CONNECTING THE DOTS REGIONAL GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK RESOURCE GUIDE

Transcription

1 5.3 Attachment REGIONAL GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK RESOURCE GUIDE

2 Lafarge Lake, Coquitlam.

3 Table of Contents Introduction: A regional green infrastructure network... 5 A primer on green infrastructure... 6 What is green infrastructure?... 6 What is a green infrastructure network?... 9 How do we benefit from green infrastructure?...10 Can we afford to build a green infrastructure network? Moving towards a regional green infrastructure network...14 Developing our regional green infrastructure network...16 The regional green infrastructure network today Essential concepts of connectivity...18 Exploring regional opportunities for green infrastructure Green infrastructure on the ground: case studies...22 Appendix Types of green infrastructure Acknowledgements Content provided by: s DIAMOND HEAD CONSULTING LTD s ECOPLAN INTERNATIONAL s CALYPSO DESIGN 3

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5 Introduction: A regional green infrastructure network 7KH RFHDQ PRXQWDLQV IRUHVWV DQG ULYHUV RI 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU SURYLGH D VSHFWDFXODU QDWXUDO VHWWLQJ IRU WKH UHJLRQpV QHLJKERXUKRRGV XUEDQ FHQWUHV SDUNV DJULFXOWXUDO DQG LQGXVWULDO ODQGV &ROOHFWLYHO\ WKLV HQYLURQPHQW VXSSRUWV RYHU PLOOLRQ UHVLGHQWV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH GLYHUVLW\ RI SODQWV DQG DQLPDOV WKDW FDOO LW KRPH 7KH UHJLRQpV SURVSHULW\ LV WLHG WR RXU QDWXUDO HQYLURQPHQW 7KH GLYHUVH ODQGVFDSH DQG SOHQWLIXO QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV VXSSRUWHG )LUVW 1DWLRQV IRU WKRXVDQGV RI \HDUV DQG ODWHU DWWUDFWHG QHZ LPPLJUDQWV IURP HDVWHUQ &DQDGD (XURSH DQG DURXQG WKH ZRUOG 3RSXODWLRQ JURZWK DQG KXPDQ GHYHORSPHQW KDV UHVXOWHG LQ VLJQLî FDQW FKDQJHV WR WKH ODQGVFDSH GLPLQLVKLQJ WKH KHDOWK DQG DEXQGDQFH RI PDQ\ QDWXUDO IHDWXUHV +RZHYHU LQ UHFHQW \HDUV RXU DSSUHFLDWLRQ RI WKH YDOXH RI QDWXUH DQG WKH PDQ\ VHUYLFHV LW SURYLGHV KDV JURZQ DQG LV UHï HFWHG LQ RXU UHJLRQDO DQG PXQLFLSDO SODQV DQG SROLFLHV DV ZHOO DV WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI RXU SURSHUWLHV IDFLOLWLHV DQG JUHHQVSDFHV 7KH &RQQHFWLQJ WKH 'RWV 5HVRXUFH *XLGH VXSSRUWV WKH GHYHORSLQJ 5HJLRQDO *UHHQ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 1HWZRUN 6WUDWHJ\ RI 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU 7KLV GRFXPHQW GHVFULEHV GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG KRZ LW SURYLGHV LQWHJUDWHG EHQHî WV DFURVV WKH UHJLRQDO ODQGVFDSH,W VXSSRUWV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D UHJLRQDO JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN WKDW ZLOO LQFUHDVH WKH UHVLOLHQF\ RI RXU QDWXUDO V\VWHPV DQG SURYLGH HFRORJLFDO HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG VRFLR HFRQRPLF EHQHî WV WR RXU FRPPXQLWLHV DEFINITION Green infrastructure is the natural vegetation, soils, water and bioengineered solutions that collectively provide society with a EURDG DUUD\ RI SURGXFWV DQG VHUYLFHV IRU KHDOWK\ OLYLQJ 1DWXUDO DUHDV VXFK DV IRUHVWV ZHWODQGV DQG ï RRGSODLQV DQG HQJLQHHUHG systems like bioswales and rain gardens conserve natural resources DQG PLWLJDWH QHJDWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO HIIHFWV EHQHî WLQJ ERWK SHR SOH DQG ZLOGOLIH :KHQ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV FRQQHFWHG DV SDUW RI D ODUJHU IUDPHZRUN D JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN LV FUHDWHG Environmental change, whether human-caused or natural, has the SRWHQWLDO WR VLJQLî FDQWO\ DIIHFW WKH OLYDELOLW\ RI RXU UHJLRQ LQ WKH IXWXUH 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU LV H[SHFWLQJ ZDUPHU GULHU VXPPHUV DQG PLOGHU ZHWWHU ZLQWHUV DV D UHVXOW RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH,PSDFWV H[SHFWHG WR DIIHFW WKH UHJLRQ LQFOXGH ULVLQJ VHD OHYHOV VSULQJ ï RRGLQJ VXPPHU drought, air quality degradation, impacts to ground water and more IUHTXHQW DQG VHYHUH ZHDWKHU HYHQWV (FRV\VWHP FKDQJHV PD\ DOVR happen more quickly than most native plants and animals can adapt, ZKLOH DGDSWDEOH LQYDVLYH VSHFLHV PD\ ï RXULVK 7KHVH SRWHQWLDO LPSDFWV FRXOG KDYH VHULRXV UHSHUFXVVLRQV IRU KXPDQ KHDOWK FRPPXQLWLHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUH HFRV\VWHPV DQG OLIHVW\OHV 5

6 Naturalized path at UniverCity at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. A primer on green infrastructure *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV D UHODWLYHO\ QHZ WHUP DQG WKHUH LV VRPH YDULDELOLW\ LQ KRZ LW LV XVHG 7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV VRPH RI WKH EDVLF FRQFHSWV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG LWV SRWHQWLDO DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU DQG PHPEHU PXQLFLSDOLWLHV What is green infrasstructure? *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV D EURDG WHUP WKDW GHVFULEHV WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI QDWXUDO DQG VHPL QDWXUDO FRPSRQHQWV LQ ODQG XVH SODQQLQJ HQJLQHHULQJ DQG urban GHVLJQ 7KHVH FRPSRQHQWV YDU\ LQ VL]H DQG VFRSH EXW ZRUN FROOHFWLYHO\ WR LPSURYH WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI RXU XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW DQG VXSSRUW KHDOWKLHU PRUH OLYDEOH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH FRPPXQLWLHV *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH JHQHUDOO\ VKDUHV WKH IROORZLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV s s s 6 MULTI-FUNCTIONAL. *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURYLGHV D YDULHW\ RI EHQHîWV DQG qiuhhr HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV WR SHRSOH DQG ZLOGOLIH ADAPTIVE. *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH KDV PDQ\ IRUPV ERWK QDWXUDO DQG FRQVWUXFWHG DQG can be LPSOHPHQWHG DW GLIIHUHQW VFDOHV DQG VXUIDFHV KDUGVFDSH WR VRIWVFDSH SUSTAINABLE. *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VXSSRUWV broad-based community sustainability goals, including social well-being, community health, and ecological and environmental VXVWDLQDELOLW\,W FDQ DOVR SURYLGH HFRQRPLF EHQHîWV E\ UHGXFLQJ FDSLWDO PDLQWHQDQFH DQG UHSODFHPHQW FRVWV RI VRPH FRQYHQWLRQDO JUH\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Natural Grasslands Riparian areas Forests Fields Wetlands INTERCONNECTED NATURAL SYSTEMS AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES Human-made Street trees Rain gardens Green roofs Porous pavement Bioswales Clean water, clean air, wildlife habitat and higher quality of life

