EDS FIRE PROTECTION STANDARD FOR UK POWER NETWORKS OPERATIONAL SITES

Transcription

1 THIS IS AN UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT, THE READER MUST CONFIRM ITS VALIDITY BEFORE USE ENGINEERING DESIGN STANDARD EDS FIRE PROTECTION STANDARD FOR UK POWER NETWORKS OPERATIONAL SITES Network(s): EPN, LPN, SPN Summary: This engineering design standard sets out the requirements for Fixed Suppression Systems, Portable Fire Suppression Equipment, Detection Systems and Fire Risk Assessments within operational sites across the three licence areas which constitute UK Power Networks (Operations) Owner: Mark Dunk Approved By: Barry Hatton Approved Date: 03/02/2016 This document forms part of the Company s Integrated Business System and its requirements are mandatory throughout UK Power Networks. Departure from these requirements may only be taken with the written approval of the Director of Asset Management. If you have any queries about this document please contact the author or owner of the current issue. Applicable To UK Power Networks All UK Power Networks Asset Management Capital Programme Connections External G81 Website Contractors ICPs/IDNOs Meter Operators HSS&TT Network Operations UK Power Networks Services Legal

2 Revision Record Version 3.0 Review Date 03/02/2019 Date 08/01/2016 Author Mark Dunk Why has the document been updated Updated to include responses to Legal department questions and comments and to clarify purpose of document. What has changed - Section 2 (Scope) revised to include ref to Premises, Section 3 (Glossary and Abbreviation) table added to comply with template, Section (Responsible Persons) maintenance responsibilities added, Section 4.3 (Arrangements) clarification of application added, Section 5.7 CDM ref updated, Section 6.1 FRA scope revised in table 1, Section 6.3 FRA frequencies revised in table 2, Section 10.3 portable FE spec revised. BS reference added, Section 11 Fire Pro details added (11.1), Section 14 (Dependent Documents) added, Sections Appendix D VESDA details added (D1.3), D1.4 Performance test of links highlighted. Document transferred onto a new template and rules applied, review date extended. Version 2.0 Review Date 13/05/2016 Date 25/04/2014 Author Mark Dunk / Kevin Mills Revised to address issues raised by legal team and include reference to non-operational sites Version 1.0 Review Date 13/05/2016 Date 18/02/2013 Author Kevin Mills Original UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 2 of 49

3 Contents 1 Introduction Policy Life Cycle Scope Glossary and Abbreviations Detail Purpose Organisational Responsibilities Responsible Persons Relevant Person Managers All Staff Arrangements: (General Fire Precautions, Systems and Procedures) Primary Legislation and Compliance The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order The Building Act The Building Regulations Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act The Fire Safety (Employees Capabilities) (England) Regulations London Building Act The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM) Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (DSEAR) The Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) (England) Regulations The Electricity Quality, Safety and Continuity Regulations (ESQC) Hampshire Building Act Berkshire Act Other Local Enactments Risk Assessment Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 9 Risk Assessment Prevention Review Frequency Emergency Escape Routes Travel Distances Limitations on Travel Distance Escape Routes with Dead-End Conditions Inner Rooms UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 3 of 49

4 7.5 External Stairways Doors and Exits Escape Signs Emergency Lighting Access Fire Compartmentation Building Regulations Fire Safety - Approved Document 'B' Volume 2 (2000 Edition) Buildings Other Than Dwelling Houses Breaching Fire Separation Fire Doors Fire Rating of Doors External Doors Transformers and other Plant Located within Other Buildings Space Separation Building Regulations Fire Safety - Approved Document 'B' Volume 2 (2000 edition) Buildings Other Than Dwelling Houses Boundaries Separation High Risk Equipment Separation Unprotected Areas Transformers in Urban Locations Open Air Transformers Coolers Fire Protection and Detection Equipment Provision of Fire Protection Equipment Grid and Primary Switchrooms Internally Located Grid and Primary Transformers Externally Located Transformers Coolers Indoor Distribution Substations Outdoor Distribution Substations The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 13 (Fire-Fighting and Fire Detection) Fire Protection Equipment Maintenance of Portable Fire Extinguishers Fire Alarms Automatic Fire Suppression Systems UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 4 of 49

5 11.1 Fire Pro Potassium Carbonate based system Sprinklers Water Mist Systems Gas Flooding Systems Fixed Fire Fighting Systems Gas Extinguishing Systems Fire Extinguishing Installations (CO 2 ) Carbon Dioxide Systems CO 2 Requirements for Surface Fires Basic Quantity Un-Closable Openings Limits of Un-Closable Openings Compensation Forced Ventilation Occupied Buildings Fire Training and Information Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 21 (Training) Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 20 (Provision of Information to Employers and the Self-Employed from Outside Undertakings Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 19 (Provision of Information to Employees) Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 22 (Co-operation and Coordination) Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 23 (General Duties of Employees at Work) Employees Responsibilities Reference Documents Dependent Documents Appendix A - Risk Assessment A.1 Fire Plan Appendix B - Emergency Escape Routes B.1 Further Guidance on Emergency Escape Lighting B.2 Work Level of Lighting Appendix C - Space Separation C.1 Boundaries Appendix D - Detection Equipment D.1 Methods of Fire Detection Appendix E - Fire Training and Information E.1 Fire Safety Training Checklist UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 5 of 49

6 1 Introduction This document sets out to provide guidance on the broad fire safety legislative responsibilities and current fire safety standards as well as maintaining best practice from previous documentation. Fires at operational sites are infrequent; however, when there is an incident the results are catastrophic and in some cases, have caused serious injury and/or death. In the case of fires in operational sites, because of the risk of electrocution, fire-fighting by the fire brigade is unlikely to be undertaken, until a representative of the site operator is on hand to give assurances that the electricity has been isolated. As such, fires in sub-stations have the potential to continue to burn and, if additional fuel becomes available, grow for a significant period of time. There are a number of risks associated with operational sites fires. Life risk the risk to life at most operational sites will be significantly reduced by the lack of occupying personnel. The likelihood of persons being present in the event of a fire will be very low, however, the consequences of a human presence at the time of a transformer fire may have severe consequences. This includes members of the general public who may be in close proximity to the outside of operational sites or may have gained unauthorised entry. Environmental risk - there will almost certainly be a detrimental effect on the environment by the release of fire effluent into the atmosphere and although releases of insulating oil are typically controlled by bunds, once fire-fighting foam/water is applied the fire run off may well go to ground causing significant contamination, particularly if water courses are adjacent or aquifers or fresh water bore holes present in the path of the run off plume. Business continuity risk in the event of a fire at a primary/grid transformer site the built in redundancy should ensure the continuity of supply, however, if the fire is allowed to spread to adjacent transformers there is a likelihood of prolonged interruption of supply which will have a significant impact on company Customer Interruptions (CI) and Customer Minutes Lost (CML). Reputation risk it is clear from incidents where supply has been lost for prolonged periods that the business reputation of the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) has been damaged, this may affect share price and even customer base. Loss of supply has a significant impact on Customer Interruptions (CI) and Customer Minutes Lost (CML) which are reportable directly to the Regulator and can have a real cost impact in the form of fines. Where significant environmental damage has been caused, the loss of reputation could be as severe as or perhaps worse than in the case of prolonged loss of supply. Heritage risk where buildings have a heritage value, fire damage may result in irreplaceable loss. 1.1 Policy Life Cycle This Engineering Design Standard forms part of a chain of documents to ensure a common and consistent approach to the Operation, Inspection and Maintenance life cycle of the asset sets. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 6 of 49

