waste arisings from residential development for different waste products (by district) Tonnes waste arising per annum by district Waste product Broxbourne Dacorum East Herts Hertsmere North Herts St Albans Stevenage Three Rivers Watford Welwyn Hatfield Canteen/office/ad-hoc Ceramics/bricks Concrete 544 1,253 1, , ,135 Electrical equipment Furniture Inert Insulation Liquids and Oils Metals Packaging Plaster/cement Plastics Timber Unfortunately there is little detailed data available about planned construction and demolition activity in other sectors. It is known that there will be significant construction and demolition activity in both the healthcare and education sectors through initiatives such as Building Schools for the Future. However, detailed information about the timing of the projects and the floor areas and project values is not available. Very little information is available about planned construction in other areas such as commercial offices and commercial retail. Therefore, it is not possible to predict waste arisings by waste type from other planned construction projects and demolition activity. In addition, there is very little information about the amount of refurbishment work in all sectors including the residential sector. For example, the communities and local government aim to bring all social housing into decent condition will involve significant refurbishment projects but there is little information readily available with regard to the value of the projects or the floor areas involved. More information is needed about the value or size of refurbishment projects and the waste arisings from such projects. Therefore, it is not possible at present to use the resource planning spreadsheet to predict waste arisings from refurbishment projects. At a county level the data produced by using the benchmarks can help with: > developing planning policies which help to protect the local environment > protecting resources through the minimisation of waste and better recovery of materials > providing appropriate targets, guidance and advice for planning applications > implementing and enforcing SWMP regulations.

27 Page 23 District The resource planning spreadsheet has been used to predicted annual waste arisings for St Albans for both planned residential development (Table 14) and for estimated construction output (Table 19). These are summarised in Table 20 below. Table 20: Predicted annual waste arisings from new work construction output in Great Britain Predicted annual waste arisings (tonnes) for St Albans District Standard Good Best Construction Output 5,712-12,662 4,570-5,712 <4,570 Planned residential development 2,214-2,540 1,400-2,214 <1,400 These figures can be used to help assess existing and future capacities for waste facilities for construction waste. Waste minimisation targets In addition, the resource planning spreadsheet has been used to predict waste arisings by type for planned residential development using the average benchmark figures for tonnes/100m2 (Table 16). (Similar predictions for m3 are also shown.) The effect of setting targets to reduce waste arisings from new build residential construction are shown in Table 21. This shows that a target to reduce waste by 5% would produce a 137 Tonnes or 256 m3 reduction in waste from new build residential construction alone. This is roughly equivalent to 70 skips (6.12 cu m) assuming approximately 40% void space.

28 Page 24 Table 21: Waste arisings and waste reduction targets from residential new build in St Albans Tonnes waste arising per annum by district Waste type Current Average Target of 5% reduction Current average Target of 5% reduction Canteen/office/ad-hoc Ceramics/bricks Concrete Electrical equipment Furniture Hazardous Inert Insulation Liquids and Oils Metals Packaging Plaster/cement Plastics Timber Total 2,304 2,167 4, Waste reduction (tonnes) Local/Project level Waste arisings and effect of waste reduction targets The benchmarks produced can be used to predict waste arisings for specific projects and the affect of setting targets to reduce waste can be shown. As an example, a site in Wheathampsted which is to be developed for residential use has been used. The existing buildings are to be demolished and it is proposed to build 73 residential units. Assuming an average floor area of 88m2 and using the performance indicators of m3 waste/100m2 floor area and Tonnes waste/100m2 floor area for each waste type, the waste arisings can be predicted. The predicted waste arisings in m3 and tonnes are shown in Table 22. Also shown in Table 22 is the effect of setting targets to reduce waste arisings by 1% or 5%.

29 Page 25 Table 22: Predicted waste arisings from construction of 73 dwellings Predicted waste arisings in tonnes from construction of 73 residential units Waste type Tonnes Target of 1% reduction Target of 5% reduction Canteen/office/ad-hoc Ceramics/bricks Concrete Electrical equipment Furniture Inert Insulation Liquids and Oils Metals Packaging Plaster/cement Plastics Timber Grand Total Waste reduction The waste arisings in m3 have also been modelled (see Table C2 in Appendix C) and this shows that a 5% reduction in waste arisings will lead to a reduction in waste of 47.5 m3. This is roughly equivalent to 13 skip loads (6.12 cubic m) assuming approximately 40% void space. Waste disposal options BREMAP is a free web-based geographical information system that can be used to search for suitable waste management facilities within a specified radius of a postcode. Results are shown for waste disposal companies, waste management companies, recyclers, reclamation facilities and waste disposal facilities and includes Environment Agency licenced waste facilities. This can be accessed at and aims to help users to: > Reduce transport of bulky waste by locating the nearest most suitable waste management site. > Find your nearest recycling sites, reclamation companies, composting facilities, manufacturer take-back schemes, transfer stations, landfill sites, and incinerators. > Find local reclaimed and recycled products. BREMAP has been used to search for waste facilities near the proposed development. The results of the search for waste facilities within a 7.5 mile radius of AL4 8PY are shown on a map in Figure 9 with details about the companies shown in Figure 10 below. Further details about the companies, such as contact details and materials recovered, are available by clicking on the company name in the results screen.