7 DEFINITION Ecosystem Services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additional greenspace, and demonstrate greater value in conserving QDWXUDO DUHDV 7KH DPRXQW DQG W\SH RI KDUGVFDSH WKDW H[LVWV FDQ LQï XHQFH WKH NLQG RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WKDW FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV FDQ UDQJH LQ VL]H IURP VPDOO VWUHHW RU ORW OHYHO LQWHUYHQWLRQV WR D QHLJKERXUKRRG ZLGH VFDOH 'HWHUPLQ LQJ ZKLFK W\SH RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV DSSURSULDWH GHSHQGV RQ D SURMHFWpV REMHFWLYHV RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG FRQVWUDLQWV H J FRVW ODQG XVH UHJXODWLRQV 5HIHU WR $SSHQGL[ $ IRU D PRUH GHWDLOHG GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH W\SHV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZŽŽŌ ŽƉ ŚĞƌď ŐĂƌĚĞŶ Natural Open Spaces Greenways Urban Tree Canopy Green Streets Stormwater Detention Daylighted Streams LARGE SCALE Hedgerows Permeable Paving Wildlife Overpasses Green Roofs Pollinator Gardens Bioswales MEDIUM SCALE Natural Community Landscaping Gardens SMALL SCALE HARDSCAPE SOFTSCAPE 'ƌğğŷ ŝŷĩƌăɛƚƌƶđƚƶƌğ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟ ĞƐ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚśğ ƵƌďĂŶ ůăŷěɛđăɖğ 7

8 Riparian setback LARGE SCALE Greenways Large forested park MEDIUM SCALE Agricultural hedgerow Permeable paving Green street Detention pond Community gardens SMALL SCALE Green roofs Bioswale REGIONAL GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK ŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŝŷĩăɛƚƌƶđƚƶƌğ ůŝŷŭ ƚžőğƚśğƌ ƚž ĨŽƌŵ Ă ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ 8 Backyard gardens Small urban park

9 What is a green infrrastructure e network k? :KHQ GLIIHUHQW JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FRPSRQHQWV DUH FRQQHFWHG WKH UHVXOWLQJ IUDPHZRUN LV UHIHUUHG WR DV D green infrastructure network. $ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN LV W\SLFDOO\ FRPSRVHG RI FRUH JUHHQVSDFHV FDOOHG KXEV DQG FRUULGRUV WKDW OLQN WKHP WRJHWKHU Hubs IRUP WKH KHDUW RI WKH QHWZRUN DQG SURYLGH VLJQLîFDQW EHQHîWV DQG HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV IRU SHRSOH )RU H[DPSOH ZDWHUVKHGV DUH SURWHFWHG WR HQVXUH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG VXSSOLHV IRRG IRUHVW VWDQGV LPSURYH DLU TXDOLW\ îowhu ZDWHU DQG VWRUH FDUERQ DQG ODUJH qqdwxudor SDUNV SURYLGH UHFUHDWLRQDO DPHQLWLHV DQG KHDOWK EHQHîWV 7KHVH DUHDV DOVR SURYLGH KDELWDW IRU D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI SODQWV DQG DQLPDOV Corridors tie the network together and make it bigger than the sum RI LWV LQGLYLGXDO SDUWV,PSURYHG FRQQHFWLYLW\ DPRQJ KXEV VXSSRUWV PRYHPHQW RI SHRSOH H J JUHHQZD\V SODQWV DQG ZLOGOLIH H J ULSDULDQ FRUULGRUV 7KH Matrix UHIHUV WR WKH ODQGVFDSH RXWVLGH RI WKH KXEV DQG FRUULGRUV,W LQFOXGHV D PXOWLWXGH RI VPDOOHU QDWXUDO IHDWXUHV WKDW DUH QRW FRQQHFWHG WR RQH DQRWKHU EXW WRJHWKHU SURYLGH LPSRUWDQW EHQHîWV &RQVHUYDWLRQ UHVWRUDWLRQ DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQ WKH PDWUL[ VXSSRUW HFRV\VWHP IXQFWLRQV VXFK DV VWRUPZDWHU LQî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ut what happens in dense, urban environments that are largely built RYHU DQG DUH RIWHQ VXEMHFW WR VLJQLîFDQW GHYHORSPHQW SUHVVXUH",Q WKHVH DUHDV JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FDQ EH SLHFHG WRJHWKHU DW WKH VLWH OHYHO WR IRUP OLQNDJHV 5H GHYHORSPHQW UHWURîWWLQJ DQG PXQLFLSDO LQFHQWLYHV SURYLGH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR LPSURYH FRQQHFWLYLW\ PIECING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TOGETHER 7KH &LW\ RI :LOVRQYLOOH VRXWK RI 3RUWODQG 2UHJRQ KDV LPSOHPHQWHG D YDULHW\ RI QDWXUDO UHVRXUFH SURWHFWLRQ SROLFLHV WR HQFRXUDJH GHYHORSPHQW RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH 6WRUPZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW REMHFWLYHV LQFOXGH SURWHFWLQJ QDWXUDO ZDWHUFRXUVHV restoring and daylighting streams; encouraging developers to use open drainage V\VWHPV LPSOHPHQWLQJ /RZ,PSDFW 'HYHORSPHQW /,' VWUDWHJLHV DQG SURWHFWLQJ H[LVWLQJ YHJHWDWLRQ 'HYHORSPHQW FKDUJHV DQG VWRUPZDWHU XVHU IHHV SD\ IRU WKHVH FDSLWDO LQYHVWPHQWV DAYLIGHTING URBAN STREAMS AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT $FFODLPHG E\ )LVKHULHV DQG 2FHDQV &DQDGD ')2 DV WKH ODUJHVW FUHHN SURMHFW RI LWV NLQG LQ %& WKH GD\OLJKWLQJ RI 7KDLQ &UHHN LQ 1RUWK 9DQFRXYHU LQ LQYROYHG WKH UHPRYDO DQG UHSODFHPHQW RI D PHWUH ORQJ FXOYHUW ZLWK D îvk IULHQGO\ RSHQ FKDQQHO DQG HQDEOHG WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ RI D VHFWLRQ RI WKH FUHHN WR QHDU QDWXUDO FRQGLWLRQV 7KH SURMHFW ZKLFK FRVW PLOOLRQ DQG ZRQ D &RQVXOWLQJ (QJLQHHUV RI %& $ZDUG RI 0HULW KDV FUHDWHG DQ DWWUDFWLYH FUHHN FRUULGRU DQG FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI HQGDQJHUHG VDOPRQ VWRFNV DOO ZKLOH RIIHULQJ LPSURYHG ïrrg SURWHFWLRQ LQ WKH DUHD 9