7 2 Scope The purpose of this document is to provide background and guidance regarding the requirements and mitigation methods concerning the fire resilience and protection of UK Power Networks operational sites. The information is aimed towards allowing the reader to make an informed decision on how best to discharge the legal obligations and protect operational sites and adjacent properties from fire. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 uses the non-exhaustive term premises when describing its scope; this includes any non-domestic workplace vehicle or installation used for UK Power Networks business. This document is intended to provide guidance for all operational areas and installations and for offices located on operational substation sites; main offices with no operational areas are to be covered by the relevant PMS (Property Management Services) document PMS The standard set by this document is that all new operational sites and modifications to existing operational sites shall be assessed for fire risk at the design, construction, modification and completed stages of the development and that the appropriate fire safety requirements are met in existing premises. Where office space is incorporated within the footprint or curtilage of an operational site a combined Fire Risk Assessment addressing the risks and usage of each facility is to be undertaken to ensure that the safety of operatives and staff in each area is not compromised. By following the advice and utilising the information in this standard, UK Power Networks shall ensure that the responsibilities set by the applicable legislative Acts, Regulations and Orders are complied with and discharged. The advice on fire risk assessment, emergency escape routes, compartmentation, space separation, fire suppression and detection equipment, and training and information shall be followed to ensure that UK Power Networks fulfil its statutory responsibilities and reduce the consequences of fire. Fire risk from overhead lines and overhead structures coming into contact with vegetation or other structures is not considered in this document. This fire protection standard has been prepared to ensure that UK Power Networks comply with The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order Glossary and Abbreviations Term CI CML DNO FRA UK Power Networks Definition Customer Interruptions Customer Minutes Lost Distribution Network Operator Fire Risk Assessment UK Power Networks (Operations) Ltd consists of three electricity distribution networks: Eastern Power Networks plc (EPN). London Power Network plc (LPN). South Eastern Power Networks plc (SPN). UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 7 of 49

8 4 Detail The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 requires that fire precautions (such as fire suppression equipment, fire detection and warning, conditions relating to emergency routes and exits) should be provided (and maintained) where necessary. This document gives guidance on the standards that should be applied to all operational sites to ensure that adequate fire safety measures are provided. Maintenance of the provisions and information and training are also included as they too are crucial components of an effective fire safety strategy. Structural fire precautions are important to ensure a safe building and relevant requirements of the Building Regulations are included in the appropriate sections. 4.1 Purpose The responsible persons of UK Power Networks will ensure the safety from fire of all relevant persons on, in, or in the vicinity of the premises by effective planning, organisation, control, monitoring and review of the preventive and protective measures. 4.2 Organisational Responsibilities Responsible Persons The organisations responsible person and nominated responsible persons in section 9 of HSS Fire Risk Assessment, have the duty for ensuring the Health, Safety and Welfare of all relevant persons on the premises and in particular the provision of suitable and sufficient systems and procedures. Article 3 of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 defines who the responsible person for the premises is and in line with the obligations under EC Directives, wherever there is an employer they will continue to be responsible for the safety of their employees and relevant persons. The responsible person will be responsible not only for the safety of employees, but for that of any person lawfully on the premises, or in the immediate vicinity of the premises and at risk from a fire on the premises. The responsible person must ensure that the premises and any facilities, equipment and devices provided in respect to fire safety are maintained in an efficient state and in efficient working order and in good repair. Specific designations for the role of the responsible person have been made for UK Power Networks premises, in section 9 of HSS Relevant Person A "relevant person" means any person who is or may be lawfully on the premises and any person in the immediate vicinity of the premises who is at risk from a fire on the premises, but does not include a fire-fighter who is carrying out emergency response duties Managers All managers are responsible for the implementation of all fire safety procedures in an emergency and for monitoring their safe and effective application. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 8 of 49

9 4.2.4 All Staff All staff have responsibility for the following: Ensuring all policies, procedures and standards are followed and adhered to at all times; Carrying out all activities in a safe manner; Their own personal safety; The general safety of persons on the premises. 4.3 Arrangements: (General Fire Precautions, Systems and Procedures) It is expected that the following arrangements will be applied, as appropriate, to all Grid, Primary and Enhanced/Intermediate Secondary substation sites. It is expected that Basic Secondary sites, because of their arrangement and size will only require a fire risk assessment (refer to section 6.3 for definitions). An adequate means of escape will be provided for all persons on the premises; The means of escape will be signed, maintained, kept free of obstruction, sources of combustion and ignition sources and be available for use at all times; Appropriate levels of fire resisting construction will be used to contain and compartment any fire that occurs. Appropriate separation distances or alternative methods will be used to prevent or restrict the spread of fire; Where necessary appropriate fixed suppression systems will be installed to contain, control or extinguish any fire; The means of escape will be adequately illuminated and provided with emergency lighting if required; The premises will be provided with an adequate and suitable means for warning all persons in case of fire; An appropriate means for fire suppression in order to provide safe egress will be provided and maintained in efficient working order, in the case of many Secondary sites this will be a suitable and tested portable fire extinguisher provided by the visiting working party; A suitable and sufficient fire risk assessment will be prepared, regularly reviewed, and its significant findings acted upon; Procedures will be produced to deal with specific issues such as: Safe evacuation; Smoking. For all sites employees will be provided with comprehensible and relevant information regarding: The risks identified from the risk assessment; Any notification of risk by other employees; The preventative and protective measures; Escape routes and alarms. Staff should be made aware of the identities of persons nominated to carry out specialist role in the event of an emergency (if required); The employer of any other employees, or any other person working on the premises, will be provided with the same information as the responsible person s employees; All necessary systems required as part of the general fire precautions (or other general systems or appliances required to be satisfactorily maintained to prevent the likelihood of fire) will be tested and maintained by specialist contractors in accordance with the relevant code of practice. Full records of these measures will be kept and made available for audit by any relevant statutory body. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 9 of 49

10 5 Primary Legislation and Compliance This section highlights the various acts that relate wholly or partially to fire safety and is included to provide reference and background to the main aims of this document. 5.1 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order contains the legal requirements for managing fire safety in premises. It repeals virtually all existing legislation by consolidating previous requirements into one statutory instrument. The adequacy of fire safety measures in a building is judged on compliance with the Order. The Order applies to all UK Power Networks operational sites. The main requirement of the Order is for the responsible person to carry out a Fire Risk Assessment and to minimise the consequences of fire by: Prevention by making sure fires don t start; Precautions by installing fire detection equipment, structural fire safety components, or fire suppression equipment to minimise the damage from fire; Procedures by planning the actions to take before and in the event of a fire. It is an offence to contravene the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 and if found guilty the responsible person could be liable to a fine or imprisonment for up to two years. 5.2 The Building Act 1984 There are a number of different legislative documents which reference fire safety in buildings. The Building Act 1984 governs building work in the UK; it is applicable to the majority of buildings however, exemptions to it exist. These are set out in Section 4 (B) of the act. This section states: Nothing in this Part of this Act with respect to building regulations, and nothing in any building regulations, applies in relation to- (b) a building belonging to statutory undertakers. 5.3 The Building Regulations 2000 By virtue of the exemption granted to Statutory Undertakers, these regulations will not be applicable, however, a reasonable level of Fire Safety will need to be achieved. Approved Document B to the Building Regulations, sets out guidance in relation to fire safety for buildings under construction or alteration. It is worth noting that this document is quite generic and some of its recommendations might not be appropriate to buildings such as substations. This said the Approved Document is worth using to reference best practice. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 10 of 49