30 Page 26 Figure 9: Map showing location of waste management/recycling facilities for AL4 8PY

31 Page 27 Figure 10: Details of local waste management/recycling facilties.

32 Page 28 Site Waste Management Plans SWMPs became a legal requirement for construction projects over 300,000 in April The aim of introducing SWMPs is to improve material resource efficiency (by increasing recovery, reuse and recycling of waste) and to prevent illegal waste disposal activity. A requirement of SWMPs is to describe the types of waste expected and estimate amounts of waste expected. A further requirement is that when the project has started the actual waste arisings are monitored with details of waste reused (on and off-site), recovered and recycled being required for projects over 500,000. The actual waste arisings can then be compared with the estimated waste arisings. This additional information will be useful in identifying resource management gaps in local areas e.g. low levels of recycling. Such data can subsequently be picked up in the resource planning tool to encourage planning of suitable facilities where current shortages/ inadequate infrastructure exists. BRE s SMARTWaste Plan tool ( is free to use and has been developed to help the industry prepare, implement and review SWMPs in full compliance with legal requirements. The tool uses the benchmarks developed in the Defra project to estimate waste arisings from construction projects and includes an integrated waste measurement tool to measure waste generated. SMARTWaste Plan will therefore help users manage all aspects of creating SWMPs and is available to use online or can be downloaded for use. Information from SMARTWaste Plan will also be fed back into the benchmarking database in order to refine the benchmarks produced. It is also hoped that more data will become available from this tool in order to produce better benchmarks for waste produced from refurbishment and demolition projects. In addition to the performance indicators used here in the resource planning spreadsheet, it is hoped that further data from the SMARTWaste Plan tool will be available to produce further performance indicators such as: > Percentage of waste segregated on and off site > Percentage of waste re-used > Percentage of waste sent to landfill > Cost performance indicators

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34 Page 30 Conclusions The benchmarks produced can be used to predict waste arisings in a number of ways depending on the information available. The resulting data can assist planners with development of policies to support waste minimisation, predicting future waste arisings to assist with planning future waste facility capacities and setting waste reduction targets. At a local/project level the benchmarks can be used to predict waste arisings and model the effect of settting waste reduction targets. In addition, the data can be used in the preparation of site waste management plans. National level The resource planning spreadsheet has been used at a national level to model waste arisings from new build construction output. This was estimated to be 7.9 million tonnes assuming all projects are operating at standard practice. It is hoped that this information will help policy makers with forecasting and planning for sustainable waste management policy at a construction sector level, help prioritise policies related to construction waste management, evaluate the performance of policies and model future construction waste recovery capacities. To improve the predictions, it would be useful to have further data on specific project types e.g. details about proposed education or healthcare projects on a national basis. Regional level At a regional level, the resource planning spreadsheet can be used in a similar way to the national level to model waste arisings from new build construction output. The data produced can help regional planners with the following: > Assessing development and construction policies in terms of likely amount of waste produced e.g. housing > Waste planning through assessing existing and future capacities of waste facilities for construction waste > Setting targets and/or providing appropriate guidance for reduction and recovery of waste in planning policies and guidance > Implementing and enforcing Site Waste Management Plan regulations For the East of England the waste arisings from new build construction output were estimated to be 0.7 million tonnes. Further details about different types of construction project would be helpful in order to improve the predicted waste arisings. Although there is significant information available on planned residential construction, there is limited information about other construction projects. Detailed information, including project values or floor areas about planned healthcare projects, education projects and commercial retail/office projects would lead to improved waste predictions. If this information were available the appropriate performance indicators for each type of construction project could be applied. County level The benchmarks have been used at a county level to predict waste arisings from construction output as for the national and regional level and this data has been shown as waste arisings by district. In addition, detailed waste arisings from new build residential construction have been produced by district and by waste type. This data can help county planners with: > developing planning policies which help to protect the local environment > protecting resources through the minimisation of waste and better recovery of materials > providing appropriate targets, guidance and advice for planning applications > implementing and enforcing SWMP regulations Detailed estimates of waste arisings have been carried out using the resource planning spreadsheet for Hertfordshire. The overall waste arising for new build construction output was estimated to be 0.1 million tonnes for Hertfordshire. Further detailed estimates by district and by waste type were also carried out.