10 How do we benefit from gree en infrastrructure? *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQ ERWK LWV QDWXUDO IRUP H J IRUHVWV ULSDULDQ DUHDV ZHWODQGV HWF DQG LWV KXPDQ PDGH IRUP H J ELRVZDOHV VWUHHW WUHHV JUHHQ URRIV HWF SURYLGHV qiuhhr HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV WKDW VXSSRUW VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW DQG OLYDEOH FRPPXQLWLHV (FRV\VWHP VHU YLFHV WKDW EHQHî W WKH UHJLRQ LQFOXGH FOHDQ DLU DQG ZDWHU SROOLQDWLRQ RI FURSV DQG FDUERQ VHTXHVWUDWLRQ %\ LQYHVWLQJ LQ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZH ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR UHFHLYH WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO HFRQRPLF DQG VRFLDO EHQHî WV QDWXUH SURYLGHV SOCIAL YDOXLQJ WKH EHQHî WV IURP QDWXUH 3DFLî F 3DUNODQGV )RXQGDWLRQ DQG WKH 'DYLG 6X]XNL )RXQGDWLRQ %XLOGLQJ FRQQHFWLYLW\ DFURVV WKH UHJLRQ VXSSRUWV DQG N M EN TA L HQKDQFHV WKLV QDWXUDO FDSLWDO ĞŶĞĮ ƚɛ ŽĨ 'ƌğğŷ /ŶĨĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ 10 EC O MI O $ O LQ %&pv /RZHU 0DLQODQG LV ELOOLRQ 1DWXUDO &DSLWDO LQ %&pv /RZHU 0DLQODQG IR YDOXH RI WKH VHUYLFHV SURYLGHG E\ WKH IRUHVWV ZHWODQGV JUDVVODQGV DQG FURSODQGV ENV $ UHSRUW HVWLPDWHG WKDW D FRQVHUYDWLYH HVWLPDWH RI WKH DQQXDO HFRQRPLF C THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF NATURE N

11 QUALITY OF LIFE. *UHHQVSDFHV LPSURYH OLYDELOLW\ HQKDQFH ORFDO FKDUDFWHU DQG SURYLGH DFFHVV WR QDWXUH HUMAN HEALTH.,QWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK QDWXUH LV HVVHQWLDO WR KXPDQ KHDOWK $ ODUJH DQG JURZLQJ ERG\ RI UHVHDUFK LQ &DQDGD DQG abroad clearly demonstrates that physical, social and psychological ZHOO EHLQJ DUH SRVLWLYHO\ LQïXHQFHG E\ RXU YLHZV RI DQG DFFHVV WR QDWXUH RECREATION. &RQQHFWHG DQG H[SDQGHG JUHHQ QHWZRUNV LQFUHDVH ERWK SDVVLYH H J ZDONLQJ ELUG ZDWFKLQJ DQG DFWLYH H J MRJJLQJ F\FOLQJ UHFUHDWLRQ RSSRUWXQLWLHV FOOD PRODUCTION. *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VXSSRUWV D GLYHUVLW\ RI LQVHFWV SODQWV DQLPDOV DQG RWKHU RUJDQLVPV PDQ\ RI ZKLFK DUH EHQHîFLDO WR ORFDO IRRG SURGXFWLRQ &RPPXQLW\ DQG EDFN\DUG JDUGHQV FRQWULEXWH WR OLYDELOLW\ DQG SURYLGH DQ DIIRUGDEOH ORFDO IRRG VRXUFH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION. Urban greenspace creates more RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU SHRSOH WR H[SHULHQFH HQJDJH ZLWK DQG OHDUQ DERXW QDWXUH DQG HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV FINANCIAL. *UHHQHU HQYLURQPHQWV FDQ DWWUDFW EXVLQHVVHV DQG HPSOR\HHV DQG SURYLGH MREV LQ WRXULVP DJULFXOWXUH DQG RWKHU VHFWRUV *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FDQ DOVR PLQLPL]H FDSLWDO requirements and reduce long-term maintenance and replacement FRVWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WUDGLWLRQDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH STORMWATER MANAGEMENT. *UHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FDQ PLPLF DQG UHSODFH FRQYHQWLRQDO JUH\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VXFK DV VWRUPZDWHU pipes and tanks resulting in reduced capital and maintenance FRVWV 7UHHV DQG YHJHWDWLRQ GHFUHDVH WKH DPRXQW RI KDUG VXUIDFHV DQG LQFUHDVH UDLQZDWHU LQWHUFHSWLRQ DQG LQîOWUDWLRQ UHGXFLQJ WKH ULVN RI VWRUP VHZDJH RYHUïRZV DQG ïrrglqj GREEN CORRIDORS AND THE NECTAR TRAIL PROJECT 7KH 1HFWDU 7UDLO LV D QHZ 9DQFRXYHU EDVHG FRPPXQLW\ LQLWLDWLYH WKDW ZLOO FRQQHFW H[LVWLQJ SROOLQDWRU IULHQGO\ KDELWDWV LQ WKH XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW E\ EXLOGLQJ FRUULGRUV RI QDWLYH ïrzhu JDUGHQV EHWZHHQ WKHP 7KLV SURJUDP LV RUJDQL]HG DQG PDLQWDLQHG E\ WKH (QYLURQPHQWDO <RXWK $OOLDQFH WKH &LW\ RI 9DQFRXYHU WKH 9DQFRXYHU 3DUN %RDUG DQG ORFDO UHVLGHQWV 7KHVH JUHHQZD\V will encourage pollinator travel, which in turn supports nature and local IRRG SURGXFWLRQ ZKLOH RIIHULQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU HQYLURQPHQWDO HGXFDWLRQ DQG LPSURYHG OLYDELOLW\ LQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ FRPPXQLW\ 7KH îuvw 1HFWDU 7UDLO SURMHFW ZLOO OLQN 4XHHQ (OL]DEHWK 3DUN WR WKH 9DQ 'XVHQ *DUGHQV DORQJ WKH 5LGJHZD\ *UHHQZD\ ENERGY EFFICIENCY. 7UHHV DQG YHJHWDWLRQ VKDGH DQG FRRO EXLOGLQJV LQ WKH VXPPHU DQG KHOS LQVXODWH EXLOGLQJV LQ WKH ZLQWHU AIR QUALITY. 7UHHV KHOS FRRO WKH DWPRVSKHUH UHGXFLQJ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI KDUPIXO SROOXWDQWV 7UHHV DQG YHJHWDWLRQ DOVR DEVRUE DQG VWRUH FDUERQ GLR[LGH DQG UHOHDVH R[\JHQ LQWR WKH DWPRVSKHUH WATER QUALITY. 9HJHWDWLRQ DQG KHDOWK\ VRLOV FOHDQ XUEDQ UXQRII and allow water to be absorbed into the ground, recharging VWUHDPV DQG JURXQGZDWHU HAZARD REDUCTION. 9HJHWDWHG ODQGVFDSHV DEVRUE ZDWHU DQG VWDELOL]H VORSHV KHOSLQJ WR SURWHFW WKH EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW DJDLQVW KD]DUGV OLNH ïrrglqj DQG ODQGVOLGHV BIODIVERSITY. 5HVWRUHG QDWXUDO YHJHWDWLRQ VWUHDPV ODNHV DQG ZHWODQGV SURYLGH KDELWDW LQFOXGLQJ IRRG DQG VKHOWHU IRU D GLYHUVLW\ RI VSHFLHV 1DWXUDO FRUULGRUV DOORZ SODQWV DQG DQLPDOV WR PRYH EHWZHHQ ODUJHU KDELWDW DUHDV RYHUFRPLQJ WKH HIIHFWV RI KDELWDW IUDJPHQWDWLRQ DQG KHOSLQJ WR GLYHUVLI\ WKH JHQH SRRO THE GREEN EFFECT 9LHZV RI QDWXUH H J WUHHV DQG JUHHQHU\ IURP RIîFHV DQG VFKRROV UHGXFH VWUHVV LQFUHDVH SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG VXSSRUW KLJKHU UHVXOWV LQ FRJQLWLYH WHVWV 6HQLRUV WHQG WR OLYH ORQJHU ZKHQ OLYLQJ QH[W WR DQG UHFUHDWLQJ LQ JUHHQVSDFH ZKLOH QHJDWLYH VRFLDO EHKDYLRXU H J LOOHJDO DFWLYLW\ DJJUHVVLRQ OLWWHULQJ LV ORZHU LQ XUEDQ DUHDV ZLWK PRUH WUHHV DQG JUHHQVSDFH 11