11 5.4 Sustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004 This legislation introduced new powers and requirements with respect to a range of building related issues. Not all sections of the Act have been enacted and some of them would require the development of new regulations by the Secretary of State to give them effect. The range of subjects currently covered is: Sustainability; Crown buildings; Security; Historic buildings; Removal of exemptions; Report on the building stock; Local authority registers of information; and Enforcement measures. Section 5 of this Act includes the removal of the exemption from Building Regulations, granted to Statutory Undertakers by the Building Act of At this time, Section 5 is not enacted. Confirmation of this was received by (below) from Mr. Ian Drummond (Head of the Competent Person and Legislation Team) at the Department of Communities and Local Government; Section 5 of the 2004 Act has not been commenced and therefore the exemption for statutory undertakers in section 4 of the Building Act 1984 remains in place. Please note that the part of the exemption relating to educational buildings is no longer capable of use as legislation for both England and Wales has removed the power of the Secretary of State to approve the plans for such buildings. 5.5 The Fire Safety (Employees Capabilities) (England) Regulations 2010 These regulations are intended to ensure that all fire safety tasks are allocated to employees with the necessary skill and experience to do them safely. It applies to all tasks carried out in the course of the business, not just those (such as carrying out risk assessments) which relate directly to health and safety. There was nothing to suggest that regulation 13(1) of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 should not apply as regards fire safety and these regulations simply re-impose a duty. There is no direct guidance as regards to the judgment of competence. 5.6 London Building Act 1939 This Act only applies to Inner London and is incorporated within the Building (Inner London) Regulations This legislation allows the relevant Councils, to require fire safety measures for new and altered buildings, which would be in addition to those usually required to achieve compliance under the Building Regulations. Inner London Boroughs in which the London Building Act 1939 applies to all or some parts. Camden, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Islington, Lambeth, Lewisham, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Wandsworth, Westminster. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 11 of 49

12 Figure 1 Inner London Boroughs within Greater London. Buildings controlled under the London Building Act 1939 include: A special fire risk area includes an area where any of the following apparatus is installed (iii) electrical oil-cooled transformers or oil-filled switchgear each with an oil capacity in excess of 250 litres operating at a supply voltage in excess of 1,000 volts. The relevant Council may impose conditions for the provision and maintenance of; Fire alarms; Automatic fire detection systems; Fire extinguishing appliances and installations; Effective means of removing smoke in case of fire; Adequate means of access to the interior, exterior and site of the building for fire brigade personnel and appliances. The London District Surveyors Association (LDSA) Fire Safety Guide No.1 sets out a number of areas which might need to be considered, in the case of the construction or alteration of a substation, these include: The walls and roof being of non-combustible construction and achieving 4 hours fire resistance. If they are connected to another building, the openings shall be on the external wall furthest removed from the main building; If oil-cooled transformers or switchgear are provided in a building, they should be located against an outer wall and be separated from the remainder of the building by noncombustible construction achieving 4 hour fire resistance; Ventilation to the outside of the building should be provided and maintained. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 12 of 49

13 5.7 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM) These regulations place duties on the client, designer and contractor to ensure works can be completed with limited risk to health and safety of persons. An outline of the duties of each is shown as follows: a) The client should ensure that steps are taken to adequately manage the project; b) The client should ensure that the designer and contractor are provided with the appropriate pre-construction information; c) The designer should not commence work unless the client is made aware of his duties and a competent CDM manager is appointed to the project; d) The designer should avoid foreseeable risks in construction, use and maintenance of the project when preparing and modifying the design; e) The contractor should not commence work unless the client is made aware of his duties; f) The contractor shall plan, manage and monitor the project so far as reasonably practicable, to ensure it is carried out without risk to health and safety; g) The Contractor shall also provide all necessary training and information to workers to ensure they can carry out their tasks without risk to health and safety; h) Prior to commencing work, the contractor must ensure the site is secured to prevent unauthorised access. 5.8 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (DSEAR) A hazardous area classification assessment needs to be undertaken to establish the level and frequency of hazardous atmosphere present. An operational risk assessment should be carried out, to determine the risk/mitigation requirements. 5.9 The Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) (England) Regulations 2009 These Regulations apply to any premises in England where: a) The premises are used as a railway station; b) Members of the public have access to the premises (whether on payment or otherwise); c) There is a railway platform in the premises which is an enclosed underground platform. Any room containing any electricity generator, transformer or switchgear, other than one in which any machinery for operating an escalator, passenger conveyor or lift is installed, must be provided with a means for fighting fire comprising a system which is activated automatically in that part of the premises in case of fire. Any material which is used in the construction of an internal wall or ceiling in any public area must be of limited combustibility. To inhibit the spread of fire within the premises, any material which is applied to the surface of an internal wall or ceiling in any public area must: a) Adequately resist the spread of flame over the surface; and b) Have, if ignited, either a rate of heat release or a rate of fire growth, which is reasonable in the circumstances. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 13 of 49

14 All practicable steps must be taken to supervise the carrying out, by persons other than members of staff, of any work of construction or maintenance in the premises which presents a risk to persons in case of fire The Electricity Quality, Safety and Continuity Regulations (ESQC) 2002 Regulation 11(d) requires generators and distributors to take reasonable precautions to protect against the risk of fire. In deciding which measures to implement, duty holders should consider the risk of fire or explosion and the impact of such fire or explosion in the particular circumstances. Factors to be considered include: selection of switchgear with non-flammable insulation, the nature of the environment surrounding the equipment, and the need for automatic fire extinguishing equipment Hampshire Building Act 1983 Controls any substance likely to involve special hazard to persons engaged in operations for the purposes of the extinction of fire and the protection of life and property, in case of fire and allows the fire authority to prescribe standard uniform signs or symbols or warning notices, indicating the nature of any substance to which this section applies and the danger from fire arising there from Berkshire Act 1986 Similar to the Hampshire Act in that it considers hazardous substances and signage. The act precludes its application to electricity or energy boards Other Local Enactments A number of local acts set out requirements for fire brigade access to buildings, they also set out requirements for additional uniform signage for areas of special hazard for the safety of persons extinguishing fires. In most cases, the requirements do not apply to electricity or energy boards. 6 Risk Assessment All operational (occupied and non-occupied) site Fire Risk Assessments are to be held electronically in the UKPN Asset Register and a hard copy shall be left in each location covered by the assessment. All non-operational site Fire Risk Assessments are to be held electronically on icass and a hard copy shall be left in each location covered by the assessment. Any hazards identified that could impact on the ability of operatives and/or staff to evacuate safely shall be communicated to those affected. 6.1 Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 9 Risk Assessment The responsible person must make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to which relevant persons are exposed for the purpose of identifying the measures they need to take to comply with the requirements and prohibitions imposed on them by the Order. The nature of the assessment will vary according to the type and use of the premises, the persons who use or may use the premises, and the risks associated with that use. A risk assessment should be reviewed regularly by the responsible person to keep it up to date, valid and to reflect any significant changes that may have taken place. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 14 of 49