12 Can we afford to bu uild a Gree en Infrastrructure Network k? 7KH FRVWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK EXLOGLQJ WKH 5HJLRQDO *UHHQ,QIDVWUXFWXUH 1HWZRUN ODUJHO\ VWHP IURP VHFXULQJ ODQG WKURXJK SXUFKDVLQJ RU FRYHQDQWV DQG UHVWRULQJ VLWHV LQ PRUH PRGLîHG HQYLURQPHQWV 7KHVH FRVWV FDQ EH VLJQLî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îWV DQG VHUYLFHV WKH\ SURYLGH )RU H[DPSOH JUHHQ URRIV DQG WUHHV FDQ VDYH PRQH\ E\ UHGXFLQJ HQHUJ\ FRVWV $ 8 6 VWXG\ RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VWRUPZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW SURMHFWV IRXQG WKDW DOO EXW WZR SURMHFWV KDG LQWHUQDO UDWHV RI UHWXUQ RI JUHDWHU WKDQ,Q PDQ\ PXQLFLSDOLWLHV SHUPHDEOH SDYHPHQW LV EHLQJ XVHG WR UHSODFH DJLQJ KDUG VXUIDFHV $OWKRXJK LQLWLDO installation costs can be higher than conventional paving, these costs are recouped over time through savings in maintenance and stormwater PDQDJHPHQW MULTIPLE BENEFITS: 7KH HFRQRPLF YDOXH RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV LV FRPSRXQGHG JLYHQ WKH PXOWLSOH IXQFWLRQV WKH\ SHUIRUP $V DQ H[DPSOH JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VWRUPZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW SURMHFWV RIWHQ SURYLGH FRQFXUUHQW UHFUHDWLRQ SDVVLYH DQG DFWLYH HFRORJLFDO WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ H J ELNH DQG SHGHVWULDQ SDWKV KHDOWK DQG XUEDQ GHVLJQ DQG EHDXWLîFDWLRQ EHQHîWV The benefits of green infrastructure Estimates based on the 2010 NYC Green Infrastructure Plan THE BENEFIT OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE estimates based on the 2010 NYC Green Infrastructure Plan PROJECTED COSTS ANNUAL SAVINGS to achieve 20-year stormwater objectives per one hectare of GI ONE HECTARE of fully vegetated green infrastructure $21,049 $3.9B in reduced energy demand $2.4B $410 in reduced CO2 emissions $2,579 in improved air quality $11,671 in increased property value GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 12 GREY INFRASTRUCTURE