15 The Order contains a requirement to record the prescribed information if five or more persons are employed and this maintains consistency with Health and Safety legislation. The prescribed information comprises the significant findings of the risk assessment and any group of persons identified as being especially at risk. Under the Order, the threshold of five or more persons includes those employees who may work from or in another place away from the premises concerned. The responsible person must also keep a record if the premises are subject to any statutory licence, or if required by an alterations notice under the Order in relation to the premises. Where a dangerous substance, as defined in article 2 of the Order, is present in or on the premises the risk assessment must include consideration of all the matters listed in Part 1 of Schedule 1. These include the amount of the substance and its hazardous properties and the circumstances of the work including the work processes, use and storage. It is accepted that other persons who are competent to carry out such a risk assessment may record the prescribed information at the request of, and on behalf of, the responsible person. In such cases this may be accepted as being recorded by the responsible person. In compliance with the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, for all Operational sites, a competent person must make a suitable and sufficient Fire Risk Assessment of the risks to which relevant persons are exposed. For the purpose of identifying the general fire precautions they must comply with the requirements and prohibitions imposed on them by or under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order Where a Fire Action Plan is developed in conjunction with the local Fire Brigade representative, the factors in Appendix A Risk Assessment must be considered. It is important to note that The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 requires that an assessment is made of all premises whether occupied or not. The procedure for ensuring that a valid fire risk assessment which identifies likely hazards and foreseeable events is completed for all premises and that any necessary remedial actions are addressed is detailed in HSS The correct Fire Risk Assessment form to be used for each kind of site is as follows: Site Classification Site Type FRA Form Complex Grid Substation PAS 79 Primary Substation PAS 79 Standard Grid Substation Primary Substation HSS a HSS a Enhanced Secondary Substation PAS 79 Intermediate Secondary Substation HSS a Basic Secondary Substation HSS b Tunnel UKPN owned Cable Tunnel and Local Authrity owned Subway PAS 79 Occupied Building Occupied Building PAS 79 Table 1 Fire Risk Assessment Forms UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 15 of 49

16 6.2 Prevention Article 4 of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 sets out the main general fire precautions requirements with respect to fire suppression and fire detection, emergency routes and exits, and their maintenance, including measures to mitigate the effects of fire. The principles of reduction of risk remain and the overarching objective of the Order is to ensure that relevant persons are safe from fire. The fundamental principle of a fire risk assessment is to identify the failings in the fire safety measures in the premises and to take corrective action at the earliest opportunity. Article 8 of the Order imposes on the responsible person the duty to implement the preventive and protective measures which have been evaluated in the risk assessment. By virtue of this article, the responsible person is under a duty to ensure that general fire precautions are in place to ensure the safety of any of his employees, or of any relevant persons who are not his employees. 6.3 Review Frequency In order to ensure compliance with The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005: Part 2, section 9-3 and based on the probability and severity of an event occurring all Fire Risk Assessments will be reviewed in line with the following frequencies: Site Classification Site Type Frequency Complex Standard Grid Substation Primary Substation Grid Substation Primary Substation Annually Annually Every Two Years Every Two Years Enhanced Secondary Substation Annually Intermediate Secondary Substation Every Two Years Basic* Secondary Substation Plant / location review by Substation Inspector, revised FRA following circumstance change Tunnel UKPN Cable Tunnel Local Authority owned Subway Annually Every Two Years Occupied Buildings Occupied Buildings Annually Table 2 Fire Risk Assessment Review Frequency * Due to their low risk nature and location the compliance of an existing Basic Secondary Substation FRA will be reviewed by the UK Power Networks Substation Inspector as part of the planned inspection process and who will record whether there have been any plant or equipment replacement activities or whether there have been any changes in the immediate vicinity to the substation e.g. construction development work on the substation boundary. The recording of any changes will trigger the requirement for a new FRA to be conducted at the site. Each review will be carried out by a suitably trained and qualified person and each assessment will be signed and dated following completion. Any defects, which require remedial work, found during review of an operational site assessment will be recorded on the assessment and on the Asset Database. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 16 of 49

17 Any defects, which require remedial work, found during review on a non-operational site assessment will be recorded on the assessment and on the Asset Register. NOTE: Grid and Primary Substation: Complex Sites Subterranean or with building comprising more than 2 storeys. Standard Normal ground mounted substation comprising building with 1 or 2 storeys. Secondary Substation: Enhanced Substation which is accessed through another building, accessed via a ladder or is situated within a High Risk Location (see Section 8.4) Intermediate Substation located within, or adjacent to (within 4m), another building but with direct access. Basic Substation located within a public area but not within 4m of another building or structure. 7 Emergency Escape Routes Where necessary in order to safeguard the safety of relevant persons, the responsible person must ensure that routes to emergency exits from premises and the exits themselves are kept clear at all times. The extent of the emergency routes and exits necessary will be determined by the findings of the risk assessment, taking full account of all the relevant circumstances of the premises. The following requirements must be complied with in respect of premises where necessary in order to safeguard the safety of relevant persons. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Emergency routes and exits must lead as directly as possible to a place of safety; In the event of danger, it must be possible for persons to evacuate the premises as quickly and as safely as possible; The number, distribution and dimensions of emergency routes and exits must be adequate having regard to the use, equipment and dimensions of the premises and the maximum number of persons who may be present there at any one time; Where necessary emergency doors must open in the direction of escape; Sliding or revolving doors must not be used for exits specifically intended as emergency exits; Emergency doors must not be so locked or fastened that they cannot be easily and immediately opened by any person who may require using them in an emergency; Emergency routes and exits must be indicated by signs; and Emergency routes and exits requiring illumination must be provided with emergency lighting of adequate intensity in the case of failure of their normal lighting. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 17 of 49

18 7.1 Travel Distances Emergency escape travel distances should meet the distances specified in the Building Regulations 2000 document B Volume 2 (section 3: Horizontal Escape and section 4: Vertical Escape). Operational sites are to be classed in Table 2 p34 of that document as Purpose group 6 Industrial - Normal Hazard. For this purpose group horizontal escape distance where more than one escape direction is provided is 45m and for only one escape direction 25m. However, transformers are described in Building Regulations 2000 document B Appendix E p143 as special fire hazard and therefore where transformers are located inside buildings the Purpose group changes to 2-7 Places of Special Fire Hazard and escape distances will be reduced to a maximum travel distance of 18m where two escape directions are available or 9m maximum travel distance if only one escape route is provided to comply with these regulations. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 18 of 49

19 7.2 Limitations on Travel Distance The purpose groups highlighted in yellow below are applicable to UK Power Networks operational sites although it may be necessary to consider the requirements of other groups in the development of substation schemes. Maximum travel distance where travel is possible in: Purpose Group Use of the premises or part of the premises One direction only (m) More than one direction (m) 2(a) Institutional (b) Other residential: a. In bedrooms 9 18 b. In bedroom corridors 9 35 c. Elsewhere Office Shop and commercial Assembly and recreation: a. Buildings primarily for disabled people b. Areas with seating in rows c. Elsewhere 6 Industrial Normal Hazard Higher Hazard 7 Storage and other nonresidential 2 7 Place of Special Fire Hazard Normal Hazard Higher Hazard Plant room or rooftop plant: a. Distance within the room b. Escape route not in open air (overall travel distance) c. Escape route in open air (overall travel distance) Table 3 Limitations on Travel Distance UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 19 of 49