13 Cost comparison of green street infastructure vs grey infastructure GREEN ROOFS According to Portland s Green Roof Program, green roofs can cost one and a half times more than conventional roofs to install. However, a green roof will last twice as long before needing to be replaced, and will reduce annual stormwater volumes by over 50%. TREES Economic benefits related to stormwater management, improved air quality, reduced energy consumption, carbon sequestration, and better aesthetics can be $ $3.00 per tree for every $1 invested in planting/maintenance. WETLANDS AND DETENTION PONDS Building a wastewater treatment system using constructed wetlands costs about $5 per gallon of capacity compared to roughly $10 per gallon of capacity for a conventional advanced treatment facility. BIO-SWALES The City of Portland found vegetated bio-swales reduced 25 year peak storm flows by 88% and total flow into local sewers by 85% compared to conventional infrastructure. PERMEABLE PAVING Permeable pavement in alleys can have a life expectancy of years and runoff reductions of 70 90%. GREEN VS. GREY CHICAGO CASE STUDY &KLFDJR $PHULFDpV WKLUG ODUJHVW FLW\ LV LPSOHPHQWLQJ QHZ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SROLFLHV WR DGGUHVV LWV DJLQJ VWRUPZDWHU V\VWHP DQG YDVW DPRXQW RI LPSHUYLRXV VXUIDFH ZKLFK DFFRXQWV IRU RI LWV XUEDQ DUHD &KLFDJRpV *UHHQ $OOH\ 3URJUDP DLPV WR WUDQVIRUP WKH ZRUOGpV ORQJHVW QHWZRUN RI SDYHG DOOH\ZD\V XVLQJ JUHHQ WHFKQRORJ\ 3HUPHDEOH KLJK DOEHGR SDYHUV DUH LQVWDOOHG WR UHWURî W H[LVWLQJ DOOH\V &RVW LV FRPSDUDEOH WR WUDGLWLRQDO SDYHUV EXW FRPHV ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO EHQHî WV RI SHUPLWWLQJ LQFUHDVHG VWRUPZDWHU LQî OWUDWLRQ XS WR DQG UHGXFLQJ WKH XUEDQ KHDW LVODQG HIIHFW 7KLV DSSURDFK LV EHLQJ FKDPSLRQHG WR KHOS LQFUHDVH WKH &LW\pV WULSOH ERWWRP OLQH OLQNLQJ LPSURYHG HQYLURQ PHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV ZLWK UHGXFHG JRYHUQPHQW H[SHQGLWXUHV DQG EHWWHU TXDOLW\ RI OLIH Bell Street Park plan. SVR Design. GREEN VS. GREY SEATTLE CASE STUDY 7KH &LW\ RI 6HDWWOH LQFRUSRUDWHV JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DV SDUW RI LWV QDWLRQDOO\ DFFODLPHG 1DWXUDO 'UDLQDJH 6\VWHPV 1'6 SURMHFWV 7KHVH SURMHFWV XVH LQQRYDWLYH VWUHHW GHVLJQV WR PDQDJH VORZ DQG î OWHU VWRUPZDWHU DQG UHGXFH UXQRII LQWR QDWXUDO ZDWHUFRXUVHV %LRVZDOHV VPDOO ZHWODQGV QDWXUDO ODQGVFDSLQJ DQG SHUPHDEOH VXUIDFHV DUH LQWHJUDWHG LQWR VWUHHWVFDSHV &RVW DQDO\VHV KDYH SURYHQ WKDW 1'6 GHVLJQV FDQ EH VLJQLî FDQWO\ OHVV H[SHQVLYH WR LQVWDOO WKDQ WUDGLWLRQDO VWUHHWV WKDW XVH JUH\ LQIUD VWUXFWXUH 7KLV FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR UHGXFHG SDYLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG HQJLQHHUHG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ORZHU LQVWDOODWLRQ FRVWV DQG UHGXFWLRQV LQ PDLQWHQDQFH 3HUKDSV PRVW LPSRUWDQWO\ WKHVH DOWHUQDWLYH VWRUPZDWHU VWUDWHJLHV KDYH EHHQ SURYHQ WR ZRUN H[FHS WLRQDOO\ ZHOO ZLWK SRVW FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURMHFW PRQLWRULQJ LQ 6HDWWOH GHPRQVWUDWLQJ XS WR D UHGXFWLRQ LQ VWRUPZDWHU YROXPHV 13

14 Moving towards a regional green infrastructure network 7KH H[LVWLQJ HOHPHQWV RI WKH UHJLRQDO JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN DUH WKH UHVXOW RI WKH FRPELQHG DQG RIWHQ FROODERUDWLYH HIIRUWV RI PXQLFLSDOLWLHV DQG 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU 0DQ\ ORFDO SODQV VWUDWHJLHV DQG DFWLRQ KDYH SOD\HG D ODUJH UROH LQ FUHDWLQJ WKH ODQGVFDSH ZH YDOXH WRGD\ $W WKH UHJLRQDO VFDOH WKH EXLOGLQJ EORFNV RI D UHJLRQDO JUHHQ LQ IUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN FDQ EH WUDFHG EDFN WR pv JURXQGEUHDNLQJ Livable Region Plan 7KLV SODQ HVWDEOLVKHG WKH SROLF\ IRXQGDWLRQ IRU FRQVHUYLQJ DQG FRQQHFWLQJ JUHHQVSDFH LQ WKH UHJLRQ 6XEVH TXHQW XSGDWHV WR WKLV SODQ KDYH IXUWKHU UHî QHG WKHVH SROLFLHV to address the new challenges emerging in our rapidly changing XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW SUSTAINABLE REGION INITIATIVE...,Q WKH Livable Region Strategic Plan LGHQWLî HG D *UHHQ =RQH WR KHOS GHî QH WKH OLPLW WR XUEDQ H[SDQVLRQ $ 5HJLRQDO 3DUN DQG 2XWGRRU 5HFUHDWLRQ 6\VWHP ZDV SURSRVHG WR H[SDQG DQG LPSURYH PDMRU UHFUHDWLRQDO VLWHV DQG WKH OLQNDJHV EHWZHHQ WKHP WR qdoorz SHRSOH DQG ZLOGOLIH WR PRYH PRUH IUHHO\ DFURVV WKH UHJLRQ r TURNING IDEAS INTO ACTION SUSTAINABLE REGION INITIATIVE... TURNING IDEAS INTO ACTION Regional Growth Strategy Bylaw No.1136, 2010 REGIONAL GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK RESOURCE GUIDE Metro Vancouver 2040 Shaping Our Future Metro Vancouver s Ecological Health Action Plan OCTOBER 2011 Adopted by the Greater Vancouver Regional District Board on July 29, Updated to July 26, KH PRVW UHFHQW UHJLRQDO JURZWK VWUDWHJ\ Metro Vancouver 2040 Shaping our Future ZDV DGRSWHG LQ 2QH RI LWV SROLF\ JRDOV ZDV WR q3urwhfw DQG HQKDQFH QDWXUDO IHDWXUHV DQG WKHLU FRQQHFWLYLW\ r 7KH VWUDWHJ\ ZDV IROORZHG E\ WKH UHOHDVH RI 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHUpV Ecological Health Action Plan ZKLFK SURSRVHG SURMHFWV WR maintain and enhance ecosystem services in the region and help UHDOL]H WKH FRPPLWPHQWV DUWLFXODWHG LQ WKH Sustainable Region Initiative 2QH RI WKH $FWLRQ 3ODQpV SURMHFWV LV DGYDQFLQJ D UH JLRQDO JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN 7KLV LV UHFRJQL]HG DV DQ DUHD RI RSSRUWXQLW\ ZKHUH 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU FRXOG WDNH D OHDGHUVKLS UROH LQ LGHQWLI\LQJ DQG FRRUGLQDWLQJ LPSRUWDQW UHJLRQDO FRQQHFWLYLW\ 14 7KLV 5HVRXUFH *XLGH SURYLGHV LPSRUWDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WKDW ZLOO VXSSRUW PXQLFLSDOLWLHV JRYHUQPHQW DJHQFLHV planners, developers, stewardship groups and the general public in LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH UHJLRQDO JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN 2EMHFWLYHV RI WKLV JXLGH DUH WR s GHVFULEH WKH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH s FRPPXQLFDWH WKH EHQHî WV DQG YDOXHV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH s GHPRQVWUDWH KRZ PXQLFLSDOLWLHV DUH DOUHDG\ VXFFHVVIXOO\ implephqwlqj JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DFURVV GLIIHUHQW ODQG XVHV DQG at a YDULHW\ RI VFDOHV DQG s VXSSRUW SROLF\ GHYHORSPHQW WKDW SURPRWHV JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH

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18 Essentia al concepts of connec ctivity $ IXQFWLRQLQJ DQG SURWHFWHG JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH QHWZRUN LV DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI RXU UHJLRQpV IXWXUH,W ZLOO FRQQHFW WKH QDWXUDO ODQGVFDSH DQG SURYLGH D IUDPHZRUN IRU PRUH VXVWDLQDEOH ODQG GHYHORSPHQW DQG VWHZDUGVKLS LQ 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU 7KH SURFHVV WR FRPSOHWH WKH network will not be immediate and will involve a phased DSSURDFK RYHU WLPH $GYDQFH SODQQLQJ LV QHFHVVDU\ WR HQVXUH WKDW JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV LPSOHPHQWHG VWUDWHgically when opportunities arise and avoids unintended FRQVHTXHQFHV 7KLV UHTXLUHV D FRRUGLQDWHG LQWHJUDWHG approach involving local and regional politicians, planners, HQJLQHHUV HFRORJLVWV ELRORJLVWV DQG GHYHORSHUV When developing the Regional Green Infastructure Network, general principles of conservation biology should be observed. These will improve overall habitat quality, and can help prioritize and enhance sites for inclusion as part of the network. PREFERENCE LESS MORE CONNECTIVITY. *UHHQ LQIUDstructure should be connected ZKHUHYHU SRVVLEOH 0XOWL SDUWQHU coordination is required to overcome obstacles associated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î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municipal, regional and provincial parks, protected ZDWHUVKHGV DQG HFRORJLFDO UHVHUYHV 0XQLFLSDOLWLHV ZLOO play the primary role in determining where and when JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG WR FRQQHFW KXEV $ YDULHW\ RI SODQQLQJ WRROV DQG PHFKDQLVPV FDQ EH HPSOR\HG WR KHOS SURWHFW H[LVWLQJ KXEV DQG LPSOHPHQW JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV 18 SIZE. $OWKRXJK H[LVWLQJ ODQG XVH ZLOO GLFWDWH WKH W\SH RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WKDW FDQ EH LPplemented, generally speaking, ODUJHU SURMHFWV ZLOO SURYLGH PRUH EHQHîWV WKDQ VPDOOHU RQHV WƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ďŝžůžőlj

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20 Explorin ng regional opportunities for green infrastru ucture 7KHUH DUH QXPHURXV RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU LPSOHPHQWLQJ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURMHFWV DFURVV 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU :KLOH ODQG XVH LV FDWHJRUL]HG WR D îqhu OHYHO RI GHWDLO DW WKH PXQLFLSDO OHYHO WKH VL[ ODQGVFDSH W\SHV GHSLFWHG EHORZ DUH WKH PRVW W\SLFDO RQHV UHSUHVHQWHG DFURVV WKH 0HWUR 9DQFRXYHU UHJLRQ 7KH XQLTXH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI HDFK ODQGVFDSH ZLOO LQï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îWV WKDQ EXLOGLQJ QHZ JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DORQH INDUSTRIAL HIGH DENSITY MEDIUM DENSITY INDUSTRIAL. $UHDV VXSSRUWLQJ LQGXVWULDO DQG employment activity, including port lands, rail \DUGV EXVLQHVV SDUNV KHDY\ PDQXIDFWXULQJ IDFWRULHV DQG ZDUHKRXVLQJ HIGH DENSITY. Urban and town centres with RIîFH DQG UHVLGHQWLDO WRZHUV PL[HG XVH GHYHORSPHQWV DQG ODUJH FRPPHUFLDO FHQWUHV MEDIUM DENSITY. Urban neighbourhoods ZLWK UHVLGHQWLDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO GHYHORSPHQW Low rise buildings, townhouses, and more FRPSDFW VLQJOH IDPLO\ QHLJKERXUKRRGV RURAL AGRICULTURAL GREEN SPACE RURAL. Neighbourhoods and subdivisions IHDWXULQJ ORZ GHQVLW\ UHVLGHQWLDO GHYHORSPHQW 6LQJOH IDPLO\ KRPHV RQ ODUJHU UHVLGHQWLDO ORWV DQG DFUHDJHV LQ UXUDO DUHDV AGRICULTURAL. $UHDV RIWHQ GHVLJQDWHG IRU agricultural use or other resource management SXUSRVHV 6RPH UXUDO UHVLGHQWLDO DFUHDJHV ZLWK ODUJHU VLQJOH IDPLO\ KRPHV DORQJ ZLWK IDUPKRXVH KRPHV DQG DQFLOODU\ EXLOGLQJV EDUQV VWRUDJH DQG SURFHVVLQJ IDFLOLWLHV GREENSPACE. 0DQDJHG qqdwxudor DUHDV including protected watersheds, parks, and RWKHU RSHQ VSDFHV WKDW SURYLGH VLJQLîFDQW nature services, in addition to conservation and UHFUHDWLRQ SDVVLYH DQG DFWLYH YDOXHV Generalized Metro Vancouver landcape types. 20

21 7KH IROORZLQJ PDWUL[ VKRZV WKH W\SHV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKDW DUH FRQVLGHUHG DSSURSULDWH IRU HDFK ODQGVFDSH 6SHFLîF W\SHV RI JUHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVLGHUHG H[FOXVLYH WR DQ\ RQH ODQGVFDSH LQGHHG WKHUH PD\ EH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR LPSOHPHQW RQH RU DOO GHSHQGLQJ RQ VSHFLîF VLWH FRQGLWLRQV DQG SURMHFW REMHFWLYHV LANDSCAPE TYPE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE OPPORTUNITY INDUSTRIAL HIGH DENSITY MEDIUM DENSITY RURAL AGRICULTURAL GREEN SPACE Hubs Small natural/open areas Riparian corridors Urban tree canopy Greenways Detention/Infiltration ponds Bioswales Rain gardens Permeable pavement Community gardens Green roofs/walls Natural landscaping Container gardens Green streets Daylighted streams Hedgerows Pollinator-friendly gardens more opportunities less opportunities 'ƌğğŷ ŝŷĩƌăɛƚƌƶđƚƶƌğ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ ďlj ůăŷěɛđăɖğ ƚljɖğ 21