20 When assessing travel distances it is necessary to consider the distance to be travelled by people when escaping, allowing for walking around equipment, plant storage units, etc. The distance should be measured from all parts of the premises to the nearest place of reasonable safety which is: A protected stairway enclosure (a storey exit); A separate fire compartment from which there is a final exit to a place of total safety; or; The nearest available final exit. From each cable basement there shall be a minimum of two points of egress, ideally diagonally opposite across the room. No egress shall lead into another basement or confined space. Emergency access and egress via ladders should only be provided where it is impossible to provide stairs. All emergency egress points from corridors and stairs are to exit into open air or a protected corridor. Routes which require access to another room are not permitted. 7.3 Escape Routes with Dead-End Conditions If a premises has escape routes from which escape can be made in one direction only (a dead end), then an undetected fire in that area could affect people trying to escape. To overcome this problem, the travel distance should be limited and one or more of the following solutions utilised: Fit an automatic fire detection and warning system in those areas where a fire could present a risk to the escape route; Protect the escape route with fire-resisting construction to allow people to escape safely past a room in which there is a fire; Provide an alternative exit. 7.4 Inner Rooms Where the only way out of a room is through another room, an unnoticed fire in the outer room could trap people in the inner room. This means of exit should be avoided where possible. If, however, this cannot be achieved then adequate warning of a fire should be provided by any one of the following means: A vision panel between the two rooms providing adequate vision to give an indication of the conditions in the outer room and the means of escape; An automatic smoke detector in the outer room that will sound a warning in the inner room. In addition, the following points should also be considered: Access rooms should be under the control of the same person as the inner room; In accordance with the Building Regulations, the travel distance from any point in the inner room to the exit from the access room should be restricted to escape in one direction only, unless there are alternative exits from the access room; No one should have to pass through more than one access room while making their escape; The outer room should not be an area of high fire risk. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 20 of 49

21 7.5 External Stairways To be considered a viable escape route, an external stairway should normally be protected from the effects of a fire along its full length. This means that any door, window (other than toilet windows) and walls within 1.8m horizontally and 9m vertically below any part of the stairway should be fire-resisting. Windows should be fixed shut and doors self-closing. 7.6 Doors and Exits Good escape routes to a final exit will be of little benefit if the occupants are not able to get out of the building and quickly disperse from the area to a place of total safety. It is also important to consider where people will go once they have evacuated from the premises. The matters that must be considered include the following: Final exit doors should be quickly and easy to open without a key or code in the event of a fire; Final exit doors should not lead people into an enclosed area from which there is no further escape; Where a final exit discharges into an enclosed area, further access to a place of total safety should be available by means of further doors or gates that can be easily opened in a manner similar to the final exit. When required for means of escape purposes and where necessary due to numbers and risk, exit doors should open outwards. Where the doors are also required for fire resisting purposes then they should be self-closing and fitted with a closing device. Doors from rooms containing operational plant are to be fitted with emergency escape devices to BS EN 1125, i.e. full width panic bars. If a door is used solely for escape purposes then it should have no means of being opened from the outside. Ironmongery must be sufficient as to allow single action escape in an emergency without the use of a key. 7.7 Escape Signs In simple premises, a few signs indicating the alternative exit(s) might be all that is needed. In more complex premises, a series of signs directing people along the escape routes towards the final exit may be required. Escape signs should meet the following criteria: They should provide clear, unambiguous information to enable people to safely leave a building in an emergency; Every escape route sign should, where necessary, incorporate or be accompanied by, a directional arrow. Arrows should not be used on their own; The escape route to the nearest exit should be indicated by a suitable sign(s). All signs must comply with the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals Regulations) 1996 and it must be pictographic. The pictogram can be supplemented by text if this is considered necessary to make the sign easily understood, but fire safety signs cannot be text only. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 21 of 49

22 7.8 Emergency Lighting The primary purpose of emergency escape lighting is to illuminate escape routes, but it also illuminates safety equipment. The size and type of premises and the risk to the occupants will determine the complexity of the emergency escape lighting required. In simple single storey premises where shared lighting or torches are not appropriate, single stand-alone escape lighting units may be sufficient and these can sometimes be combined with exit or directional signs. The level of general illumination should not be significantly reduced by the sign. In larger, more complex Grid and Primary Substations, a more comprehensive system of fixed automatic escape lighting is likely to be needed. This will be particularly true in premises with extensive basements. In specific work areas the levels of illumination shall be in accordance with Health and Safety Guidance (HSG) 38 Lighting at Work and Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Code for Lighting. (see Appendix C Emergency Escape Routes); Sealed non-maintenance 3 hour rated cells shall be utilised for battery or 3hr selfcontained non-maintained battery conversion kits housed within general purpose luminaries and may include emergency exit signs to be tested annually and replaced as required; Emergency lighting levels to be in accordance with BS :1999 / BS EN 1838: Access As a general principle there should be access for fire appliances to small buildings (up to 2000m 2 with a top story up to 11 metres above ground) to either: 15% of the perimeter; or Within 45metres of the floor plan area of the building, whichever is the least onerous. 8 Fire Compartmentation In accordance with the Electricity Council Recommendations and The Enclosed Major Substation Civil Engineering Standards the roof and walls of transformers in enclosures shall have a minimum fire resistance of 4 hours. Building elements elsewhere such as corridors and stairwells shall be designed to provide a minimum of 1 hours fire resistance. Consideration should be given to risks at specific locations, the provision of fire suppression methods (see section 11) and additional levels of fire compartmentation where debris or fire may affect a publicly accessible area. Due to the low probability of a fire occurring in a transformer cooler, a transformer cooler will require no specific fire rating. However, where a transformer is present a fire wall shall provide separation between adjacent coolers and transformers and extend 1m higher and 2m wider than any oil containing equipment or completely enclose the transformer unit. Based on the minimum periods of fire resistance for non-sprinkler single storey industrial buildings (not greater than 5m high) specified in Building Regulations 2000 Part B Table A2, switchrooms and switchouses of all voltages shall continue to be designed for 1 hour fire resilience as specified in the current UK Power Network documents. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 22 of 49

23 8.1 Building Regulations Fire Safety - Approved Document 'B' Volume 2 (2000 Edition) Buildings Other Than Dwelling Houses The spread of fire within a building can be restricted by sub-dividing it into compartments separated from one another by walls and/or floors of fire-resisting construction. The object is two-fold: To prevent rapid fire spread which could trap occupants of the building; and To reduce the chance of fires becoming large, on the basis that large fires are more dangerous, not only to occupants and fire and rescue service personnel, but also to people in the vicinity of the building. The appropriate degree of sub-division depends on: The use of and fire load in the building, which affects the potential for fires and the severity of fires, as well as the ease of evacuation; The height to the floor of the top storey in the building, which is an indication of the ease of evacuation and the ability of the fire and rescue service to intervene effectively; and The availability of a sprinkler system which affects the growth rate of the fire and may suppress it altogether. A compartment wall or floor should be provided where: A wall is common to two or more buildings; Parts of a building that are occupied mainly for different purposes. For example, ancillary equipment installed in rooms containing oil or SF 6 switchgear. As defined in the Building Regulations Approved Document B Volume 2 (2000 edition) Table A1, places of Special Fire Hazard should be enclosed with fire resisting construction. Reference is made in Appendix E of the document that oil filled transformers and switchgear, boiler rooms and other storage spaces for highly flammable substances constitute places of Special Fire Risk. Detailed guidance on fire Compartmentation is contained in Section 8 of Building Regulations Fire Safety - Approved Document 'B'. 8.2 Breaching Fire Separation To ensure effective protection against fire, walls and floors providing fire separation must form a complete barrier, with an equivalent level of fire resistance provided to any openings such as doors, ventilation ducts, pipe passages or refuse chutes. Where ventilation systems or pipe work penetrate fire resisting or compartment walls, the breaches should comply with the requirements of sections 9 and 10 of the Building Regulations 2000 document B Volume 2. Additionally, the passing of services such as heating pipes or electrical cables through fireresisting partitions leaves gaps through which fire and smoke may spread. This should be rectified by suitable fire stopping such as Intumescent Sealant or other proprietary products available to suit particular types of construction. Such products should be installed by competent contractors. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 23 of 49

24 8.3 Fire Doors Specification for doors can be found in EDS Grid and Primary Civil Design Standards Fire Rating of Doors Doors and frames generally are to be galvanised steel, powder coated and where possible incorporate a viewing panel. The fire rating of doors will: Generally be one hour fire resisting; In transformer and cooler cells four hour fire rating; In all other cases doors must meet the requirements of Table B1 in Appendix B of the Building Regulations 2000 Document B. 8.4 External Doors All external single and double leaf doors are to be certified to the appropriate agreed security standard and rating (e.g. SEAP Class 3 / LPCB LPS 1175 Level 4) and be fitted with appropriate ironmongery including panic bar escape door furniture complying with BS EN Where practical, there shall only be one main access door with external door furniture, all others are to be operated by internal panic bar systems only. The main access door is to have a locking system matching the local existing key suite and/or the proximity card system. Electrically operated sliding or folding doors must comply to be certified to the appropriate agreed security standard and rating with a mechanical means to open them in the event of a power failure. 8.5 Transformers and other Plant Located within Other Buildings Where transformers and/or other plant is located within other buildings, there is a risk that any outbreak of fire within a transformer might spread to the main building. While Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document B classes any room containing oil filled transformer or switchgear, as a Place of Special Fire Hazard and recommends that these be enclosed with 30 minute fire resisting construction. The UK Power Network requirement for this type of installation is that all walls surrounding transformers in urban environments shall be designed for 4 hour fire resilience. Transformer enclosure ventilation shall be fitted with fire and smoke dampers in order to prevent the spread of fire to other parts of the building. Ventilation systems shall be protected against the effects of overpressure following a failure. In addition to fire control measures mentioned above and in other parts of this document it is essential that the Fire Risk Assessment findings and any additional control or management requirements are discussed and agreed with the building owner. This agreement shall be documented and the record saved onto the UKPN Asset Register and a hardcopy of the record placed on site. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 24 of 49

25 9 Space Separation Detailed guidance on fire Compartmentation is contained in Section 13 of Building Regulations Fire Safety - Approved Document 'B'. A fire in a building can have a significant effect on other buildings in its vicinity, spreading between buildings if they are not adequately separated from one another. The following sections outline some generic separation distances for buildings, based on the requirements of the Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document B. It should be noted that the separation distances should be calculated on a site to site basis referencing Appendix C in this document as they vary considerably depending on the nature of the building / enclosure and the amount of non-fire rated construction in the enclosing walls/perimeter. 9.1 Building Regulations Fire Safety - Approved Document 'B' Volume 2 (2000 edition) Buildings Other Than Dwelling Houses The aim of the recommended separation distances in Approved Document B to the Building Regulations 2000 (ADB) is to ensure that the building is separated from its boundary by at least half the distance at which the total thermal radiation intensity received from an unprotected area in the wall. This would be 12.6kW/m 2 (in still air) with an assumed output radiation intensity of 168kW/m 2 (for industrial premises). The provisions in ADB limit the extent of unprotected areas in the sides of a building which will not give adequate protection against the external spread of fire from one building to another. (A roof is not subject to the provisions unless it is pitched at an angle greater than 700 to the horizontal). Any part of an external wall which has less than the specified amount of fire resistance given in Appendix A table A2 of Approved Document B, is considered to be an unprotected area. 9.2 Boundaries The use of the distance to a boundary, rather than to another building, in measuring the separation distance, makes it possible to calculate the allowable proportion of unprotected areas, regardless of whether there is a building on an adjoining site and regardless of the site of that building or the extent of any unprotected areas that it might have. (A wall is treated as facing a boundary if it makes an angle of 80 o or less). The space separation factor when calculated relevant to each building, refers to the minimum distance required to the point midway between two opposing buildings, midway across a public road/railway/canal or river, or to the site boundary. The boundaries for the purposes of space separation fall into two main categories: Notional Boundary; and Relevant boundary. The boundary between opposing buildings on the same site is termed notional boundary. The relevant boundaries may include a notional boundary but generally include site boundaries and centre lines of roads, railways, rivers and canals. Appendix D Space Separation gives more detailed information and examples of boundary definitions. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 25 of 49

26 9.3 Separation The space separation for buildings is calculated using the methods stipulated in Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document B. One of the methods commonly used is the enclosing rectangle method set out in the British Research Establishment (BRE) report document BR 187 External Fire Spread: Building Separation and Boundary Distances; this is explained in detail in Appendix C Space Separation. In consideration of Fire Protection measures, the decision as to whether a transformer should be enclosed, separated by an appropriate distance or screened by a fire wall should depend upon adjacent risks both within the curtilage of the substation and outside of it. In terms of external adjacent risks, the main consideration of risk will be associated with the hazard of thermal radiation presented by a fire in the building to its surroundings, rather than the hazards presented by the surroundings themselves. Assuming that the principles of good space separation described in this section have been followed in relation to adjacent buildings, fire spread to a substation from an external adjacent risk will be unlikely. When considering the possibility of fire spread from a sub-station to an adjacent risk, again assuming that the principles of space separation described in this section have been followed, fire spread to an external adjacent risk will be unlikely. Where the recommended separation distances between a substation (or other operational building) and adjacent risks cannot be met and fire resisting walls etc., are utilised in compensation, the recommended fire performance of the walls must be as stipulated in Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document B. As an example, where the height of the top storey is not more than 5m and the wall is less than 1m from the boundary, the fire resistance (integrity and insulation) would need to be 1 hour. It is recognised that whilst following Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document B guidelines to achieve regulatory compliance might be acceptable, UK Power Networks may choose to increase the fire protection to adjacent risks by increased levels of fire protection or by installation of fire suppression systems. Where this is the case, the level of risk associated with adjacent buildings is an important measure and the following list is based upon the level of perceived risk, associated with these building types. 9.4 High Risk Schools and colleges, but not adjacent school playing fields; Nursery schools; Railway Stations, in particular sub-surface; Airports; Hospitals; Residential care homes; Nursing Homes; Sport stadia; Heritage sites; Buildings of combustible construction; Shopping Centres; Industrial sites containing large quantities of flammable materials (e.g. Petrochemical storage or production, gas towers); Large and heavily populated commercial buildings; In all of the above, assuming that appropriate measures are in place for fire evacuations, fire spread from an adjacent building should be of no greater life risk than an outbreak of fire anywhere within that building. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 26 of 49

27 9.5 Equipment Separation Referring to Appendix C the minimum separation distance between unprotected, open-air transformers and coolers and buildings is 4m. When applied to the distance between two unprotected transformers this equates to a minimum separation distance of 8m regardless of voltage. This separation distance may be reduced by means of segregation by a 4 hour rated firewall or by protection through partially or fully enclosing the transformers and reducing the Enclosing Rectangle as defined in the Building Regulations 2000 Approved Document B. 9.6 Unprotected Areas In areas where boundary constraints do not present any problems, the limits of unprotected areas in transformer room enclosures are relatively large. However, where significant boundary constraints exist (e.g. city centre locations), boundary distances and un-protected areas play a pivotal role in the location of transformers and the design of their enclosures. 9.7 Transformers in Urban Locations Transformers located in city settings will generally be set in relatively compact sites. It is likely that the separation distance to the relevant boundaries will be limited and in the order of circa 1m to 4m. Therefore because of the restrictions on the maximum allowable unprotected areas in each façade, in some scenarios, it may be a requirement to fully enclose the transformer bay in fire rated construction. 9.8 Open Air Transformers Open-air transformers by their very nature are not in a building however, there will be a need to separate open air transformers from surrounding risks both on and off site. If the convention on space separation is applied to open air transformers, a minimum separation distance to the relevant boundary of 4m would be required. In the case of a number of open air transformers being located on the same site, this would result in a separation distance of 8m between any two transformers. 9.9 Coolers Coolers by their nature require large amounts of ventilation in order to operate efficiently, as such these would be considered in the same light as open air transformers given that no restrictions from compartment walls exist to restrict the spread of fire. Thus these would be considered as being 100% unprotected areas for the purpose of space separation. If the coolers can be located at an adequate distance (4m) from any boundary then a fire resisting enclosure might not be necessary. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 27 of 49