22 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE GROUND The following case studies highlight successful regional green infrastructure projects implemented in each of the six landscape categories. Each case study provides the following information: 22 PROJECT DESCRIPTION $Q RYHUYLHZ RI WKH SURMHFW DQG LWV REMHFWLYHV PROJECT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION $Q RYHUYLHZ RI ZKDW SODQQLQJ WRROV DQG PHFKDQLVPV ZHUH XVHG WR LPSOHPHQW WKH SURMHFW PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED $Q RYHUYLHZ DQG VXPPDU\ RI SURMHFW VXFFHVVHV FKDOOHQJHV DQG OHVVRQV OHDUQHG ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS $ OLVW RI WKH WRROV XVHG WR GHVLJQ SODQ IXQG DQG LPSOHPHQW WKH SURMHFWV

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24 INDUSTRIAL CREEKWAY PARK STREAM RESTORATION PROJECT LOCATION North of Hastings Park (McGill Street), Vancouver, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION Creekway Park is one of the City of Vancouver s newest parks. Located just north of busy McGill Street and next to the CN Rail corridor, it begins to build ecological and human connections between Hastings Park (PNE) and New Brighton Park on Burrard Inlet. The park is an initial phase of a project that will eventually restore an historical stream that once flowed through Hastings Park to Burrard Inlet. This park also improves east-west bikeway and pedestrian connections through east Vancouver. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION Creekway Park was developed in an abandoned parking lot as part of the Hastings Park revitalization program. The project was designed by an interdisciplinary team that included landscape architects, water resources engineers, geotechnical engineers, biologists, and transportation planners. It also went through an extensive public engagement process including open houses and meetings with the Hastings Park Open Space Advisory Group. The water system consists of a series of vegetated wetlands connected with a cobble-lined channel. Stormwater from the immediate area is recirculated using a pump-based system. At a later stage, stormwater from the larger Hastings Park catchment will be redirected to ensure the stream and wetlands have year-round flow. Diverse herbaceous, wetland, and shrub communities provide the foundation for increasing biodiversity over time. Eventually, stormwater filtration through the constructed stream will help restore fish habitat in a tidal salt marsh in New Brighton Park. 24 Creekway Park is a novel ecosystem that emulates some of the forms and functions of native ecosystems, while blending them with urban landscape components. While the plant communities are generally native, they also include blue irises and other flowering plants that are not native to coastal BC. These were included to increase diversity and create bolder colours and textures to enhance the park experience. Many of the native plant species such as coastal strawberry, thimbleberry, and spiraea are important for native bees and other pollinators. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED Creekway Park was built in a narrow linear parcel at the intersection of a broad range of municipal infrastructure: roads, rail lines, storm drains, regional sanitary sewers, gas lines, and power lines. The design needed to respond to these infrastructure constraints by building above the existing ground plane to avoid sub-surface disturbance. This precluded the creation of deeper wetlands and streams enclosed in a shallow ravine. Trees could only be planted along the park s perimeter. Setting clear targets for habitat restoration projects ensures that expectations are met. Some members of the public felt that fish habitat should be an important component of Creekway Park. However, given the highly urbanized catchment, channel gradient issues, and small stream size, salmon and trout habitat was not considered an appropriate restoration target. Instead, the design promoted the goal of restoring a dynamic ecosystem that will benefit many urban species. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS Greenest City Action Plan (Access to Nature target) Hastings Park/PNE Master Plan

25 INDUSTRIAL CAMPBELL HEIGHTS BUSINESS PARK PROJECT LOCATION Campbell Heights Business Park, Surrey, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION Campbell Heights Business Park is a large (101 hectare) greenfield development located in south-east Surrey. The overall development concept envisions a high quality industrial business park that reflects the area s natural surroundings. Green infrastructure is integrated to manage stormwater on site, protect environmental features, and improve overall aesthetics. Over 2.4 million square feet of office, commercial and industrial space had been constructed between 2003 and PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION Campbell Heights is located on the Brookswood Aquifer, a highly productive groundwater resource. Water in the aquifer is used for drinking and irrigation and also provides base flows to valuable fish bearing creeks including the Little Campbell River. The area also has a large percentage of forested land and numerous watercourses. Design and servicing guidelines were created prior to development to protect these environmental values and encourage integration of green infrastructure to manage stormwater. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED Wildlife corridors have been maintained to provide connectivity between the habitats in Campbell Valley Regional Park, and those in the Nicomekl River and Serpentine River lowland areas. Riparian corridors and salmon-bearing watercourses are preserved, enhanced or reconstructed. There is coordinated development among buildings, landscaping and site features. A portion of the Campbell Heights area was a former quarry pit for sand and gravel. Stormwater servicing for areas previously mined consist of onsite bioswales, onsite oil-water interceptors, perforated City storm sewers, stormceptor devices at each piped outfall, a settling pool prior to stormwater entering the creek system and a community detention facility. Areas not previously mined have significant gravel deposits and better infiltration potential. Servicing for these areas consists of full infiltration (exfiltration) for both onsite and offsite runoff up to the 100 year return period that also serves to address water quality issues. Where soil conditions allow for effective groundwater recharge, the stormwater system is designed to release stormwater back into the ground. This mimics the way stormwater naturally moves in the area while also reducing the requirements for stormwater sewers and detention ponds. The purchase and development of lots has progressed at a steady rate within the Campbell Heights Business Park. The most significant lesson learned was the importance of having good design guidelines for the habitat compensation/restoration areas. The highly pervious sands and gravels posed unforeseen challenges and extra costs associated with establishing a healthy plant community. The reliance on exfiltration systems for stormwater servicing required that more prescriptive guidelines be provided to engineering and design consultants who were more familiar with conventional servicing systems. As development has progressed, this requirement has lessened. Erosion and sediment control (ESC) during construction has been a significant issue. Education is needed to ensure all onsite staff and contractors are aware of the consequences of poor ESC practices. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS Cluster Development ( Eco-clusters ) Sustainable Design Guidelines Density Bonusing Conservation Habitat Covenants Local Area Bylaws for green infrastructure and parkette maintenance 25