28 10 Fire Protection and Detection Equipment Fixed fire protection equipment is installed in order to: To preserve the life of relative persons where a substation is located within or directly adjacent to another building or within an area of high foot traffic; Prevent the spread of fire to another part of a building in which a substation is incorporated; Prevent the spread of fire to another building in close proximity to a substation; Prevent the total loss of a switchboard in the event of a failure of one or more components. Portable fire protection equipment is installed in order to ensure the safe egress of staff from a building should an event occur. Detection equipment is to be installed where point a) above applies but space or locations are limiting factors Provision of Fire Protection Equipment Grid and Primary Switchrooms Grid and Primary switchrooms with non-oil filled switchgear Portable extinguishers. Grid and Primary switchrooms with oil filled switchgear: Two or more Oil Circuit Breakers Fixed suppression system; One Oil Circuit Breaker Portable extinguishers Internally Located Grid and Primary Transformers Internally located Grid and Primary transformers will be subject to the findings of a Fire Risk Assessment (FRA). This FRA will be used to determine whether the location of the transformer or the transformer housing requires a fixed suppression system to be installed Externally Located Transformers Externally located Grid and Primary transformers will not have any form of fire suppression installed provided that they meet the criteria for separation distances. Exceptions will be identified by the Fire Risk Assessment Coolers External coolers will not have any form of fire protection installed Indoor Distribution Substations Indoor distribution substations will be subject to the findings of a Fire Risk Assessment. This FRA will be used to determine whether the location of the substation requires a fixed suppression system to be installed, a detection and alarm system if limitations prevail or indeed no system if the substation is stand alone, not integral to another building and not in close proximity to another building with openings overlooking Outdoor Distribution Substations Outdoor distribution substations will not have any form of fire protection installed. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 28 of 49

29 10.2 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Article 13 (Fire-Fighting and Fire Detection) Where necessary to ensure the safety of persons in case of fire the responsible person must ensure that the premises are, to the extent that it is appropriate, equipped with fire-fighting equipment and with fire detectors and alarms. Any non-automatic fire-fighting equipment must be easily accessible and, where necessary, indicated by signs. Fire-fighting equipment should be considered as a means of both prevention and protection. For example, preventing a small fire growing out of control and spreading beyond the area of origin, affecting the means of escape or posing a risk to relevant persons. The responsible person must, in order to safeguard the safety of all relevant persons, nominate competent persons to implement fire-fighting measures. They must establish necessary contacts with the emergency services particularly in relation to fire-fighting, rescue work. Those contacts should include discussion of information the emergency services may need to render effective emergency assistance Fire Protection Equipment Fire extinguishers should be provided appropriate to the specific risks found in the premises. The categories based on fuel and the means of extinguishing are as follows: Class A Fire which involve solid materials such as wood, paper, cardboard, textiles, furniture and plastics where there are normally glowing embers during combustion. Such fires are extinguished by cooling, which is achieved using water. Class B Fire which involve liquids or liquefied solids such as paints, oils or fats. These can be further subdivided into: Class B1 Fires which involve liquids that are soluble in water such as Methanol. They can be extinguished by carbon dioxide, dry powder, water spray, light water and vaporizing liquids. Class B2 Fires which involve liquids not soluble in water, such as petrol and oil. They can extinguished using foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder, light water and vaporizing liquids. Class C Fires which involve gases such as Natural Gas, or liquefied gases such as Butane or Propane. They can be extinguished using foam or dry powder in conjunction with water to cool any containers involved or nearby. Class D Fire which involve metals such as Aluminium or Magnesium. Special dry powder extinguishers are required to extinguish these fires, which may contain powdered graphite or talc. Class F Fires which involve high-temperature cooking oils or fats in large catering establishments or restaurants. Electrical Fires Fires involving electrical equipment or circuitry do not constitute a fire class on their own, as electricity is a source of ignition that wil feed a fire until switched off or isolated. But there are some pieces of equipment that can store, within capacitors, lethal voltages even when isolated. Extinguishers specifically designed for electrical use like carbon dioxide or dry powder units should always be used for this type of fire hazard. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 29 of 49

30 Where the particular fire risk is specifically located, e.g. flammable liquids, the appropriate fire extinguisher should be near to the hazard, so located that they can be safely used. They should be placed on a dedicated stand or hung on a wall at a convenient height so that employees can easily lift them off (at about 1m for larger extinguishers, 1.5m for smaller ones, to the level of the handle). Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) portable extinguishers are recommended for most applications within a substation environment. Previously Power fire extinguishers have been recommend in addition to CO 2 but in accordance with BS :2015 Fire Extinguishing Installations and Equipment on Premises, which states: The discharge of a powder extinguisher within buildings can cause a sudden reduction of visibility and can also impair breathing, which could temporarily jeopardise escape, rescue or other emergency action. For this reason, powder extinguishers should generally not be specified for use indoors, unless mitigated by a health and safety risk assessment. For this reason the installation of powder fire extinguishers is no longer permitted in UK Power Networks operational sites and a programme is in place to exchange the existing units with CO 2 units. Ideally no one should have to travel more than 30m to reach a fire extinguisher. Guidance on the selection and installation of fire extinguishers is given in BS and for colour coding in BS Maintenance of Portable Fire Extinguishers All portable fire extinguishers will require periodic inspection, maintenance and testing. Depending on local conditions such as the likelihood of vandalism or the environment where extinguishers are located, carry out brief checks to ensure that they remain serviceable. Maintenance should be carried out at least annually by a suitably trained competent person. New fire extinguishers should comply with BS EN 3. Guidance for maintenance of extinguishers is in BS Fire Alarms In small premises that have a very low occupancy, suitable arrangements such as gongs, whistles or air horns, combined with suitable training, may be acceptable. The suitability and acceptability of electrical systems will be determined by the Fire Risk Assessment and meet the requirements of BS Where an electrical fire-warning system is necessary then a straightforward arrangement typically includes the following: Manual call points (break-glass call points); Electronic sirens or bells; A control and indicator panel. If the building has areas where a fire could develop undetected or where people work alone and might not see a fire, then it may be necessary to upgrade the fire-warning system to incorporate automatic fire detection. If, for any reason, the system fails you must still ensure that people in your premises can be warned and escape safely. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 30 of 49

31 The fire warning sound levels should be loud enough to alert everyone, taking into account background noise (normally in a workplace - 65dba or 5dba above any background noise). In areas with high background noise, or where people may be wearing hearing protectors, the audible warning should be supplemented, e.g. with visual alarms. Where a fire alarm/detection system is required it should be installed to BS 5839 type P2 (property protection). In cases where the detection system is considered to be required for life safety, type L should be specified. If manual call points are to be provided as part of the P2 system, the suffix M should be added. Where fire detection and alarm systems are connected to the UKPN Network Control Centre they must be designed to BS 5839 Fire Detection & Alarm Systems for Buildings to meet enhanced P2 system with detectors mounted on selected beam soffits. Where suppression systems are fitted they often rely on a building automatic fire detection system (meeting the requirements of BS 5839) to activate them. These systems typically incorporate devices such as: Smoke detectors; Multi sensors; Flame detectors; Aspirating smoke detectors. Other types of fire detection equipment are described in Appendix E - Firefighting & Detection Equipment. 11 Automatic Fire Suppression Systems Building Regulations and other Acts, including local Acts, may have required fire protection equipment and other facilities to be provided for the safety of people in the building and to help fire fighters. Fire safety law places a duty to maintain such facilities in good working order and at all times. Fire detection and suppression systems shall be provided in all enclosed areas (areas not open to the air) where oil containing plant is located. This should be by fusible link to the gravity operating mechanism or from a fire detection system to the gravity operating mechanism of the weight monitored CO 2, Argonite or similar approved Suppression System. An Argonite system is preferred due to its non-toxic properties but any system installed should comply with the relevant BS/EN Standard. UKPN document EDS Enclosed Major Substation Civil Engineering Standard also requires an analogue addressable open protocol system fire detection system to BS5839-1:2002. As the potential of an independent cooler fire is considered low it is not considered appropriate to install a fire suppression system in transformer cooler bays where these are separate to the transformer. Where a transformer is present or the risk of a cooler fire is a concern the use of water filled coolers complete with a heat exchanger shall be considered. Where this solution is not possible and there remains a concern about the fire risk then a fire engineered solution incorporating a suppression system shall be implemented. Fire suppression systems can include sprinklers and other types of fixed installations designed to automatically operate and suppress a fire but not water mist systems which are not British Standards approved and have been found to be difficult and expensive to test and maintain. All fire suppression systems are to be maintained annually by a competent person. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 31 of 49

32 11.1 Fire Pro Potassium Carbonate based system Following technical research a successful test demonstration was carried out in July 2015 of a potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) based fire system developed by Fire Pro. The Fire Pro system consists of individual units containing a stable solid compound that is activated by heat; multiple units can be utilised to provide fire suppression cover in enclosed areas such as switchrooms and enclosed transformer bays. When activated the solid compound contained in each unit is transformed into a rapidly expanding fire extinguishing condensed aerosol. The generated aerosol, consisting mainly of Potassium salt-based K 2 CO 3, H 2 O (vapor), N 2 and CO 2, is propagated and evenly distributed in the enclosure under protection using its own momentum. Unlike gaseous agents, the total flooding effect is achieved without increasing the pressure in the enclosure. Fire extinguishing is accomplished by the interruption of the chemical chain reactions occurring in the flame and not by oxygen depletion or cooling. Maintenance shall be in accordance with the manufacturer s recommendations and replacement is every 15 years. Currently the Fire Pro FP-1200 and FP-1200S systems are approved for use Sprinklers Sprinkler systems can be very effective in controlling fires. They can be designed to protect life and/or property and may be regarded as a cost-effective solution for reducing the risks created by fire. Sprinkler systems should normally extend to the entire building. In a well-designed system only those heads in the immediate vicinity of the fire will actually operate. Sprinkler installations typically comprise a water supply, pumps, pipe work and sprinkler heads. There are different types of sprinkler design and each installation should be designed for the fire hazard; taking into account the building occupancy, the fire load and its burning characteristics and the sprinkler control characteristics. Guidance on the design and installation of new sprinkler systems and the maintenance of all systems is given in the Loss Prevention Council (LPC) Rules, BS EN or BS Part and should only be carried out by a competent person. Routine maintenance may include checking of pressure gauges, alarm systems, water supplies and must be completed in accordance with the manufacturers or installers instructions Water Mist Systems Water Mist fire suppression systems are not to be used on UK Power Networks operational sites; there is no approved British Standard and the system requires the storage of a large volume and mass of water that is difficult to accommodate in the design of schemes. The system also requires periodic testing that could expose operatives to the risk of Legionella infection and contact with other water borne diseases. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 32 of 49

33 11.4 Gas Flooding Systems Total flooding fire-extinguishing systems are used primarily for protection against hazards that are in enclosures or equipment that, in itself, includes an enclosure to contain the extinguishing medium. The following are typical of such hazards, but the list is not exhaustive: Electrical and electronic hazards; Telecommunications facilities; Flammable and combustible liquids and gases. The design, installation and activities to ensure proper system function of gaseous fireextinguishing systems shall be performed by those competent in fire extinguishing system technology. Maintenance and installation shall only be carried out by qualified personnel and companies Fixed Fire Fighting Systems Gas Extinguishing Systems BS EN :2008 specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, installation, testing, maintenance and safety of gaseous firefighting systems in buildings, plants or other structures, and the characteristics of the various extinguishers and types of fire for which they are a suitable extinguishing medium. It covers total flooding systems primarily related to buildings, plants and other specific applications, utilizing electrically non-conducting gaseous fire extinguishers that do not leave a residue after discharge. This document is not applicable to explosion suppression. The use of non-toxic gas systems such as Argonite, FM-200 and Novec 1230 are preferred over Carbon Dioxide systems Fire Extinguishing Installations (CO 2 ) Carbon Dioxide Systems Where gaseous fixed fire extinguishing systems are installed it is preferred that Carbon Dioxide is not used. Where for operational or site specific reasons it is required it shall conform to the following standards. BS :2001 specifies the requirements and gives recommendations for the provision of carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems in buildings or industrial plant. These systems are designed to convey carbon dioxide from a central source on the premises as and when required for the extinction of fire or the protection of particular plant or parts of the premises against possible fire risk. This standard gives requirements and characteristic data for carbon dioxide, the types of fires for which it is a recommended extinguishing medium, and requirements and recommendations for the established types of piped system. Where a fixed carbon dioxide extinguishing system is being considered for new or existing buildings the appropriate authority shall be consulted. Where a fire detection and control system is used in conjunction with a CO 2 system it shall conform to the requirements of BS , BS 6266 and BS and -2 where appropriate. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 33 of 49

34 Warning and instructional signs or notices should be positioned at the entrance to all protected fire risk areas. In most cases where CO 2, is installed, the actual hazard to personnel is rather small, but the hazard will always be greater where the enclosure is large and where carbon dioxide may enter adjacent spaces such as pits and basements. The extent and type of warning must be designed to suit the particular site but British Standard :2001 requires signs, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, to be prominently displayed at each manual control point (Figure 1) and at each entrance to the area protected by the system (Figure 2). Figure 1 Label to be displayed at manual control point. Figure 2 Label to be displayed at the entrances to hazard area Note: In All Premises In existing premises where suppression systems are fitted the compartment/room into which the system discharges must have signs as described in Figure 2 on every entry door to the area protected by the system In existing premises where suppression systems are fitted there shall be a sign that includes pictograms fixed adjacent to the operating systems clearly describing how to fully disable the system CO 2 Requirements for Surface Fires Enclosed switchrooms will have sufficient automatic CO 2 cover to provide 100% flood protection. Enclosed transformers will have sufficient automatic CO 2 cover to provide 100% flood protection to one transformer. In addition, a reserve bank of CO 2, equal in volume to the automatic volume, will be installed for manual operation should it be required Basic Quantity Multiply the volume to be protected (cubic metres) by the appropriate volume factor given in Table 3 (Volume Factors) to give the mass of CO 2 required in kilograms. This will protect an enclosure containing materials requiring a design concentration of up to 34%. UK Power Networks 2016 All rights reserved 34 of 49