26 INDUSTRIAL NEW CONCEPTS FOR ARTERIAL ROAD DESIGN PROJECT LOCATION New Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver (District), BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION This project included construction of collector, arterial and local roads through a newly developed commercial/industrial area, the largest on the North Shore. This innovative approach to road design was used to protect the ecological sensitivity of the Maplewood Flats foreshore along Burrard Inlet. The ecology of this conservation area is highly dependent on the quality of ground water and protection of natural vegetation, which provides important habitat for birds, mammals and fish. The drainage design for the new highway increases groundwater recharge and provides better control of stormwater runoff, while also incorporating large center and sidewalk boulevard plantings to improve aesthetic appeal and wildlife habitat. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION This project was completed in accordance to the Metro Vancouver Integrated Stormwater Management Plan (ISWMP) guidelines. Goals of the drainage design for this project are to service the entire 40.6 hectare catchment area of the Maplewoods neighbourhood and to maintain the level and quality of ground water. Existing site conditions (high water table, flat terrain and gravelly soils) presented a challenge. Typical road standards were maintained. Lane widths were not reduced to accommodate the new boulevards. Underground piping was also retained due to presence of a large underground main. Runoff is exfiltrated via catch basins and a dispersal drain system that is incorporated in green strips located between the roadway and a meandering path on both sides of the highway. During ex26 treme rainfall events, the runoff overflow is piped via a storm sewer to an outfall structure. An oil and grit separator is incorporated in the outfall design; only low flow events are passed through the separator. Flow is diverted into the separator by means of concrete benching in the storm sewer that forms a small dam in the pipe invert. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED This project was completed over five phases from 1999 to 2003 at a total cost of $8 million, which is more expensive than a conventional design. Maintenance costs are also higher, but this was expected prior to construction. The drainage system is functioning as designed; however, an easier cleanout system would have been an improvement. As a result, the lifetime efficacy of the dispersal drain system is expected to be shorter than planned due to construction related sediment. Planted areas in the center and walkway boulevards are well established and are contributing positively to the wider community as greenways that are used predominantly by pedestrians. Neighbouring businesses generally favour the new street design and some have incorporated complementary green infrastructure features (e.g., rain gardens, pervious pavement in parking lots) into their sites. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS North Vancouver District Official Community Plan (OCP) Integrated Stormwater Management Plans for the surrounding watercourses Metro Vancouver ISWMP Initiative Development Service Bylaw Maplewood and Lower Lynn Town Center Plan

27 HIGH DENSITY TOWN CENTRE GAMING FACILITY PROJECT LOCATION th Lougheed Highway and 227 Street, Maple Ridge, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION A former brownfield site in the heart of Maple Ridge was turned into an innovative urban landscape supporting a mixed-use entertainment and community gaming facility. This project set out to create a new vibrant space in the Town Centre, with priorities to remediate contaminated soils and incorporate green infrastructure into the building and site design. Further work to enhance habitat and restore ecosystems on the Gaming Centre site and the municipal park conservation areas to the south add to the community and ecological health benefits of the project. degraded ravine area on site. New wetlands, bioswales, and bio-filtration ponds provide habitat for wildlife, including two species at risk (red-legged frog and Oregon forestsnail). These features also improve water quality for downstream fish habitat. A conservation area of 0.74 hectares was dedicated as Parkland on the south side of the property. Additional habitat improvements and restoration work was required on existing municipal Park Conservation lands southwest of the site. Enhancements on these lands included construction of ponds and wetland habitats, retention of mature forest, invasive plant species management, and design and construction of a nature trail. Native vegetation was extensively re-planted in areas that were disturbed or sparsely vegetated within the park or surrounding steep slopes. PROJECT OUTCOMES AND LESSONS LEARNED Integrating green infrastructure and landscaping into the design helped create a vibrant space and a more natural transition between the commercial corridor and residential lands. The innovative urban design and collaborative process were key elements leading to the success of this project. Careful coordination amongst consultants and stakeholders is necessary in a project that requires multidisciplinary integrated solutions. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION The facility was designed to ease the transition between commercial lands along the Lougheed corridor and adjacent residential development. A variety of green infrastructure elements are part of the building and site design. The building design includes a 1,000 m2 green roof and a green wall. Rainwater is diverted from the roof and parking areas into rain gardens, bio-swales, and bio-filtration wetland areas, directing the water into the soil where silt and pollutants can be filtered out before the water slowly enters the municipal stormwater system. The heat island effect (caused when heat energy is absorbed by pavement and other surfaces) is minimized through the green roof and planting of 36 large canopy street trees along the streets and parking areas. Approximately 2,800 m2 of other tree and shrub plantings were also added to the site. Ecological enhancements were required as part of the environmental development permit. Ecological restoration works were completed and funded as part of a compensation package for in-fill of a smaller Green infrastructure, integrating ecological, engineering, and building solutions where landscape and natural processes help inform and guide development design can be cost effective in the long term because of the added services and benefits they provide. Green infrastructure can also be used effectively as a good marketing and public relations tool. Integration of park lands into the site design can be highly valuable. This is especially true if there are mutual benefits to the municipality, the natural environment and the developer from habitat enhancements, rainwater management, tiered stormwater source controls, improved aesthetics, and public access to greenways. ENABLING FISCAL AND POLICY TOOLS Parkland Dedication Streamside Protection Regulation guidelines Sustainable Design Guidelines Environmental Development Permit requiring ecological enhancement 27

28 HIGH DENSITY UNIVERCITY COMMUNITY PROJECT LOCATION UniverCity, Simon Fraser University (SFU), Burnaby, BC PROJECT DESCRIPTION UniverCity is a mixed-use community located at the top of Burnaby Mountain. When fully developed, the population is expected to be 10,000 residents. It is envisioned as a complete community integrating a variety of green infrastructure and natural ecosystems and features into its design. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION Planning for UniverCity began in the early 1990s. Sustainability and environmental protection were key principles included in the 1996 SFU Official Community Plan. In 1997, the SFU Community Trust was created to plan and implement development in the community in partnership with the City. This collaboration resulted in development guidelines and requirements for green building performance, stormwater management and natural landscaping. The 2002 Stormwater Management Plan outlines specific approaches for reducing runoff, protecting water quality of downstream creeks, and enhancing watercourses on-site. Rainwater percolates into the soils via permeable pavement, infiltration 28 galleries and bioswales, and is detained in underground cisterns, before making its way into constructed streams, wetlands and downstream watercourses. This design means that no standard stormwater pipes are used within the community, with the exception of overflow facilities to safely convey extreme rain events. The features are designed to be attractive, fit into the urban landscape, and provide wildlife habitat. Each development site is required to infiltrate and detain rainwater to specified standards, and to monitor and report how the systems are functioning for at least two years. Systems must be approved by SFU Community Trust and the City through the development permit process. Covenants are registered over stormwater infrastructure on each property specifying these requirements. Monitoring of hydrology and water quality is overseen by an Adaptive Management Committee. SFU Community Trust and the City of Burnaby also allowed for nature to permeate throughout the community. By preserving individual and groups of large trees and incorporating them into pedestrian greenways, the site became a part of its surroundings, instead of an urban enclave surrounded by forest. On private property, significant trees identified for retention, greenways and riparian corridors are protected by covenants held by SFU Community Trust and/or the City of Burnaby. In some cases, guidelines for tree management, view management, and replanting criteria (in